Scala for the Impatient

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5
Table of Contents

5. <(9*V,0&B0*M65N
3. !"2)%"7*-)%=B)=%90*,2;*Y=2B)&"20*M65N
X. 6%%,$0*M65N
Z. P,#0*,2;*<=#790*M65N
[. !7,0090*M65N
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]. S,BE,'90*,2;*G1#"%)0*M65N
^. G2(9%&),2B9*M65N
_. Y&790*,2;*89'=7,%*WH#%900&"20*M65N
54. <%,&)0*MT5N
55. Q#9%,)"%0*MT5N
53. /&'(9%JQ%;9%*Y=2B)&"20*MT5N
5X. !"779B)&"20*M63N
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34. 6B)"%0*M6XN
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3X. /&'(9%Ja&2;9;*<$#90*MTXN
3Z. U97&1&)9;*B"2)&2=,)&"20*MTXN

3
1. The Basics (A1)
G2*)(&0*B(,#)9%D*$"=*A&77*79,%2*("A*)"*=09*-B,7,*,0*,2*&2;=0)%&,7J0)%92')(*#"BE9)*B,7B=7,)"%D
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d f=19%&B*)$#90
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d f,:&',)&2'*-B,7,;"B

1.1. The Scala Interpreter

<"*0),%)*)(9*-B,7,*&2)9%#%9)9%D

d G20),77*-B,7,
d P,E9*0=%9*)(,)*)(9 scala/bin ;&%9B)"%$*&0*"2*)(9*S6</
d Q#92*,*B"11,2;*0(977*&2*$"=%*"#9%,)&2'*0$0)91
d <$#9 scala >"77"A9;*C$*)(9 Wf<W8 E9$.

Tip: U"2L)*7&E9*)(9*B"11,2;*0(977g*<(9%9*,%9*")(9%*A,$0*">*%=22&2'*)(9
&2)9%#%9)9%h099 ())#Rii("%0)1,22.B"1i0B,7,i&20),77.

f"A*)$#9*B"11,2;0*>"77"A9;*C$ Wf<W8.*W,B(*)&19D*)(9*&2)9%#%9)9%*;&0#7,$0*)(9*,20A9%.
Y"%*9H,1#79D*&>*$"=*)$#9 8 * 5 + 2 M,0*0("A2*&2*C"7;>,B9*C97"AND*$"=*'9)*,2*,20A9%*Z3.

scala> 8 * 5 + 2
res0: Int = 42

<(9*,20A9%*&0*0)"%9;*&2*,*:,%&,C79 res0 )(,)*$"=*B,2*=09*&2*$"=%*&2#=)R

scala> 0.5 * res0

res1: Double = 21.0
scala> "Hello, " + res0
res2: java.lang.String = Hello, 42

60*$"=*B,2*099D*)(9*&2)9%#%9)9%*,70"*;&0#7,$0*)(9*)$#9*">*)(9*%90=7)h&2*"=%*9H,1#790D IntD
DoubleD*,2; java.lang.String.

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c"=*B,2*B,77*19)(";0.*U9#92;&2'*"2*("A*$"=*7,=2B(9;*)(9*&2)9%#%9)9%D*$"=*1,$*C9*,C79
)"*=09 tab completion.*<%$*)$#&2' res2.to ,2;*)(92*(&)*)(9 <6V E9$.*U&;*)(9*&2)9%#%9)9%
">>9%*B("&B90*0=B(*,0

toCharArray toLowerCase toString toUpperCase

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B"1#79)&"2

res2.toUpperCase

/&)*)(9 Wf<W8 E9$D*,2;*)(9*,20A9%*&0*;&0#7,$9;.*MG>*$"=*B,2L)*=09*),C*B"1#79)&"2*&2*$"=%

92:&%"2192)D*$"=L77*(,:9*)"*)$#9*)(9*B"1#79)9*19)(";*2,19*$"=%097>.N

670"*)%$*(&))&2'*)(9*j*,2;*k*,%%"A*E9$0.*G2*1"0)*&1#79192),)&"20D*$"=*A&77*099*)(9
#%9:&"=07$*&00=9;*B"11,2;0D*,2;*$"=*B,2*9;&)*)(91.*<%$*)(9*lD*mD*,2; UWT E9$0*)"
B(,2'9*)(9*7,0)*B"11,2;*)"

res2.toLow
LowerCase

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)(9*29H)*9H#%900&"2.*<(&0*&0*B,779;*)(9 read-eval-print loop "%*8WST.

<9B(2&B,77$*0#9,E&2'D*)(9 scala #%"'%,1*&0 not ,2*&2)9%#%9)9%.*V9(&2;*)(9*0B9290D*$"=%

&2#=)*&0*K=&BE7$*B"1#&79;*&2)"*C$)9*B";90D*,2;*)(9*C$)9*B";90*,%9*9H9B=)9;*C$*)(9*?,:,
:&%)=,7*1,B(&29.*Y"%*)(,)*%9,0"2D*1"0)*-B,7,*#%"'%,119%0*#%9>9%*)"*%9>9%*)"*&)*,0*n)(9
8WSTo.

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92B"=%,'9;*)"*9H#9%&192)D*,2;*$"=*A&77*>997*'"";*A(929:9%*0"19)(&2'*A"%E0.

G)*&0*,*'"";*&;9,*)"*E99#*,2*9;&)"%*A&2;"A*"#92*,)*)(9*0,19*)&19*0"*$"=*B,2
B"#$*,2;*#,0)9*0=BB900>=7*B";9*02&##9)0*>"%*7,)9%*=09.*670"D*,0*$"=*)%$*1"%9
B"1#79H*9H,1#790D*$"=*1,$*A,2)*)"*B"1#"09*)(91*&2*)(9*9;&)"%*,2;*)(92
#,0)9*)(91*&2)"*)(9*8WST.

1.2. Declaring Variables

G20)9,;*">*=0&2'*)(9*:,%&,C790 res0D res1D*,2;*0"*"2D*$"=*B,2*;9>&29*$"=%*"A2R

scala> val answer = 8 * 5 + 2

answer: Int = 42

Z
c"=*B,2*=09*$"=%*:,%&,C790*&2*0=C09K=92)*9H#%900&"20R

scala> 0.5 * answer

res3: Double = 21.0

f")9*)(,)*$"=*299;*2")*0#9B&>$*)(9*)$#9*">*,*:,%&,C79.*G)*&0*&2>9%%9;*>%"1*)(9*)$#9*">*)(9
:,7=9*A&)(*A(&B(*$"=*&2&)&,7&p9*&).*MG)*&0*,2*9%%"%*)"*;9B7,%9*,*:,%&,C79*A&)("=)*,2*&2&)&,7
:,7=9.N

/"A9:9%D*$"=*B,2*0#9B&>$*)(9*)$#9*&>*29B900,%$.*Y"%*9H,1#79D

val greeting: String = null

val greeting: Any = "Hello"

Note: G2*-B,7,D*)(9*)$#9*">*,*:,%&,C79*"%*>=2B)&"2*&0*,7A,$0*A%&))92 after )(9

:,%&,C79*"%*>=2B)&"2.*<(&0*1,E90*&)*9,0&9%*)"*%9,;*;9B7,%,)&"20*A&)(*B"1#79H
)$#90.

b(929:9%*G*1":9*C,BE*,2;*>"%)(*C9)A992*?,:,*,2;*-B,7,D*G*>&2;*)(,)*1$
>&2'9%0*A%&)9*;9B7,%,)&"20*0=B(*,0 String greeting "2*,=)"#&7")D*,2;*G*(,:9*)"
%9A%&)9*)(91*,0 greeting: String.*<(&0*&0*,*C&)*,22"$&2'D*C=)*A(92*G*A"%E
A&)(*B"1#79H*-B,7,*#%"'%,10D*G*%9,77$*,##%9B&,)9*)(,)*G*;"2L)*(,:9*)"*;9B%$#)
)$#9*!J0)$79*;9B7,%,)&"20.

6*:,%&,C79*;9B7,%9;*A&)( val &0*,B)=,77$*,*B"20),2)h$"=*B,2L)*B(,2'9*&)0*B"2)92)0R

scala> answer = 0
<console>:6: error: reassignment to val

<"*;9B7,%9*,*:,%&,C79*A("09*B"2)92)0*B,2*:,%$D*=09*, varR

var counter = 0
counter = 1 // QED*B,2*B(,2'9*, var

G2*-B,7,D*$"=*,%9*92B"=%,'9;*)"*=09*, val =27900*$"=*%9,77$*299;*)"*B(,2'9*)(9*B"2)92)0.

S9%(,#0*0=%#%&0&2'7$*>"%*?,:,*"%*!@@*#%"'%,119%0D*1"0)*#%"'%,10*;"2L)*299;*1,2$ var.

Note: c"=*1,$*(,:9*2")&B9;*)(,)*)(9%9*A9%9*2"*091&B"7"20*,>)9%*:,%&,C79
;9B7,%,)&"20*"%*,00&'2192)0.*G2*-B,7,D*091&B"7"20*,%9*"27$*%9K=&%9;*&>*$"=
(,:9*1=7)&#79*0),)9192)0*"2*)(9*0,19*7&29.

[
c"=*B,2*;9B7,%9*1=7)&#79*:,%&,C790*)"'9)(9%R

var i, j = 0
var greeting, message: String = null

1.3. Commonly Used Types

c"=*(,:9*,7%9,;$*0992*,*>9A*">*)(9*;,),*)$#90*">*)(9*-B,7,*7,2'=,'9D*0=B(*,0 Int ,2;
Double.*T&E9*?,:,D*-B,7,*(,0*09:92*2=19%&B*)$#90

Byte Char Short Int Long Float Double

,2;*, Boolean )$#9.*/"A9:9%D*=27&E9*?,:,D*)(909*)$#90*,%9 classes.*<(9%9*&0*2"*;&0)&2B)&"2

C9)A992*#%&1&)&:9*)$#90*,2;*B7,00*)$#90*&2*-B,7,.*c"=*B,2*&2:"E9*19)(";0*"2*2=1C9%0D
>"%*9H,1#79

1.toString() // $&97;0*)(9*0)%&2' "1"

"%D*1"%9*9HB&)&2'7$D

1.to(10) // $&97;0 Range(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10)

Mb9*A&77*;&0B=00*)(9 Range B7,00*&2 )(9*n!"779B)&"20o*B(,#)9%.*Y"%*2"AD*I=0)*:&9A*&)*,0*,

B"779B)&"2*">*2=1C9%0.N

G2*-B,7,D*)(9%9*&0*2"*299;*>"%*A%,##9%*)$#90.*G)*&0*)(9*I"C*">*)(9*-B,7,*B"1#&79%*)"*B"2:9%)
C9)A992*#%&1&)&:9*)$#90*,2;*A%,##9%0.*Y"%*9H,1#79D*&>*$"=*1,E9*,2*,%%,$*"> IntD*$"=*'9)
,2 int[] ,%%,$*&2*)(9*:&%)=,7*1,B(&29.

60*$"=*0,A*&2 -9B)&"2*5D*-B,7,*%97&90*"2*)(9*=2;9%7$&2' java.lang.String B7,00*>"%

0)%&2'0.*/"A9:9%D*&)*,='192)0*)(,)*B7,00*A&)(*A977*":9%*,*(=2;%9;*"#9%,)&"20*&2*)(9
StringOps B7,00.*Y"%*9H,1#79D*)(9 intersect 19)(";*$&97;0*)(9*B(,%,B)9%0*)(,)*,%9
B"11"2*)"*)A"*0)%&2'0.

"Hello".intersect("World") // $&97;0 "lo"

G2*)(&0*9H#%900&"2D*)(9 java.lang.String "CI9B) "Hello" &0*&1#7&B&)7$*B"2:9%)9;*)"*,

StringOps "CI9B)D*,2;*)(92*)(9 intersect 19)(";*">*)(9 StringOps B7,00*&0*,##7&9;.

<(9%9>"%9D*$"=*A,2)*)"*%9191C9%*)(9 StringOps B7,00*A(92*$"=*=09*)(9*-B,7,

;"B=192),)&"2*M099 -9B)&"2*]N.

-&1&7,%7$D*)(9%9*,%9*B7,0090 RichIntD RichDoubleD RichCharD*,2;*0"*"2.*W,B(*">*)(91*(,0*,

01,77*09)*">*B"2:92&92B9*19)(";0*>"%*,B)&2'*"2*)(9&%*#""%*B"=0&20 IntD DoubleD CharD*,2;

\
0"*"2.*<(9 to 19)(";*)(,)*$"=*(,:9*0992*,C":9*&0*,B)=,77$*,*19)(";*">*)(9 RichInt B7,00.
G2*)(9*9H#%900&"2

1.to(10)

)(9 Int :,7=9 1 &0*>&%0)*B"2:9%)9;*)"*, RichIntD*,2;*)(9 to 19)(";*&0*,##7&9;*)"*)(,)*:,7=9.

Y&2,77$D*)(9%9*,%9*B7,0090 BigInt ,2; BigDecimal >"%*B"1#=),)&"20*)(,)*%9K=&%9

B"1#=),)&"20*A&)(*,%C&)%,%$*MC=)*>&2&)9N*2=1C9%0*">*;&'&)0.*<(909*,%9*C,BE9;*C$*)(9
java.math.BigInteger ,2; java.math.BigDecimal B7,0090D*C=)D*,0*$"=*A&77*099*&2 -9B)&"2
ZD*)(9$*,%9*1=B(*1"%9*B"2:92&92)*C9B,=09*$"=*B,2*=09*)(91*A&)(*)(9*=0=,7*1,)(91,)&B,7
"#9%,)"%0.

Note: G2*-B,7,D*$"=*=09*19)(";0D*2")*B,0)0D*)"*B"2:9%)*C9)A992*2=19%&B*)$#90.
Y"%*9H,1#79D 99.44.toInt &0 99D*,2; 99.toChar &0 'c'.*Q>*B"=%09D*,0*&2*?,:,D
)(9 toString 19)(";*B"2:9%)0*,2$*"CI9B)*)"*,*0)%&2'.

<"*B"2:9%)*,*0)%&2'*B"2),&2&2'*,*2=1C9%*&2)"*)(9*2=1C9%D*$"=*,70"*=09 toInt "%

toDouble.*Y"%*9H,1#79D "99.44".toDouble &0 99.44.

1.4. Arithmetic and Operator Overloading

6%&)(19)&B*"#9%,)&"20*&2*-B,7,*A"%E*I=0)*,0*$"=*A"=7;*9H#9B)*&2*?,:,*"%*!@@R

val answer = 8 * 5 + 2

<(9 + - * / % "#9%,)"%0*;"*)(9&%*=0=,7*I"CD*,0*;"*)(9*C&)*"#9%,)&"20 & | ^ >> <<.*<(9%9*&0

I=0)*"29*0=%#%&0&2'*,0#9B)R*<(909*"#9%,)"%0*,%9*,B)=,77$*19)(";0.*Y"%*9H,1#79D

a + b

&0*,*0("%)(,2;*>"%

a.+(b)

/9%9D + &0*)(9*2,19*">*)(9*19)(";.*-B,7,*(,0*2"*0&77$*#%9I=;&B9*)(,)*,*19)(";*2,19*B,2
"27$*B"2),&2*,7#(,2=19%&B*B(,%,B)9%0.*c"=*B,2*;9>&29*19)(";0*A&)(*I=0)*,C"=)*,2$
0$1C"70.*Y"%*9H,1#79D*)(9 BigInt B7,00*;9>&290*,*19)(";*B,779; /%.*G)*%9)=%20*,*#,&%
B"2),&2&2'*)(9*K=")&92)*,2;*%91,&2;9%*">*,*;&:&0&"2.

G2*'929%,7D*$"=*B,2*A%&)9

]
 a method b

,0*,*0("%)(,2;*>"%

a.method(b)

A(9%9 method &0*,*19)(";*A&)(*)A"*#,%,19)9%0*M"29*&1#7&B&)D*"29*9H#7&B&)N.*Y"%*9H,1#79D

&20)9,;*">

1.to(10)

$"=*B,2*A%&)9

1 to 10

e09*A(,)9:9%*$"=*)(&2E*&0*9,0&9%*)"*%9,;.*V9'&22&2'*-B,7,*#%"'%,119%0*)92;*)"*0)&BE*)"
)(9*?,:,*0$2),HD*,2;*)(,)*&0*I=0)*>&29.*Q>*B"=%09D*9:92*)(9*1"0)*(,%;929;*?,:,
#%"'%,119%0*0991*)"*#%9>9% a + b ":9% a.+(b).

<(9%9*&0*"29*2"),C79*;&>>9%92B9*C9)A992*-B,7,*,2;*?,:,*"%*!@@.*-B,7,*;"90*2")*(,:9 ++ "%
-- "#9%,)"%0.*G20)9,;D*0&1#7$*=09 +=1 "% -=1.

counter+=1 // G2B%9192)0 counterh-B,7,*(,0*2" ++

-"19*#9"#79*A"2;9%*A(9)(9%*)(9%9*&0*,2$*;99#*%9,0"2*>"%*-B,7,L0*%9>=0,7*)"*#%":&;9*,
++ "#9%,)"%.*Mf")9*)(,)*$"=*B,2L)*0&1#7$*&1#79192)*,*19)(";*B,779; ++.*-&2B9*)(9 Int
B7,00*&0*&11=),C79D*0=B(*,*19)(";*B"=7;2L)*B(,2'9*,2*&2)9'9%*:,7=9.N*<(9*-B,7,*;90&'29%0
;9B&;9;*&)*A,02L)*A"%)(*(,:&2'*$9)*,2")(9%*0#9B&,7*%=79*I=0)*)"*0,:9*"29*E9$0)%"E9.

c"=*B,2*=09*)(9*=0=,7*1,)(91,)&B,7*"#9%,)"%0*A&)( BigInt ,2; BigDecimal "CI9B)0R

val x: BigInt = 1234567890

x * x * x // $&97;0 1881676371789154860897069000

<(,)L0*1=B(*C9))9%*)(,2*?,:,D*A(9%9*$"=*A"=7;*(,:9*(,;*)"*B,77
x.multiply(x).multiply(x).

Note: G2*?,:,D*$"=*B,22")*":9%7",;*"#9%,)"%0D*,2;*)(9*?,:,*;90&'29%0*B7,&19;
)(&0*&0*,*'"";*)(&2'*C9B,=09*&)*#%9:92)0*$"=*>%"1*&2:92)&2'*B%,p$*"#9%,)"%0*7&E9
!@$&* )(,)*1,E9*$"=%*#%"'%,1*&1#"00&C79*)"*%9,;.*Q>*B"=%09D*)(,)L0*0&77$.*G2
?,:,D*$"=*B,2*1,E9*$"=%*#%"'%,10*I=0)*,0*(,%;*)"*%9,;*C$*=0&2'*B%,p$*19)(";
2,190*7&E9 qxywz.*-B,7,*,77"A0*$"=*)"*;9>&29*"#9%,)"%0D*79,:&2'*&)*)"*$"=*)"*=09
)(&0*>9,)=%9*A&)(*%90)%,&2)*,2;*'"";*),0)9.

^
1.5. Calling Functions and Methods
-B,7,*(,0*>=2B)&"20*&2*,;;&)&"2*)"*19)(";0.*G)*0&1#79%*)"*=09*1,)(91,)&B,7*>=2B)&"20*0=B(
,0 min "% pow &2*-B,7,*)(,2*&2*?,:,h$"=*299;*2")*=09*0),)&B*19)(";0*&2*,*B7,00.

sqrt(2) // $&97;0*5.Z5Z35X[\3X]X4_[5
pow(2, 4) // $&97;0*5\.4
min(3, Pi) // $&97;0*X.4

<(9*1,)(91,)&B,7*>=2B)&"20*,%9*;9>&29;*&2*)(9 scala.math #,BE,'9.

c"=*B,2*&1#"%)*)(91*A&)(*)(9*0),)9192)

import math._ // G2*-B,7,D*)(9 _ B(,%,B)9%*&0*,*nA&7;B,%;oD*7&E9 * &2*?,:,

Note: b(92*$"=*=09*,*#,BE,'9*)(,)*0),%)0*A&)( scala.D*$"=*B,2*"1&)*)(9 scala

#%9>&H.*Y"%*9H,1#79D import math._ &0*9K=&:,792)*)" import scala.math._D*,2;
math.sqrt(2) &0*)(9*0,19*,0 scala.math.sqrt(2).

b9*;&0B=00*)(9 import 0),)9192)*&2*1"%9*;9),&7*&2 )(9*nS,BE,'90*,2;*G1#"%)0o*B(,#)9%.

Y"%*2"AD*I=0)*=09 import packageName._ A(929:9%*$"=*299;*)"*&1#"%)*,*#,%)&B=7,%
#,BE,'9.

-B,7,*;"902L)*(,:9*0),)&B*19)(";0D*C=)*&)*(,0*,*0&1&7,%*>9,)=%9D*B,779; singleton objectsD

A(&B(*A9*A&77*;&0B=00*&2*;9),&7*&2 )(9*nQCI9B)0o*B(,#)9%.*P,2$*B7,0090*(,:9*, companion
object A("09*19)(";0*,B)*I=0)*7&E9*0),)&B*19)(";0*;"*&2*?,:,.*Y"%*9H,1#79D*)(9 BigInt
B"1#,2&"2*"CI9B)*)"*)(9 BigInt B7,00*(,0*,*19)("; probablePrime )(,)*B,2*'929%,)9*,
%,2;"1*#%&19*2=1C9%*A&)(*,*'&:92*2=1C9%*">*C&)0.*<%$

BigInt.probablePrime(100, util.Random)

&2*)(9*8WST.*c"=L77*'9)*,*2=1C9%*0=B(*,0*54X_ZZ]_^4Z_53443][Z^\[Z43Z4]5X.*f")9
)(,)*)(9*B,77 BigInt.probablePrime &0*I=0)*7&E9*,*0),)&B*19)(";*B,77*&2*?,:,.

Note: /9%9D Random &0*,*0&2'79)"2*%,2;"1*2=1C9%*'929%,)"%*"CI9B)D*;9>&29;*&2

)(9 scala.util #,BE,'9.*<(&0*&0*"29*">*)(9*>9A*0&)=,)&"20*A(9%9*,*0&2'79)"2
"CI9B)*&0*C9))9%*)(,2*,*B7,00.*G2*?,:,D*&)*&0*,*B"11"2*9%%"%*)"*B"20)%=B)*,*29A
java.util.Random "CI9B)*>"%*9,B(*%,2;"1*2=1C9%.

_
-B,7,*19)(";0*A&)("=)*#,%,19)9%0*">)92 ;"2L)*=09*#,%92)(9090.*Y"%*9H,1#79D*)(9*6SG*">
)(9 StringOps B7,00*0("A0*,*19)("; distinctD*A&)("=) ()D*)"*'9)*)(9*;&0)&2B)*79))9%0*&2*,
0)%&2'.*c"=*B,77*&)*,0

"Hello".distinct

<(9*%=79*">*)(=1C*&0*)(,)*,*#,%,19)9%7900*19)(";*)(,)*;"902L)*1";&>$*)(9*"CI9B)*(,0*2"
#,%92)(9090.*b9*;&0B=00*)(&0*>=%)(9%*&2 )(9*n!7,0090o*B(,#)9%.

1.6. The apply Method

G2*-B,7,D*&)*&0*B"11"2*)"*=09*,*0$2),H*)(,)*7""E0*7&E9*,*>=2B)&"2*B,77.*Y"%*9H,1#79D*&> s &0*,
0)%&2'D*)(92 s(i) &0*)(9 i)(*B(,%,B)9%*">*)(9*0)%&2'.*MG2*!@@D*$"=*A"=7;*A%&)9 s[i]D*"%*&2
?,:,D s.charAt(i).N*<%$*&)*"=)*&2*)(9*8WSTR

"Hello"(4) // $&97;0 'o'

c"=*B,2*)(&2E*">*)(&0*,0*,2*":9%7",;9;*>"%1*">*)(9 () "#9%,)"%.*G)*&0*&1#79192)9;*,0*,
19)(";*A&)(*)(9*2,19 apply.*Y"%*9H,1#79D*&2*)(9*;"B=192),)&"2*">*)(9 StringOps B7,00D
$"=*A&77*>&2;*,*19)(";

def apply(n: Int): Char

<(,)*&0D "Hello"(4) &0*,*0("%)B=)*>"%

"Hello".apply(4)

b(92*$"=*7""E*,)*)(9*;"B=192),)&"2*">*)(9 BigInt B"1#,2&"2*"CI9B)D*$"=*A&77*099 apply

19)(";0*)(,)*79)*$"=*B"2:9%)*0)%&2'0*"%*2=1C9%0*)" BigInt "CI9B)0.*Y"%*9H,1#79D*)(9*B,77

BigInt("1234567890")

&0*,*0("%)B=)*>"%

BigInt.apply("1234567890")

G)*$&97;0*29A BigInt "CI9B)D without having to use new.*Y"%*9H,1#79D

BigInt("1234567890") * BigInt("112358111321")

e0&2'*)(9 apply 19)(";*">*,*B"1#,2&"2*"CI9B)*&0*,*B"11"2*-B,7,*&;&"1*>"%*B"20)%=B)&2'

"CI9B)0.Y"%*9H,1#79D Array(1, 4, 9, 16) %9)=%20*,2*,%%,$D*)(,2E0*)"*)(9 apply 19)(";*">
)(9 Array B"1#,2&"2*"CI9B).

54
1.7. Scaladoc
?,:,*#%"'%,119%0*=09*?,:,;"B*)"*2,:&',)9*)(9*?,:,*6SG.*-B,7,*(,0*&)0*"A2*:,%&,2)D*B,779;
-B,7,;"B*M099 Y&'=%9*5N.

Y&'=%9*5J5R <(9*W2)%$*S,'9*>"%*-B,7,;"B

f,:&',)&2'*-B,7,;"B*&0*,*C&)*1"%9*B(,7792'&2'*)(,2*?,:,;"B.*-B,7,*B7,0090*)92;*)"*(,:9
1,2$*1"%9*B"2:92&92B9*19)(";0*)(,2*?,:,*B7,0090.*-"19*19)(";0*=09*>9,)=%90*)(,)
$"= (,:92L)*79,%29;*$9).*Y&2,77$D*0"19 >9,)=%90*,%9*9H#"09;*,0*)(9$*,%9*&1#79192)9;D*2")
,0*)(9$*,%9*=09;.*M<(9*-B,7,*)9,1*&0*A"%E&2'*"2*&1#%":&2'*)(9*-B,7,;"B*#%9092),)&"2D*0"
)(,)*&)*A&77*C9*1"%9*,##%",B(,C79*)"*C9'&229%0*&2*)(9*>=)=%9.N

/9%9*,%9*0"19*)&#0*>"%*2,:&',)&2'*-B,7,;"B*,0*,*29AB"19%*)"*)(9*7,2'=,'9.

c"=*B,2*C%"A09*-B,7,;"B*"27&29*,) ())#RiiAAA.0B,7,J7,2'."%'i,#&D*C=)*&)*&0*,*'"";*&;9,*)"
;"A27",;*,*B"#$*>%"1 ())#RiiAAA.0B,7,J7,2'."%'i;"A27",;0O,#& ,2;*&20),77*&)*7"B,77$.

e27&E9*?,:,;"BD*A(&B(*#%9092)0*,2*,7#(,C9)&B,7*7&0)&2'*">*B7,0090D*-B,7,;"BL0*B7,00*7&0)*&0
0"%)9;*C$*#,BE,'90.*G>*$"=*E2"A*)(9*B7,00*2,19*C=)*2")*)(9*#,BE,'9*2,19D*=09*)(9*>&7)9%
"2*)(9*)"#*79>)*B"%29%*M099 Y&'=%9*3N.

55
 Y&'=%9*5J3R <(9*Y&7)9%*V"H*&2*-B,7,;"B

!7&BE*"2*)(9*`*0$1C"7*)"*B79,%*)(9*>&7)9%.

f")9*)(9*Q*,2;*!*0$1C"70*29H)*)"*9,B(*B7,00*2,19.*<(9$*79)*$"=*2,:&',)9*)"*)(9*B7,00*M!N
"%*)(9*B"1#,2&"2*"CI9B)*MQN.

-B,7,;"B*B,2*C9*,*C&)*":9%A(971&2'.*a99#*)(909*)&#0*&2*1&2;R

d <(9 scala. #%9>&H*">*,*#,BE,'9*2,19*B,2*C9*"1&))9;*&2*-B,7,*B";9.*P92),77$*#=)

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d 89191C9%*)"*7""E*&2)" RichIntD RichDoubleD*,2;*0"*"2D*&>*$"=*A,2)*)"*E2"A*("A
)"*A"%E*A&)(*2=19%&B*)$#90.*-&1&7,%7$D*)"*A"%E*A&)(*0)%&2'0D*7""E*&2)" StringOps.
d <(9*1,)(91,)&B,7*>=2B)&"20*,%9*&2*)(9 package scala.mathD*2")*&2*,2$*B7,00.
d -"19)&190D*$"=L77*099*>=2B)&"20*A&)(*>=22$*2,190.*Y"%*9H,1#79D BigInt (,0*,
19)("; unary_-.*60*$"=*A&77*099 )(9*nQ#9%,)"%0o*B(,#)9%D*)(&0*&0*("A*$"=*;9>&29
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d 6*19)(";*),''9;*,0 implicit &0*,2*,=)"1,)&B*B"2:9%0&"2.*Y"%*9H,1#79D*)(9
BigInt "CI9B)*(,0*B"2:9%0&"20*>%"1 int ,2; long )" BigInt )(,)*,%9*,=)"1,)&B,77$
B,779;*A(92*299;9;.*-99 )(9*nG1#7&B&)0o*B(,#)9% >"%*1"%9*&2>"%1,)&"2*,C"=)
&1#7&B&)*B"2:9%0&"20.
d P9)(";0*B,2*(,:9*>=2B)&"20*,0*#,%,19)9%0.*Y"%*9H,1#79D*)(9 count 19)(";*&2
StringOps %9K=&%90*,*>=2B)&"2*)(,)*%9)=%20 true "% false >"%*, CharD*0#9B&>$&2'
A(&B(*B(,%,B)9%0*0("=7;*C9*B"=2)9;.

def count(p: (Char) => Boolean

Boolean) : Int

c"=*0=##7$*,*>=2B)&"2D*">)92*&2*,*:9%$*B"1#,B)*2"),)&"2D*A(92*$"=*B,77*)(9
19)(";.*60*,2*9H,1#79D*)(9*B,77 s.count(_.isUpper) B"=2)0*)(9*2=1C9%*">
=##9%B,09*B(,%,B)9%0.*b9*A&77*;&0B=00*)(&0*0)$79*">*#%"'%,11&2'*&2*1=B(*1"%9
;9),&7*&2 )(9*n/&'(9%*Q%;9%*Y=2B)&"20o*B(,#)9%.

53
 d c"=L77*"BB,0&"2,77$*%=2*&2)"*B7,0090*0=B(*,0 Range "% Seq[Char].*<(9$*19,2*A(,)
$"=%*&2)=&)&"2*)9770*$"=h,*%,2'9*">*2=1C9%0D*,*09K=92B9*">*B(,%,B)9%0.*c"=*A&77
79,%2*,77*,C"=)*)(909*B7,0090*,0*$"=*;97:9*1"%9*;99#7$*&2)"*-B,7,.
d U"2L)*'9)*;&0B"=%,'9;*)(,)*)(9%9*,%9*0"*1,2$*19)(";0.*G)L0*)(9*-B,7,*A,$*)"
#%":&;9*7")0*">*19)(";0*>"%*9:9%$*B"2B9&:,C79*=09*B,09.*b(92*$"=*299;*)"*0"7:9
,*#,%)&B=7,%*#%"C791D*I=0)*7""E*>"%*,*19)(";*)(,)*&0*=09>=7.*P"%9*">)92*)(,2*2")D
)(9%9*&0*"29*)(,)*0"7:90*$"=%*),0ED*A(&B(*19,20*$"=*;"2L)*(,:9*)"*A%&)9*0"*1=B(
B";9*$"=%097>.
d Y&2,77$D*;"2L)*A"%%$*&>*$"=*%=2*&2)"*)(9*"BB,0&"2,7*&2;9B&#(9%,C79*&2B,2),)&"2D
0=B(*,0*)(&0*"29*&2*)(9 StringOps B7,00R

def patch [B >: Char, That](from: Int, patch: GenSeq[B], replaced: Int)(implicit bf: Ca

?=0)*&'2"%9*&).*<(9%9*&0*,2")(9%*:9%0&"2*"> patch )(,)*7""E0*1"%9*%9,0"2,C79.

def patch(from: Int, that: GenSeq[Char], replaced: Int): StringOps[A]

G>*$"=*)(&2E*"> GenSeq[Char] ,2; StringOps[A] ,0 StringD*)(9*19)(";*&0*#%9))$

9,0$*)"*=2;9%0),2;*>%"1*)(9*;"B=192),)&"2.*62;*&)L0*9,0$*)"*)%$*&)*"=)*&2*)(9
8WSTR

"Harry".patch(1, "ung", 2) // c&97;0 "Hungry"

1.8. Exercises
5. G2*)(9*-B,7,*8WSTD*)$#9 3. >"77"A9;*C$*)(9 <6V E9$.*b(,)*19)(";0*B,2*C9
,##7&9;g
3. G2*)(9*-B,7,*8WSTD*B"1#=)9*)(9*0K=,%9*%"")*">*XD*,2;*)(92*0K=,%9*)(,)*:,7=9.*V$
("A*1=B(*;"90*)(9*%90=7)*;&>>9%*>%"1*Xg*M/&2)R*<(9 res :,%&,C790*,%9*$"=%
>%&92;.N
X. 6%9*)(9 res :,%&,C790 val "% varg
Z. -B,7,*79)0*$"=*1=7)&#7$*,*0)%&2'*A&)(*,*2=1C9%h)%$*"=) "crazy" * 3 &2*)(9
8WST.*b(,)*;"90*)(&0*"#9%,)&"2*;"g*b(9%9*B,2*$"=*>&2;*&)*&2*-B,7,;"Bg
[. b(,)*;"90 10 pow 2 19,2g*G2*A(&B(*B7,00*&0*)(9 pow 19)(";*;9>&29;g
\. e0&2' BigIntD*B"1#=)9*3543Z.
]. b(,)*;"*$"=*299;*)"*&1#"%)*0"*)(,)*$"=*B,2*'9)*,*%,2;"1*#%&19*,0
probablePrime(100, Random)D*A&)("=)*,2$*K=,7&>&9%0*C9>"%9 probablePrime ,2;
Randomg
^. Q29*A,$*)"*B%9,)9*%,2;"1*>&79*"%*;&%9B)"%$*2,190*&0*)"*#%";=B9*,*%,2;"1 BigInt
,2;*B"2:9%)*&)*)"*C,09*X\D*$&97;&2'*,*0)%&2'*0=B(*,0 "qsnvbevtomcj38o06kul".*S"E9
,%"=2;*-B,7,;"B*)"*>&2;*,*A,$*">*;"&2'*)(&0*&2*-B,7,.
_. /"A*;"*$"=*'9)*)(9*>&%0)*B(,%,B)9%*">*,*0)%&2'*&2*-B,7,g*<(9*7,0)*B(,%,B)9%g
54. b(,)*;"*)(9 takeD dropD takeRightD*,2; dropRight 0)%&2'*>=2B)&"20*;"g*b(,)
,;:,2),'9i;&0,;:,2),'9*;"*)(9$*(,:9*":9%*=0&2' substringg

5X
2. Control Structures and Functions (A1)
G2*)(&0*B(,#)9%D*$"=*A&77*79,%2*("A*)"*&1#79192)*B"2;&)&"20D*7""#0D*,2;*>=2B)&"20*&2*-B,7,.
c"=*A&77*92B"=2)9%*,*>=2;,192),7*;&>>9%92B9*C9)A992*-B,7,*,2;*")(9%*#%"'%,11&2'
7,2'=,'90.*G2*?,:,*"%*!@@D*A9*;&>>9%92)&,)9*C9)A992 expressions M0=B(*,0 3 + 4N*,2;
statements M>"%*9H,1#79D*,2 if 0),)9192)N.*62*9H#%900&"2*(,0*,*:,7=9F*,*0),)9192)*B,%%&90
"=)*,2*,B)&"2.*G2*-B,7,D*,71"0)*,77*B"20)%=B)0*(,:9*:,7=90.*<(&0*>9,)=%9*B,2*1,E9*#%"'%,10
1"%9*B"2B&09*,2;*9,0&9%*)"*%9,;.

/9%9*,%9*)(9*(&'(7&'()0*">*)(&0*B(,#)9%R

d 62 if 9H#%900&"2*(,0*,*:,7=9
d 6*C7"BE*(,0*,*:,7=9h)(9*:,7=9*">*&)0*7,0)*9H#%900&"2
d <(9*-B,7, for 7""#*&0*7&E9*,2*n92(,2B9;o*?,:, for 7""#
d -91&B"7"20*,%9*M1"0)7$N*"#)&"2,7
d <(9 void )$#9*&0 Unit
d 6:"&;*=0&2' return &2*,*>=2B)&"2
d V9A,%9*">*1&00&2' = &2*,*>=2B)&"2*;9>&2&)&"2
d WHB9#)&"20*A"%E*I=0)*7&E9*&2*?,:,*"%*!@@D*C=)*$"=*=09*,*n#,))9%2*1,)B(&2'o
0$2),H*>"% catch.
d -B,7,*(,0*2"*B(9BE9;*9HB9#)&"20

2.1. Conditional Expressions

-B,7,*(,0*,2 ifielse B"20)%=B)*A&)(*)(9*0,19*0$2),H*,0*)(,)*&2*?,:,*"%*!@@.*/"A9:9%D*&2
-B,7,D*,2 ifielse (,0*,*:,7=9D*2,197$*)(9*:,7=9*">*)(9*9H#%900&"2*)(,)*>"77"A0*)(9 if "%
else.*Y"%*9H,1#79D

if (x > 0) 1 else -1

(,0*,*:,7=9*">*5*"%*J5D*;9#92;&2'*"2*)(9*:,7=9*"> x.*c"=*B,2*#=)*)(,)*:,7=9*&2*,*:,%&,C79R

val s = if (x > 0) 1 else -1

<(&0*(,0*)(9*0,19*9>>9B)*,0

if (x > 0) s = 1 else s = -1

/"A9:9%D*)(9*>&%0)*>"%1*&0*C9))9%R*G)*B,2*C9*=09;*)"*&2&)&,7&p9*, val.*G2*)(9*09B"2;*>"%1D s
299;0*)"*C9*, var.

M60*,7%9,;$*192)&"29;D*091&B"7"20*,%9*1"0)7$*"#)&"2,7*&2*-B,7,h099 -9B)&"2*3N.

5Z
?,:,*,2;*!@@*(,:9*, ?: "#9%,)"%*>"%*)(&0*#=%#"09.*<(9*9H#%900&"2

x > 0 ? 1 : -1 // ?,:,*"%*!@@

&0*9K=&:,792)*)"*)(9*-B,7,*9H#%900&"2 if (x > 0) 1 else -1.*V=)*$"=*B,2L)*#=)*0),)9192)0

&20&;9*, ?: 9H#%900&"2.*<(9*-B,7, ifielse B"1C&290*)(9 ifielse ,2; ?: B"20)%=B)0*)(,)*,%9
09#,%,)9*&2*?,:,*,2;*!@@.

G2*-B,7,D*9:9%$*9H#%900&"2*(,0*,*)$#9.*Y"%*9H,1#79D*)(9*9H#%900&"2 if (x > 0) 1 else -1

(,0*)(9*)$#9 Int C9B,=09*C")(*C%,2B(90*(,:9*)(9*)$#9 Int.*<(9*)$#9*">*,*1&H9;*)$#9
9H#%900&"2*0=B(*,0

if (x > 0) "positive" else -1

&0*)(9*B"11"2*0=#9%)$#9*">*C")(*C%,2B(90.*G2*)(&0*9H,1#79D*"29*C%,2B(*&0*,
java.lang.StringD*,2;*)(9*")(9%*,2 Int.*<(9*B"11"2*0=#9%)$#9*&0*B,779; Any.*M-99 )(9
n<(9*-B,7,*<$#9*/&9%,%B($o*B(,#)9% >"%*;9),&70.N

G>*)(9 else #,%)*&0*"1&))9;D*>"%*9H,1#79*&2

if (x > 0) 1

)(92*&)*&0*#"00&C79*)(,)*)(9 if 0),)9192)*$&97;0*2"*:,7=9.*/"A9:9%D*&2*-B,7,D*9:9%$
9H#%900&"2*&0*0=##"09;*)"*(,:9 some :,7=9.*<(&0*&0*>&29009;*C$*&2)%";=B&2'*,*B7,00 Unit
)(,)*(,0*"29*:,7=9D*A%&))92*,0 ().*<(9 if 0),)9192)*A&)("=)*,2 else &0*9K=&:,792)*)"

if (x > 0) 1 else ()

<(&2E*"> () ,0*,*#7,B9("7;9%*>"%*n2"*=09>=7*:,7=9oD*,2;*)(&2E*"> Unit ,0*)(9*,2,7"'*"> void

&2*?,:,*"%*!@@.

M<9B(2&B,77$*0#9,E&2'D void (,0*2"*:,7=9*A(9%9,0 Unit (,0*"29*:,7=9*)(,)*0&'2&>&90*n2"

:,7=9oD*C=)*A9*A"2L)*;A977*"2*)(,).N

Note: -B,7,*(,0*2" switch 0),)9192)D*C=)*&)*(,0*,*1=B(*1"%9*#"A9%>=7*#,))9%2

1,)B(&2'*19B(,2&01*)(,)*A9*A&77*;&0B=00*&2 )(9*nS,))9%2*P,)B(&2'*,2;*!,09
!7,0090o*B(,#)9%.*Y"%*2"AD*I=0)*=09*,*09K=92B9*"> if 0),)9192)0.

Caution: <(9*8WST*&0*1"%9*29,%0&'()9;*)(,2*)(9*B"1#&79%h&)*"27$*0990*"29
7&29*">*B";9*,)*,*)&19.*Y"%*9H,1#79D*A(92*$"=*)$#9

5[
 if (x > 0) 1
else if (x == 0) 0 else -1

)(9*8WST*9H9B=)90 if (x > 0) 1 ,2;*0("A0*)(9*,20A9%.*<(92*&)*'9)0*B"2>=09;

,C"=) else -1.

G>*$"=*A,2)*)"*C%9,E*)(9*7&29*C9>"%9*)(9*9709D*=09*C%,B90R

if (x > 0) { 1
} else if (x == 0) 0 else -1

<(&0*&0*"27$*,*B"2B9%2*&2*)(9*8WST.*G2*,*B"1#&79;*#%"'%,1D*)(9*#,%09%*A&77
>&2;*)(9 else "2*)(9*29H)*7&29.

Tip: G>*$"=*A,2)*)"*#,0)9*,*C7"BE*">*B";9*&2)"*)(9*8WST*A&)("=)*A"%%$&2'
,C"=)*&)0*29,%0&'()9;2900D*=09 paste mode.*<$#9

:paste

<(92*#,0)9*&2*)(9*B";9*C7"BE*,2;*)$#9 !Qf<8QT@a.*<(92*)(9*8WST*,2,7$p90
)(9*C7"BE*&2*&)0*92)&%9)$.

2.2. Statement Termination

G2*?,:,*,2;*!@@D*9:9%$*0),)9192)*92;*&2*,*091&B"7"2.*G2*-B,7,h7&E9*&2*?,:,-B%&#)*,2;
")(9%*0B%&#)&2'*7,2'=,'90h,*091&B"7"2*&0*29:9%*%9K=&%9;*&>*&)*>,770*I=0)*C9>"%9*)(9*92;*">
)(9*7&29.*6*091&B"7"2*&0*,70"*"#)&"2,7*C9>"%9*,2 }D*,2 elseD*,2;*0&1&7,%*7"B,)&"20*A(9%9*&)
&0*B79,%*>%"1*B"2)9H)*)(,)*)(9*92;*">*,*0),)9192)*(,0*C992*%9,B(9;.

/"A9:9%D*&>*$"=*A,2)*)"*(,:9*1"%9*)(,2*"29*0),)9192)*"2*,*0&2'79*7&29D*$"=*299;*)"
09#,%,)9*)(91*A&)(*091&B"7"20.*Y"%*9H,1#79D

if (n > 0) { r = r * n; n -= 1 }

6*091&B"7"2*&0*299;9;*)"*09#,%,)9 r = r * x ,2; n -= 1.*V9B,=09*">*)(9 }D*2"*091&B"7"2

&0*299;9;*,>)9%*)(9*09B"2;*0),)9192).

G>*$"=*A,2)*)"*B"2)&2=9*,*7"2'*0),)9192)*":9%*)A"*7&290D*$"=*299;*)"*1,E9*0=%9*)(,)*)(9
>&%0)*7&29*92;0*&2*,*0$1C"7*)(,) cannot be )(9*92;*">*,*0),)9192).*62*"#9%,)"%*&0*">)92*,
'"";*B("&B9R

5\
 s = s0 + (v - v0) * t + // <(9 + )9770*)(9*#,%09%*)(,)*)(&0*&0 not )(9*92;
0.5 * (a - a0) * t * t

G2*#%,B)&B9D*7"2'*9H#%900&"20*=0=,77$*&2:"7:9*>=2B)&"2*"%*19)(";*B,770D*,2;*)(92*"29
;"902L)*299;*)"*A"%%$*1=B(h,>)9%*,2*"#92&2' (D*)(9*B"1#&79%*A"2L)*&2>9%*)(9*92;*">*,
0),)9192)*=2)&7*&)*(,0*0992*)(9*1,)B(&2' ).

G2*)(9*0,19*0#&%&)D*-B,7,*#%"'%,119%0*>,:"%*)(9*a9%2&'(,2*q*8&)B(&9*C%,B9*0)$79R

if (n > 0) {
r = r * n
n -= 1
}

<(9*7&29*92;&2'*A&)(*, { 092;0*,*B79,%*0&'2,7*)(,)*)(9%9*&0*1"%9*)"*B"19.

P,2$*#%"'%,119%0*B"1&2'*>%"1*?,:,*"%*!@@*,%9*&2&)&,77$*=2B"1>"%),C79*,C"=)*"1&))&2'
091&B"7"20.*G>*$"=*#%9>9%*)(91D*I=0)*#=)*)(91*&2h)(9$*;"*2"*(,%1.

2.3. Block Expressions and Assignments

G2*?,:,*"%*!@@D*,*C7"BE*0),)9192)*&0*,*09K=92B9*">*0),)9192)0*92B7"09;*&2 { }.*c"=*=09*,
C7"BE*0),)9192)*A(929:9%*$"=*299;*)"*#=)*1=7)&#79*,B)&"20*&2*)(9*C";$*">*,*C%,2B( "%
7""#*0),)9192).

G2*-B,7,D*, { } C7"BE*B"2),&20*,*09K=92B9*"> expressionsD*,2;*)(9*%90=7)*&0*,70"*,2

9H#%900&"2.*<(9*:,7=9*">*)(9*C7"BE*&0*)(9*:,7=9*">*)(9*7,0)*9H#%900&"2.

<(&0*>9,)=%9*B,2*C9*=09>=7*&>*)(9*&2&)&,7&p,)&"2*">*, val ),E90*1"%9*)(,2*"29*0)9#.*Y"%

9H,1#79D

val distance = { val dx = x - x0; val dy = y - y0; sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy) }

<(9*:,7=9*">*)(9 { } C7"BE*&0*)(9*7,0)*9H#%900&"2D*0("A2*(9%9*&2*C"7;.*<(9*:,%&,C790 dx
,2; dyD*A(&B(*A9%9*"27$*299;9;*,0*&2)9%19;&,)9*:,790*&2*)(9*B"1#=),)&"2D*,%9*29,)7$
(&;;92*>%"1*)(9*%90)*">*)(9*#%"'%,1.

G2*-B,7,D*,00&'2192)0*(,:9*2"*:,7=9D*"%D*0)%&B)7$*0#9,E&2'D*)(9$*(,:9*,*:,7=9*">*)$#9 Unit.
<(9 Unit )$#9*&0*)(9*9K=&:,792)*">*)(9 void )$#9*&2*?,:,*,2;*!@@.*b(9%9,0 void (,0*2"
:,7=90D*)(9 Unit )$#9*(,0*,*0&2'79*:,7=9*A%&))92*,0 ().*MG>*$"=*,%9*0"*&2B7&29;D*$"=*B,2
#"2;9%*)(9*;&>>9%92B9*C9)A992*,2*91#)$*A,779)*,2;*,*A,779)*A&)(*"29*;"77,%*)(,)*$"=
,%92L)*,77"A9;*)"*0#92;.N

6*C7"BE*)(,)*92;0*&2*,2*,00&'2192)*0),)9192)D*0=B(*,0

5]
 { r = r * n; n -= 1 }

(,0*, Unit :,7=9.*<(&0*&0*2")*,*#%"C791D*I=0)*0"19)(&2'*)"*C9*,A,%9*">*A(92*;9>&2&2'

>=2B)&"20h099 -9B)&"2*\.

V9B,=09*,00&'2192)0*(,:9 Unit :,7=9D*;"2L)*B(,&2*)(91*)"'9)(9%.

x = y = 1 // f"

<(9*:,7=9*"> y = 1 &0 ()D*,2;*&)L0*(&'(7$*=27&E97$*)(,)*$"=*A,2)9;*)"*,00&'2*, Unit )" x.*MG2

B"2)%,0)D*&2*?,:,*,2;*!@@D*)(9*:,7=9*">*,2*,00&'2192)*&0*)(9*:,7=9*)(,)*&0*C9&2'*,00&'29;.
G2*)("09*7,2'=,'90D*B(,&29;*,00&'2192)0*,%9*=09>=7.N

2.4. Loops
-B,7,*(,0*)(9*0,19 while ,2; do 7""#0*,0*?,:,*,2;*!@@.*Y"%*9H,1#79D

while (n > 0) {
r = r * n
n -= 1
}

-B,7,*(,0*2"*;&%9B)*,2,7"'*">*)(9 for (initialize; test; update) 7""#.*G>*$"=*299;*0=B(*,

7""#D*$"=*(,:9*)A"*B("&B90.*c"=*B,2*=09*, while 7""#.*Q%*$"=*B,2*=09*, for 0),)9192)
7&E9*)(&0R

for (i <- 1 to n)
r = r * i

c"=*0,A*)(9 to 19)(";*">*)(9 RichInt B7,00*&2 )(9*n<(9*8WST*,2;*V,0&B*-$2),Ho*B(,#)9%.

<(9*B,77 1 to n %9)=%20*, Range ">*)(9*2=1C9%0*>%"1*5*)" n M&2B7=0&:9N.

<(9*B"20)%=B)

for (i <- expr)

1,E90*)(9*:,%&,C79 i )%,:9%09*,77*:,7=90*">*)(9*9H#%900&"2*)"*)(9*%&'()*">*)(9 <-.*WH,B)7$

("A*)(,)*)%,:9%0,7*A"%E0*;9#92;0*"2*)(9*)$#9*">*)(9*9H#%900&"2.*Y"%*,*-B,7,*B"779B)&"2D
0=B( ,0*, RangeD*)(9*7""#*1,E90 i ,00=19*9,B(*:,7=9*&2*)=%2.

5^
 Note: <(9%9*&0*2" val "% var C9>"%9*)(9*:,%&,C79*&2*)(9 for 7""#.*<(9*)$#9*">
)(9*:,%&,C79*&0*)(9*979192)*)$#9*">*)(9*B"779B)&"2.*<(9*0B"#9*">*)(9*7""#
:,%&,C79*9H)92;0*=2)&7*)(9*92;*">*)(9*7""#.

b(92*)%,:9%0&2'*,*0)%&2'*"%*,%%,$D*$"=*">)92*299;*,*%,2'9*>%"1*4*)" n J*5.*G2*)(,)*B,09D*=09
)(9 until 19)(";*&20)9,;*">*)(9 to 19)(";.*G)*%9)=%20*,*%,2'9*)(,)*;"902L)*&2B7=;9*)(9
=##9%*C"=2;.

val s = "Hello"
var sum = 0
for (i <- 0 until s.size
s.size) // T,0)*:,7=9*>"% i &0 s.size - 1
sum += s(i)

G2*)(&0*9H,1#79D*)(9%9*&0*,B)=,77$*2"*299;*)"*=09*&2;9H90.*c"=*B,2*;&%9B)7$*7""#*":9%*)(9
B(,%,B)9%0R

var sum = 0
for (ch <- "Hello") sum += ch

G2*-B,7,D*7""#0*,%9*2")*=09;*,0*">)92*,0*&2*")(9%*7,2'=,'90.*60*$"=*A&77*099*&2 )(9*n/&'(9%
Q%;9%*Y=2B)&"20o*B(,#)9%D*$"=*B,2*">)92*#%"B900*)(9*:,7=90*&2*,*09K=92B9*C$*,##7$&2'*,
>=2B)&"2*)"*,77*">*)(91D*A(&B(*B,2*C9*;"29*A&)(*,*0&2'79*19)(";*B,77.

Note: -B,7,*(,0*2" break "% continue 0),)9192)0*)"*C%9,E*"=)*">*,*7""#.*b(,)

)"*;"*&>*$"=*299;*, breakg*/9%9*,%9*,*>9A*"#)&"20R

5. e09*,*V""79,2*B"2)%"7*:,%&,C79*&20)9,;
3. e09*290)9;*>=2B)&"20h$"=*B,2 return >%"1*)(9*1&;;79*">*,*>=2B)&"2
X. e09*)(9 break 19)(";*&2*)(9 Breaks "CI9B)R

import util.control.Breaks._
breakable {
for (...) {
if (...) break; // WH&)0*)(9 breakable C7"BE
...
}
}

<(9*B"2)%"7*)%,20>9%*&0*;"29*C$*)(%"A&2'*,2;*B,)B(&2'*,2*9HB9#)&"2D*0"
$"=*A,2)*)"*,:"&;*)(&0*19B(,2&01*A(92*)&19*&0*">*)(9*90092B9.

5_
2.5. Advanced For Loops and For Comprehensions
G2*)(9*#%9B9;&2'*09B)&"2D*$"=*0,A*)(9*C,0&B*>"%1*">*)(9 for 7""#.*/"A9:9%D*)(&0*B"20)%=B)
&0*1=B(*%&B(9%*&2*-B,7,*)(,2*&2*?,:,*"%*!@@.*<(&0*09B)&"2*B":9%0*)(9*,;:,2B9;*>9,)=%90.

c"=*B,2*(,:9*1=7)&#79 generators ">*)(9*>"%1 variable <- expression.*-9#,%,)9*)(91*C$

091&B"7"20.*Y"%*9H,1#79D

for (i <- 1 to 3; j <- 1 to 3) print((10 * i + j) + " ")

// S%&2)0 11 12 13 21 22 23 31 32 33

W,B(*'929%,)"%*B,2*(,:9*, guardD*,*V""79,2*B"2;&)&"2*#%9B9;9;*C$ ifR

for (i <- 1 to 3; j <- 1 to 3 if i != jj) print((10 * i + j) + " ")

// S%&2)0 12 13 21 23 31 32

f")9*)(,)*)(9%9*&0*2"*091&B"7"2*C9>"%9*)(9 if.

c"=*B,2*(,:9*,2$*2=1C9%*"> definitionsD*&2)%";=B&2'*:,%&,C790*)(,)*B,2*C9*=09;*&20&;9*)(9
7""#R

for (i <- 1 to 3; from = 4 - i; j <- from to 3) print((10 * i + j) + " ")

// S%&2)0 13 22 23 31 32 33

b(92*)(9*C";$*">*)(9 for 7""#*0),%)0*A&)( yieldD*)(92*)(9*7""#*B"20)%=B)0*,*B"779B)&"2*">

:,7=90D*"29*>"%*9,B(*&)9%,)&"2R

for (i <- 1 to 10) yield i % 3

// c&97;0 Vector(1, 2, 0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2, 0, 1)

<(&0*)$#9*">*7""#*&0*B,779;*, for comprehension.

<(9*'929%,)9;*B"779B)&"2*&0*B"1#,)&C79*A&)(*)(9*>&%0)*'929%,)"%.

for (c <- "Hello"; i <- 0 to 1) yield (c + i).toChar

// c&97;0 "HIeflmlmop"
for (i <- 0 to 1; c <- "Hello") yield (c + i).toChar
// c&97;0 Vector('H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', 'I', 'f', 'm', 'm', 'p')

Note: G>*$"=*#%9>9%D*$"=*B,2*92B7"09*)(9*'929%,)"%0D*'=,%;0D*,2;*;9>&2&)&"20*">
, for 7""#*&20&;9*C%,B90D*,2;*$"=*B,2*=09*29A7&290*&20)9,;*">*091&B"7"20*)"
09#,%,)9*)(91R

34
 for { i <- 1 to 3
from = 4 - i
j <- from to 3 }

2.6. Functions
-B,7,*(,0*>=2B)&"20*&2*,;;&)&"2*)"*19)(";0.*6*19)(";*"#9%,)90*"2*,2*"CI9B)D*C=)*,
>=2B)&"2*;"902L). !@@*(,0*>=2B)&"20*,0*A977D*C=)*&2*?,:,D*$"=*&1&),)9*)(91*A&)(*0),)&B
19)(";0.

<"*;9>&29*,*>=2B)&"2D*$"=*0#9B&>$*)(9*>=2B)&"2L0*2,19D*#,%,19)9%0D*,2;*C";$D*7&E9*)(&0R

def abs(x: Double) = if (x >= 0) x else -x

c"=*1=0)*0#9B&>$*)(9*)$#90*">*,77*#,%,19)9%0D*C=)D*,0*7"2'*,0*)(9*>=2B)&"2*&0*2")*%9B=%0&:9D
$"=*299;*2")*0#9B&>$*)(9*%9)=%2*)$#9.*<(9*-B,7,*B"1#&79%*;9)9%1&290*)(9*%9)=%2*)$#9*>%"1
)(9*)$#9*">*)(9*9H#%900&"2*)"*)(9*%&'()*">*)(9 = 0$1C"7.

G>*)(9*C";$*">*)(9*>=2B)&"2*%9K=&%90*1"%9*)(,2*"29*9H#%900&"2D*=09*,*C7"BE.*<(9*7,0)
9H#%900&"2*">*)(9*C7"BE*C9B"190*)(9*:,7=9*)(,)*)(9*>=2B)&"2*%9)=%20.*Y"%*9H,1#79D*)(9
>"77"A&2'*>=2B)&"2*%9)=%20*)(9*:,7=9*"> r ,>)9%*)(9 for 7""#.

def fac(n : Int) = {

var r = 1
for (i <- 1 to n) r = r * i
r
}

<(9%9*&0*2"*299;*>"%*)(9 return E9$A"%;*&2*)(&0*9H,1#79.*G)*&0*#"00&C79*)"*=09 return ,0*&2

?,:,*"%*!@@D*)"*9H&)*,*>=2B)&"2*&119;&,)97$D*C=)*)(,)*&0*2")*B"11"27$*;"29*&2*-B,7,.

Tip: b(&79*)(9%9*&0*2")(&2'*A%"2'*A&)(*=0&2' return &2*,*2,19;*>=2B)&"2

M9HB9#)*)(9*A,0)9*">*09:92*E9$0)%"E90ND*&)*&0*,*'"";*&;9,*)"*'9)*=09;*)"*7&>9
A&)("=) return.*S%9))$*0""2D*$"=*A&77*C9*=0&2'*7")0*"> anonymous functionsD
,2;*)(9%9D return ;"902L)*%9)=%2*,*:,7=9*)"*)(9*B,779%.*G)*C%9,E0*"=)*)"*)(9
92B7"0&2'*2,19;*>=2B)&"2.*<(&2E*"> return ,0*,*E&2;*"> break 0),)9192)*>"%
>=2B)&"20D*,2;*"27$*=09*&)*A(92*$"=*A,2)*)(,)*C%9,E"=)*>=2B)&"2,7&)$.

b&)(*,*%9B=%0&:9*>=2B)&"2D*$"=*1=0)*0#9B&>$*)(9*%9)=%2*)$#9.*Y"%*9H,1#79D

35
 def fac(n: Int):: Int = if (n <= 0) 1 else n * fac(n - 1)

b&)("=)*)(9*%9)=%2*)$#9D*)(9*-B,7,*B"1#&79%*B"=7;2L)*:9%&>$*)(,)*)(9*)$#9*"> n * fac(n -
1) &0*,2 Int.

Note: -"19*#%"'%,11&2'*7,2'=,'90*M0=B(*,0*PT*,2;*/,0E977N can &2>9%*)(9

)$#90*">*%9B=%0&:9*>=2B)&"2D*=0&2'*)(9*/&2;79$JP&729%*,7'"%&)(1.*/"A9:9%D*)(&0
;"902L)*A"%E*A977*&2*,2*"CI9B)J"%&92)9;*7,2'=,'9.*G)*&0*0)&77*,*%909,%B(*#%"C791
("A*)"*9H)92;*)(9*/&2;79$JP&729%*,7'"%&)(1*0"*)(,)*&)*B,2*(,2;79*0=C)$#90.

2.7. Default and Named Arguments (L1)

c"=*B,2*0#9B&>$*;9>,=7)*,%'=192)0*>"%*>=2B)&"20*)(,)*,%9*=09;*A(92*$"=*;"2L)*0#9B&>$
9H#7&B)*:,7=90.*Y"%*9H,1#79D

def decorate(str: String, left: String = "[", right: String = "]") =

left + str + right

<(&0*>=2B)&"2*(,0*)A"*#,%,19)9%0D left ,2; rightD*A&)(*;9>,=7)*,%'=192)0 "[" ,2; "]".

b(92*$"=*B,77 decorate("Hello")D*$"=*'9) "[Hello]".*G>*$"=*;"2L)*7&E9*)(9*;9>,=7)0D

0=##7$*$"=%*"A2R decorate("Hello", "<<<", ">>>").

G>*$"=*0=##7$*>9A9%*,%'=192)0*)(,2*)(9%9*,%9*#,%,19)9%0D*)(9*;9>,=7)0*,%9*,##7&9;*>%"1
)(9*92;.*Y"%*9H,1#79D decorate("Hello", ">>>[") =090*)(9*;9>,=7)*:,7=9*">*)(9
right #,%,19)9%D*$&97;&2' ">>>[Hello]".

c"=*B,2*,70"*=09*)(9*#,%,19)9%*2,190*A(92*$"=*0=##7$*)(9*,%'=192)0.*Y"%*9H,1#79D

decorate(left = "<<<", str = "Hello", right = ">>>")

<(9*%90=7)*&0 "<<<Hello>>>".*f")9*)(,)*)(9*2,19;*,%'=192)0*299;*2")*C9*&2*)(9*0,19
"%;9%*,0*)(9*#,%,19)9%0.

f,19;*,%'=192)0*B,2*1,E9*,*>=2B)&"2*B,77*1"%9*%9,;,C79.*<(9$*,%9*,70"*=09>=7*&>*,
>=2B)&"2*(,0*1,2$*;9>,=7)*#,%,19)9%0.

c"=*B,2*1&H*=22,19;*,2;*2,19;*,%'=192)0D*#%":&;9;*)(9*=22,19;*"290*B"19*>&%0)R

decorate("Hello", right = "]<<<") // B,770 decorate("Hello", "[", "]<<<")

33
2.8. Variable Arguments (L1)
-"19)&190D*&)*&0*B"2:92&92)*)"*&1#79192)*,*>=2B)&"2*)(,)*B,2*),E9*,*:,%&,C79*2=1C9%*">
,%'=192)0.*<(9*>"77"A&2'*9H,1#79*0("A0*)(9*0$2),HR

def sum(args: Int*) = {

var result = 0
for (arg <- args.elements) result += arg
result
}

c"=*B,77*)(9*>=2B)&"2*A&)(*,0*1,2$*,%'=192)0*,0*$"=*7&E9.

val s = sum(1, 4, 9, 16, 25)

<(9*>=2B)&"2*%9B9&:90*,*0&2'79*#,%,19)9%*">*)$#9 SeqD*A(&B(*A9*A&77*;&0B=00*&2 )(9

n!"779B)&"20o*B(,#)9%.*Y"%*2"AD*,77*$"=*299;*)"*E2"A*&0*)(,)*$"=*B,2*$"=*B,2*=09*, for
7""#*)"*:&0&)*9,B(*979192).

G>*$"=*,7%9,;$*(,:9*,*09K=92B9*">*:,7=90D*$"=*B,22")*#,00*&)*;&%9B)7$*)"*0=B(*,*>=2B)&"2.
Y"%*9H,1#79D*)(9*>"77"A&2'*&0*2")*B"%%9B)R

val s = sum(1 to 5) // W%%"%

G>*)(9 sum >=2B)&"2*&0*B,779;*A&)(*"29*,%'=192)D*)(,)*1=0)*C9*,*0&2'79*&2)9'9%D*2")*,*%,2'9

">*&2)9'9%0.*<(9*%919;$*&0*)"*)977*)(9*B"1#&79%*)(,)*$"=*A,2)*)(9*#,%,19)9%*)"*C9
B"20&;9%9;*,0*,2*,%'=192)*09K=92B9.*6##92; : _*D*7&E9*)(&0R

val s = sum(1 to 5: _*) // !"20&;9% 1 to 5 ,0*,2*,%'=192)*09K=92B9

<(&0*0$2),H*&0*299;9;*&2*,*%9B=%0&:9*;9>&2&)&"2R

def sum(args: Int*) : Int =

if (args.length == 0)
0 else
args.head + sum(args.tail : _*)

/9%9D*)(9 head ">*,*09K=92B9*&0*&)0*&2&)&,7*979192)D*,2; tail &0*,*09K=92B9*">*,77*")(9%

979192)0.*<(,)L0*,',&2*, SeqD*,2;*A9*(,:9*)"*=09 : _* )"*B"2:9%)*&)*)"*,2*,%'=192)
09K=92B9.

3X
 Caution: b(92*$"=*B,77*,*?,:,*19)(";*A&)(*:,%&,C79*,%'=192)0*">*)$#9
ObjectD*0=B(*,0 PrintStream.printf "% MessageFormat.formatD*)(92*$"=*299;
)"*B"2:9%)*#%&1&)&:9*)$#90*C$*(,2;.*Y"%*9H,1#79D

val str = MessageFormat("The answer to {0} is {1}", "everything",

42.asInstanceOf[AnyRef]
.asInstanceOf[AnyRef])

<(&0*&0*)(9*B,09*>"%*,2$ Object #,%,19)9%D*C=)*G*192)&"2*&)*(9%9*C9B,=09*)(9$

,%9*1"0)*B"11"2*A&)(*:,%,%'0*19)(";0.

2.9. Procedures
-B,7,*(,0*,*0#9B&,7*2"),)&"2*>"%*,*>=2B)&"2*)(,)*%9)=%20*2"*:,7=9.*G>*)(9*>=2B)&"2*C";$*&0
92B7"09;*&2*C%,B90 without a preceding =symbolD*)(92*)(9*%9)=%2*)$#9*&0 Unit.*-=B(*,
>=2B)&"2*&0*B,779;*, procedure.*6*#%"B9;=%9*%9)=%20*2"*:,7=9D*,2;*$"=*"27$*B,77*&)*>"%*&)0
0&;9*9>>9B).*Y"%*9H,1#79D*)(9*>"77"A&2'*#%"B9;=%9*#%&2)0*,*0)%&2'*&20&;9*,*C"HD*7&E9

-------
|Hello|
-------

V9B,=09*)(9*#%"B9;=%9*;"902L)*%9)=%2*,2$*:,7=9D*A9*"1&)*)(9 = 0$1C"7.

def box(s : String) { // T""E*B,%9>=77$R*2" =

val border = "-" * s.size + "--\n"
println(border + "|" + s + "|\n" + border)
}

-"19*#9"#79*M2")*19N*;&07&E9*)(&0*B"2B&09*0$2),H*>"%*#%"B9;=%90*,2;*0=''90)*)(,)*$"=
,7A,$0*=09*,2*9H#7&B&)*%9)=%2*)$#9*"> UnitR

def box(s : String):: Unit = {

...
}

Caution: <(9 B"2B&09*#%"B9;=%9*0$2),H*B,2*C9*,*0=%#%&09*>"%*?,:,*,2;*!@@

#%"'%,119%0.*G)*&0*,*B"11"2*9%%"%*)"*,BB&;92),77$*"1&)*)(9 = &2*,*>=2B)&"2
;9>&2&)&"2.*c"=*'9)*,2*9%%"%*1900,'9*,)*)(9*#"&2)*A(9%9*)(9*>=2B)&"2*&0*B,779;D
,2;*$"=*,%9*)"7;*)(,) Unit &0*2")*,BB9#),C79*,)*)(,)*7"B,)&"2.

3Z
2.10. Lazy Values (L1)
b(92*, val &0*;9B7,%9;*,0 lazyD*&)0*&2&)&,7&p,)&"2*&0*;9>9%%9;*=2)&7*&)*&0*,BB9009;*>"%*)(9*>&%0)
)&19.*Y"%*9H,1#79D

lazy val words = io.Source.fromFile("/usr/share/dict/words").mkString

Mb9*A&77*;&0B=00*>&79*"#9%,)&"20*&2 )(9*nY&790*,2;*89'=7,%*WH#%900&"20o*B(,#)9%.*Y"%*2"AD
I=0)*),E9*&)*>"%*'%,2)9;*)(,)*)(&0*B,77*%9,;0*,77*B(,%,B)9%0*>%"1,*>&79*&2)"*,*0)%&2'.N

G>*)(9*#%"'%,1*29:9%*,BB90090 wordsD*)(9*>&79*&0*29:9%*"#929;.*<"*:9%&>$*)(&0D*)%$*&)*"=)*&2
)(9*8WSTD*C=)*1&00#977*)(9*>&79*2,19.*<(9%9*A&77*C9*2"*9%%"%*A(92*)(9*&2&)&,7&p,)&"2
0),)9192)*&0*9H9B=)9;.*/"A9:9%D*A(92*$"=*,BB900 wordsD*$"=*A&77*'9)*,2*9%%"%*1900,'9
)(,)*)(9*>&79*&0*2")*>"=2;.

T,p$*:,7=90*,%9*=09>=7*)"*;97,$*B"0)7$*&2&)&,7&p,)&"2*0),)9192)0.*<(9$*B,2*,70"*;9,7*A&)(
")(9%*&2&)&,7&p,)&"2*&00=90D*0=B(*,0*B&%B=7,%*;9#92;92B&90.*P"%9":9%D*)(9$*,%9*90092)&,7*>"%
;9:97"#&2'*7,p$*;,),*0)%=B)=%90h099*)(9*-)%9,10*09B)&"2*&2 )(9*n!"779B)&"20o*B(,#)9%.

c"=*B,2*)(&2E*">*7,p$*:,7=90*,0*(,7>A,$*C9)A992 val ,2; def.*!"1#,%9

val words = io.Source.fromFile("/usr/share/dict/words").mkString

// W:,7=,)9;*,0*0""2*,0 words &0*;9>&29;
lazy val words = io.Source.fromFile("/usr/share/dict/words").mkString
// W:,7=,)9;*)(9*>&%0)*)&19 words &0*=09;
def words = io.Source.fromFile("/usr/share/dict/words").mkString
// W:,7=,)9;*9:9%$*)&19 words &0*=09;

Note: T,p&2900*&0*2")*B"0)J>%99.*W:9%$*)&19D*,*7,p$*:,7=9*&0*,BB9009;D*, 19)(";

&0*B,779;*)(,)*B(9BE0D*&2*,*)(%9,;0,>9*1,229%D*A(9)(9%*)(9*:,7=9*(,0*C992
&2&)&,7&p9;.

2.11. Exceptions
-B,7,*9HB9#)&"20*A"%E*)(9*0,19*A,$*,0*&2*?,:,*"%*!@@.*b(92*$"=*)(%"A*,2*9HB9#)&"2D
>"%*9H,1#79

throw new IllegalArgumentException("x should not be negative")

)(92*)(9*B=%%92)*B"1#=),)&"2*&0*,C"%)9;D*,2;*)(9*%=2)&19*0$0)91*7""E0*>"%*,2*9HB9#)&"2
(,2;79%*)(,)*B,2*,BB9#)*,2 IllegalArgumentException.*!"2)%"7*%90=190*A&)(*)(9
&229%1"0)*0=B(*(,2;79%.*G>*2"*0=B(*(,2;79%*9H&0)0D*)(9*#%"'%,1*)9%1&2,)90.

3[
60*&2*?,:,D*)(9*"CI9B)0*)(,)*$"=*)(%"A*299;*)"*C97"2'*)"*,*0=CB7,00*">
java.lang.Throwable.*/"A9:9%D*=27&E9*?,:,D*-B,7,*(,0*2"*nB(9BE9;o*9HB9#)&"20h$"=
29:9%*299;*)"*;9B7,%9*)(,)*,*>=2B)&"2*"%*19)(";*1&'()*)(%"A*,2*9HB9#)&"2.

Note: G2*?,:,D*nB(9BE9;o*9HB9#)&"20*,%9*B(9BE9;*,)*B"1#&79J)&19.*G>*$"=%
19)(";*1&'()*)(%"A*,2 IOExceptionD*$"=*1=0)*;9B7,%9*&).*<(&0*>"%B90
#%"'%,119%0*)"*)(&2E*A(9%9*)("09*9HB9#)&"20*0("=7;*C9*(,2;79;D*A(&B(*&0*,
7,=;,C79*'",7.*e2>"%)=2,)97$D*&)*B,2*,70"*'&:9*%&09*)"*1"20)%"=0*19)(";
0&'2,)=%90*0=B(*,0 void doSomething() throws IOException,
InterruptedException, ClassNotFoundException.*P,2$*?,:,*#%"'%,119%0
;9)90)*)(&0*>9,)=%9*,2;*92;*=#*;9>9,)&2'*&)*C$*9&)(9%*B,)B(&2'*9HB9#)&"20*)""
9,%7$*"%*=0&2'*9HB900&:97$*'929%,7*9HB9#)&"2*B7,0090. <(9*-B,7,*;90&'29%0
;9B&;9;*,',&20)*B(9BE9;*9HB9#)&"20D*%9B"'2&p&2'*)(,)*)("%"='(*B"1#&79J)&19
B(9BE&2'*&02L) always ,*'"";*)(&2'.

6 throw 9H#%900&"2*(,0*)(9*0#9B&,7*)$#9 Nothing.*<(,)*&0*=09>=7*&2 if/else 9H#%900&"20.*G>

"29*C%,2B(*(,0*)$#9 NothingD*)(9*)$#9*">*)(9 if/else 9H#%900&"2*&0*)(9*)$#9*">*)(9*")(9%
C%,2B(.*Y"%*9H,1#79D*B"20&;9%

if (x >= 0) sqrt(x)
else throw new IllegalArgumentException("x should not be negative")

<(9*>&%0)*C%,2B(*(,0*)$#9 DoubleD*)(9*09B"2;*(,0*)$#9 Nothing.*<(9%9>"%9D*)(9 if/else

9H#%900&"2*,70"*(,0*)$#9 Double.

<(9*0$2),H*>"%*B,)B(&2'*9HB9#)&"20*&0*1";979;*,>)9%*)(9*#,))9%2*1,)B(&2'*0$2),H*M099 )(9
nS,))9%2*P,)B(&2'*,2;*!,09*!7,0090o*B(,#)9%N.

try {
process(new FileReader(filename))
} catch {
case _: FileNotFoundException => println(filename + " not found")
case ex: IOException => ex.printStackTrace()
}

60*&2*?,:,*"%*!@@D*)(9*1"%9*'929%,7*9HB9#)&"2*)$#90*0("=7;*B"19*7,)9%*)(,2*)(9*1"%9
0#9B&>&B*"290.

f")9*)(,)*$"=*B,2*=09 _ >"%*)(9*:,%&,C79*2,19*&>*$"=*;"2L)*299;*&).

<(9 try/finally 0),)9192)*79)0*$"=*;&0#"09*">*,*%90"=%B9*A(9)(9%*"%*2")*,2*9HB9#)&"2*(,0

"BB=%%9;.*Y"%*9H,1#79D

3\
 val reader = new FileReader(filename)
try {
process(reader)
} finally {
reader.close()
}

<(9 finally B7,=09*&0*9H9B=)9;*A(9)(9%*"%*2")*)(9 process >=2B)&"2*)(%"A0*,2*9HB9#)&"2.

<(9 reader &0*,7A,$0*B7"09;.

<(&0*B";9*&0*,*C&)*0=C)79D*,2;*&)*%,&090*09:9%,7*&00=90.

d b(,)*&>*)(9*B"20)%=B)"%*)(%"A0*,2*9HB9#)&"2g*<(92*)(9 try C7"BE*&0*29:9%

92)9%9;D*,2;*29&)(9%*&0*)(9 finally B7,=09.*<(,)L0*I=0)*,0*A977hreader A,0*29:9%
&2&)&,7&p9;D*0"*&)*1,E90*2"*09209*)"*&2:"E9 close "2*&).
d b($*&02L) val reader = new FileReader(filename) &20&;9*)(9 try C7"BEg*<(92
)(9*0B"#9*"> reader A"=7;*2")*9H)92;*)"*)(9 finally B7,=09.
d b(,)*&> reader.close() )(%"A0*,2*9HB9#)&"2g*<(92*)(,)*9HB9#)&"2*&0*)(%"A2*"=)
">*)(9*0),)9192)D*0=#9%09;&2'*,2$*9,%7&9%*"29.*M<(&0*&0*I=0)*7&E9*&2*?,:,D*,2;*&)*&02L)
:9%$*2&B9.*G;9,77$D*)(9*"7;*9HB9#)&"2*A"=7;*0),$*,)),B(9;*)"*)(9*29A*"29.N

f")9*)(,) try/catch ,2; try/finally (,:9*B"1#79192),%$*'",70.*<(9 try/catch

0),)9192)*(,2;790*9HB9#)&"20D*,2;*)(9 try/finally 0),)9192)*),E90*0"19*,B)&"2*M=0=,77$
B79,2=#N*A(92*,2*9HB9#)&"2*&0*2")*(,2;79;.*G)*&0*#"00&C79*)"*B"1C&29*)(91*&2)"*,*0&2'79
try/catch/finally 0),)9192)

try { ... } catch { ... } finally { ... }

<(&0*&0*)(9*0,19*,0

try { try { ... } catch { ... } } finally { ... }

/"A9:9%D*)(,)*B"1C&2,)&"2*&0*%,%97$*=09>=7.

2.12. Exercises
5. <(9 signum ">*,*2=1C9%*&0*5*&>*)(9*2=1C9%*&0*#"0&)&:9D*J5*&>*&)*&0*29',)&:9*,2;*4*&>
&)*&0*p9%".*b%&)9*,*>=2B)&"2*)(,)*B"1#=)90*)(&0*:,7=9.
3. b(,)*&0*)(9*:,7=9*">*,2*91#)$*C7"BE*9H#%900&"2 {}g*b(,)*&0*&)0*)$#9g
X. !"19*=#*A&)(*"29*0&)=,)&"2*A(9%9*)(9*,00&'2192) x = y = 1 &0*:,7&;*&2*-B,7,.
M/&2)R*S&BE*,*0=&),C79*)$#9*>"% x.N
Z. b%&)9*,*-B,7,*9K=&:,792)*>"%*)(9*?,:,*7""#

for (int i = 10; i >= 0; i--) System.out.println(i);

3]
 [. b%&)9*,*#%"B9;=%9 countdown(n: Int) )(,)*#%&2)0*)(9*2=1C9%0*>%"1 n )"*4.
\. b%&)9*, for 7""#*>"%*B"1#=)&2'*)(9*#%";=B)*">*)(9*e2&B";9*B";90*">*,77*79))9%0*&2
,*0)%&2'.*Y"%*9H,1#79D*)(9*#%";=B)*">*)(9*B(,%,B)9%0*&2 "Hello" &0*^3[5[3^_\.
]. -"7:9*)(9*#%9B9;&2'*9H9%B&09*A&)("=)*A%&)&2'*,*7""#.*M/&2)R*T""E*,)*)(9 StringOps
-B,7,;"B.N
^. b%&)9*,*>=2B)&"2 product(s : String) )(,)*B"1#=)90*)(9*#%";=B)D*,0*;90B%&C9;*&2
)(9*#%9B9;&2'*9H9%B&090.
_. P,E9*)(9*>=2B)&"2*">*)(9*#%9B9;&2'*9H9%B&09*,*%9B=%0&:9*>=2B)&"2.
54. b%&)9*,*>=2B)&"2*)(,)*B"1#=)90 xnD*A(9%9 n &0*,2*&2)9'9%.*e09*)(9*>"77"A&2'
%9B=%0&:9*;9>&2&)&"2R

xn r y3 &> n &0*9:92*,2;*#"0&)&:9D*A(9%9 y r xn i*3

xn r xá Hn J*5 &> n &0*";;*,2;*#"0&)&:9

x4 r*5

xn r*5*i xJn &> n &0*29',)&:9

U"2L)*=09*, return 0),)9192).

3^
3. Working With Arrays (A1)
G2*)(&0*B(,#)9%D*$"=*A&77*79,%2*("A*)"*A"%E*A&)(*,%%,$0*&2*-B,7,.*?,:,*,2;*!@@
#%"'%,119%0*=0=,77$*B(""09*,2*,%%,$*"%*,*B7"09*%97,)&"2*M&.9.D*,%%,$*7&0)0*"%*:9B)"%0N*A(92
)(9$*299;*)"*B"779B)*,*C=2B(*">*979192)0.*G2*-B,7,D*)(9%9*,%9*")(9%*B("&B90*M099 )(9
n!"779B)&"20o*B(,#)9%ND*C=)*>"%*2"AD*GL77*,00=19*)(,)*$"=*,%9*&1#,)&92)*,2;*I=0)*A,2)*)"*'9)
'"&2'*A&)(*,%%,$0.

a9$*#"&2)0*">*)(&0*B(,#)9%R

d e09*,2 Array &>*)(9*0&p9*&0*>&H9;D*,2 ArrayBuffer &>*)(9*0&p9*B,2*:,%$

d c"=*;"2L)*=09 new A(92*$"=*0=##7$*&2&)&,7*:,7=90
d e09 () )"*,BB900*979192)0
d e09 for (elem <- arr) )"*)%,:9%09*)(9*979192)0
d e09 for (elem <- arr if ...) ...yield ...*)"*)%,20>"%1*&2)"*,*29A*,%%,$
d -B,7,*,2;*?,:,*6%%,$0*,%9*&2)9%"#9%,C79F*A&)( ArrayBufferD*=09
collection.JavaConversions

3.1. Fixed Size Arrays

G>*$"=*299;*,2*,%%,$*A("09*0&p9*;"902L)*B(,2'9D*=09*)(9 Array )$#9*&2*-B,7,.*Y"%*9H,1#79D

val a = new Array[String](10)

// 6*0)%&2'*,%%,$*A&)(*)92*979192)0D*,77*&2&)&,7&p9;*A&)( null
val s = Array("Hello", "World")
// 62 Array[String] ">*0&p9*3h)(9*)$#9*&0*&2>9%%9;
// f")9R*f" new A(92*$"=*0=##7$*&2&)&,7*:,7=90
s(0) = "Goodbye"
// Array("Goodbye"
"Goodbye", World")
// e09 () &20)9,;*"> [] >"%*979192)*,BB900

G20&;9*)(9*?sPD*,*-B,7, Array &0*&1#79192)9;*,0*,*?,:,*,%%,$*.*<(9*,%%,$0*&2*)(9

#%9B9;&2'*9H,1#79*(,:9*)(9*)$#9 java.lang.String[] &20&;9*)(9*?sP.*62*,%%,$*"> IntD
DoubleD*"%*,2")(9%*9K=&:,792)*">*)(9*?,:,*#%&1&)&:9*)$#90D*&0*,*#%&1&)&:9*)$#9*,%%,$.*Y"%
9H,1#79D Array(2,3,5,7,11) &0*,2 int[] &2*)(9*?sP.

3.2. Variable Size Arrays: Array Buffers

?,:,*(,0 ArrayList ,2;*!@@*(,0 vector >"%*,%%,$0*)(,)*'%"A*,2;*0(%&2E*"2*;91,2;.*<(9
9K=&:,792)*&2*-B,7,*&0*)(9 ArrayBuffer.

3_
 import collection.mutable.ArrayBuffer
val b = ArrayBuffer[Int]()
// Q% new ArrayBuffer[Int]
// 62*91#)$*,%%,$*C=>>9%D*%9,;$*)"*("7;*&2)9'9%0
b += 1
// ArrayBuffer(1)
// 6;;*,2*979192)*,)*)(9*92;*A&)( +=
b += (1, 2, 3, 5)
// ArrayBuffer(1, 1, 2, 3, 55)
// 6;;*1,2$*979192)0*,)*)(9*92;*C$*92B7"0&2'*)(91*&2*#,%92)(9090
b ++= Array(8, 11, 17)
// ArrayBuffer(1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 11, 17 17)
// c"=*B,2*,##92;*,2$*B"779B)&"2*A&)(*)(9 ++= "#9%,)"%
b.trimEnd(2)
// ArrayBuffer(1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8)
// 891":90*)(9*7,0)*)A"*979192)0

6;;&2'*"%*%91":&2'*979192)0*,)*)(9*92;*">*,2*,%%,$*C=>>9%*&0*,2*9>>&B&92)*Mn,1"%)&p9;
B"20),2)*)&19oN*"#9%,)&"2.

c"=*B,2*,70"*&209%)*,2;*%91":9*979192)0*,)*,2*,%C&)%,%$*7"B,)&"2D*C=)*)("09*"#9%,)&"20*,%9
2")*,0*9>>&B&92)h,77*979192)0*,>)9%*)(,)*7"B,)&"2*1=0)*C9*0(&>)9;.*Y"%*9H,1#79R

b.insert(2, 6)
// ArrayBuffer(1, 1, 6, 2)
// G209%)*C9>"%9*&2;9H*3
b.insert(2, 7, 8, 99)
// ArrayBuffer(1, 1, 7, 8, 99, 6, 2)
// c"=*B,2*&209%)*,0*1,2$*979192)0*,0*$"=*7&E9
b.remove(2)
// ArrayBuffer(1, 1, 8, 9, 6, 2)
b.remove(2, 3)
// ArrayBuffer(1, 1, 2)
// <(9*09B"2;*#,%,19)9%*)9770*("A*1,2$*979192)0*)"*%91":9

-"19)&190D*$"=*A,2)*)"*C=&7;*=#*,2 ArrayD*C=)*$"=*;"2L)*$9)*E2"A*("A*1,2$*979192)0
$"=*A&77*299;.*G2*)(,)*B,09D*>&%0)*1,E9*,2*,%%,$*C=>>9%D*)(92*B,77

b.toArray
// Array(1, 1, 2)

!"2:9%097$D*B,77 a.toBuffer )"*B"2:9%)*)(9*,%%,$ a )"*,2*,%%,$*C=>>9%.

X4
3.3. Traversing Arrays (and Array Buffers)
G2*?,:,*,2;*!@@D*)(9%9*,%9*09:9%,7*0$2),B)&B,7*;&>>9%92B90*C9)A992*,%%,$0*,2;*,%%,$*7&0)i
:9B)"%.*-B,7,*&0*1=B(*1"%9*=2&>"%1.*P"0)*">*)(9*)&19D*$"=*B,2*=09*)(9*0,19*B";9*>"%
C")(.

/9%9*&0*("A*$"=*)%,:9%09*,2*,%%,$*"%*,%%,$*C=>>9%*A&)(*, for 7""#.

for (i <- 0 until a.size)

println(i + ": " + a(i))

<(9*:,%&,C79 i '"90*>%"1*4*)" a.size - 1.

<(9 until 19)(";*C97"2'0*)"*)(9 RichInt B7,00D*,2;*&)*%9)=%20*,77*2=1C9%0*=#*)"*MC=)*2")

&2B7=;&2'N*)(9*=##9%*C"=2;.*Y"%*9H,1#79D

0 until 10
// Range(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)

f")9*)(,) 0 until 10 &0*,B)=,77$*,*19)(";*B,77 0.until(10).

<(9*B"20)%=B)

for (i <- range)

1,E90*)(9*:,%&,C79 i )%,:9%09*,77*:,7=90*">*)(9*%,2'9 <-.*G2*"=%*B,09D*)(9*7""#*:,%&,C79 i

,00=190*)(9*:,7=90*4D*5D*,2;*0"*"2D*=2)&7*MC=)*2")*&2B7=;&2'N a.size.

<"*:&0&)*9:9%$*09B"2;*979192)D*79) i )%,:9%09

0 until (a.size, 2)
// Range(0, 2, 4, ...)

<"*:&0&)*)(9*979192)0*0),%)&2'*>%"1*)(9*92;*">*)(9*,%%,$D*)%,:9%09

(0 until a.size).reverse
// Range(..., 2, 1, 0)

G>*$"=*;"2L)*299;*)(9*,%%,$*&2;9H*&2*)(9*7""#*C";$D*:&0&)*)(9*,%%,$*979192)0*;&%9B)7$D*7&E9
)(&0R

for (elem <- a)

println(elem)

X5
<(&0*&0*:9%$*0&1&7,%*)"*)(9*n92(,2B9;ofor 7""#*&2*?,:,*"%*)(9*n%,2'9JC,09;o for 7""#*&2
!@@.*<(9*:,%&,C79 elem &0*09)*)" a(0)D*)(92 a(1)D*,2;*0"*"2.

3.4. Transforming Arrays

G2*)(9*#%9B9;&2'*09B)&"20D*$"=*0,A*("A*)"*A"%E*A&)(*,%%,$0*I=0)*7&E9*$"=*A"=7;*&2*?,:,*"%
!@@.*V=)*&2*-B,7,D*$"=*B,2*'"*>=%)(9%.*G)*&0*:9%$*9,0$*)"*),E9*,2*,%%,$*M"%*,%%,$*C=>>9%N*,2;
)%,20>"%1*&)*&2*0"19*A,$.*<(909*)%,20>"%1,)&"20*;"2L)*1";&>$*)(9*"%&'&2,7*,%%,$D*C=)*)(9$
$&97;*,*29A*"29.

e09*, for B"1#%9(920&"2D*7&E9*)(&0R

val a = Array(2, 3, 5, 7, 11)

val result = for (elem <- a) yield 2 * elem
// result &0 Array(4, 6, 10, 14, 22)

<(9 for (...) yield 7""#*B%9,)90*,*29A*B"779B)&"2*">*)(9*0,19*)$#9*,0*)(9*"%&'&2,7

B"779B)&"2.*G>*$"=*0),%)9;*A&)(*,2*,%%,$D*$"=*'9)*,2")(9%*,%%,$.*G>*$"=*0),%)9;*A&)(*,2*,%%,$
C=>>9%D*)(,)L0*A(,)*$"=*'9)*>%"1 for (...) yield.

<(9*%90=7)*B"2),&20*)(9*9H#%900&"20*,>)9%*)(9 yieldD*"29*>"%*9,B(*&)9%,)&"2*">*)(9*7""#.

Q>)92*)&190D*A(92*$"=*)%,:9%09*,*B"779B)&"2D*$"=*"27$*A,2)*)"*#%"B900*)(9*"290*)(,)*1,)B(
,*#,%)&B=7,%*B"2;&)&"2.*<(&0*&0*,B(&9:9;*A&)(*, guardR*,2 if &20&;9*)(9 for.*/9%9*A9*%9)=%2
"27$*)(9*9:92*979192)0R

for (elem <- b if (b % 2 == 0)

0)) yield elem

62;*(9%9*A9*;"=C79*9:9%$*9:92*979192)D*0)&77*;%"##&2'*)(9*";;*"290R

for (elem <- b if (b % 2 == 0)) yield 2 * elem

a99#*&2*1&2;*)(,)*)(9*%90=7)*&0*,*29A*B"779B)&"2h)(9*"%&'&2,7*B"779B)&"2*&0*2")*,>>9B)9;.

Note: 67)9%2,)&:97$D*$"=*B"=7;*A%&)9

b.filter(_ % 2 == 0).map(2 * _)

"%*9:92

b filter { _ % 2 == 0 } map { 2 * _ }

X3
 -"19*#%"'%,119%0*A&)(*9H#9%&92B9*&2*>=2B)&"2,7*#%"'%,11&2'*#%9>9% filter
,2; map &20)9,;*">*'=,%;0*,2; yield.*<(,)L0*I=0)*,*1,))9%*">*0)$79h)(9 for 7""#
;"90*9H,B)7$*)(9*0,19*A"%E.*e09*A(,)9:9%*$"=*>&2;*9,0&9%.

!"20&;9%*)(9*>"77"A&2'*9H,1#79.*t&:92*,*09K=92B9*">*&2)9'9%0D*A9*A,2)*)"*%91":9*,77*C=)
)(9*>&%0)*29',)&:9*2=1C9%.*6*)%,;&)&"2,7*09K=92)&,7*0"7=)&"2*A"=7;*09)*,*>7,'*A(92*)(9*>&%0)
29',)&:9*2=1C9%*&0*B,779;D*)(92*%91":9*,77*979192)0*C9$"2;.

var first = true

var n = a.size
var i = 0
while (i < n) {
if (a[i] >= 0) i += 1
else {
if (first) { first = false; i += 1 }
else { a.remove(i); n -= 1 }
}
}

V=)*A,&)h)(,)L0*,B)=,77$*2")*0"*'"";.*G)L0*&29>>&B&92)*)"*%91":9*:,%&,C790*>%"1*)(9*>%"2).
b9*0("=7;*0),%)*>%"1*)(9*C,BE*,>)9%*>&2;&2'*)(9*>&%0)*1,)B(.

G2*-B,7,D*$"=%*7&>9*B,2*C9*9,0&9%.*Y&%0)D*79)L0*=09*, foriyield 7""#*)"*>&2;*,77*1,)B(&2'*&2;9H

:,7=90.

val indexes = for (i <- 0 until a.size if a(i) < 0) yield i

<(92*A9*:&0&)*)(9*&2;9H90*&2*%9:9%09D*9HB9#)*>"% indexes(0).

for (j <- (1 until indexes.size).reverse) a.remove(indexes(j))

<(9*E9$*"C09%:,)&"2*&0*)(,)*&)*&0*C9))9%*)"*(,:9 all index values together &20)9,;*">*099&2'

)(91*"29*C$*"29.

3.5. Common Algorithms

G)*&0*">)92*0,&;*)(,)*,*7,%'9*#9%B92),'9*">*C=0&2900*B"1#=),)&"20*,%9*2")(&2'*C=)
B"1#=)&2'*0=10*,2;*0"%)&2'.*Y"%)=2,)97$D*-B,7,*(,0*C=&7)J&2*>=2B)&"20*>"%*)(909*),0E0.

Array(1, 7, 2, 9).sum
// 19
// b"%E0*>"% ArrayBuffer )""

XX
G2*"%;9%*)"*=09*)(9 sum 19)(";D*)(9*979192)*)$#9*1=0)*C9*,*2=19%&B*)$#9R*,2*&2)9'%,7*"%
>7",)&2'J#"&2)*)$#9D*"% BigIntegeriBigDecimal.

-&1&7,%7$D*)(9 min ,2; max 19)(";0*$&97;*)(9*01,7790)*,2;*7,%'90)*979192)*&2*,2*,%%,$*"%

,%%,$*C=>>9%.

ArrayBuffer("Mary", "had", "a", "little", "lamb").max

max
// "little"

<(9 sortWith 19)(";*0"%)0*,2*,%%,$*"%*,%%,$*C=>>9%*,2; returns )(9*0"%)9;*,%%,$*"%*,%%,$

C=>>9%D*A&)("=)*1";&>$&2'*)(9*"%&'&2,7R

val b = ArrayBuffer(1, 7, 2, 9)
val bSorted = b.sortWith(_ < _)
// b &0*=2B(,2'9;F bSorted &0 ArrayBuffer(1, 2, 7, 9)

c"=*#,00*)(9*B"1#,%&0"2*>=2B)&"2*,0*,*#,%,19)9%h099 )(9*n/&'(9%*Q%;9%*Y=2B)&"20o
B(,#)9% >"%*)(9*>=2B)&"2*0$2),H.

c"=*B,2*0"%)*,2*,%%,$D*C=)*2")*,2*,%%,$*C=>>9%D*&2*#7,B9R

val a = Array(1, 7, 2, 9)
util.Sorting.quickSort(a)
// a &0*2"A Array(1, 2, 7, 9)

Y"%*)(9 minimax ,2; quickSort 19)(";0D*)(9*979192)*)$#9*1=0)*(,:9*,*B"1#,%&0"2

"#9%,)&"2.*<(&0*&0*)(9*B,09*>"%*2=1C9%0D*0)%&2'0D*,2;*")(9%*)$#90*A&)(*)(9 Ordered )%,&).

Y&2,77$D*&>*$"=*A,2)*)"*;&0#7,$*)(9*B"2)92)0*">*,2*,%%,$*"%*,%%,$*C=>>9%D*)(9
mkString 19)(";*79)0*$"=*0#9B&>$*)(9*09#,%,)"%*C9)A992*979192)0.*6*09B"2;*:,%&,2)*(,0
#,%,19)9%0*>"%*)(9*#%9>&H*,2;*0=>>&H.*Y"%*9H,1#79D

a.mkString(" and ")

// "1 and 7 and 2 and 9"
a.mkString(",", "<", ">")
// "<1,7,2,9>"

!"2)%,0)*A&)( toStringR

a.toString
// "[I@b73e5"
// <(&0*&0*)(9*=097900 toString 19)(";*>%"1*?,:,
b.toString
// "ArrayBuffer(1, 7, 2, 9)"
// <(9 toString 19)(";*B"2),&20*)(9*)$#9D*A(&B(*&0*=09>=7*>"%*;9C=''&2'

XZ
3.6. Deciphering ScalaDoc
<(9%9*,%9*7")0*">*=09>=7*19)(";0*"2*,%%,$0*,2;*,%%,$*7&0)0D*,2;*&)*&0*,*'"";*&;9,*)"*C%"A09
)(9*-B,7,*;"B=192),)&"2*)"*'9)*,2*&;9,*A(,)L0*)(9%9.

Note: <(9*19)(";0*>"%*)(9 Array B7,00*,%9*7&0)9;*=2;9% ArrayOps.*<9B(2&B,77$D

,2*,%%,$*&0*B"2:9%)9;*)"*,2 ArrayOps "CI9B)*C9>"%9*,2$*">*)(9*"#9%,)&"20*&0
,##7&9;.

V9B,=09*-B,7,*(,0*%&B(9%*)$#9*0$0)91*)(,2*?,:,D*$"=*1,$*92B"=2)9%*0"19*0)%,2'9J7""E&2'
0$2),H*,0*$"=*C%"A09*)(9*-B,7,*;"B=192),)&"2.*Y"%)=2,)97$D*$"=*;"2L)*(,:9*)"*=2;9%0),2;
,77*2=,2B90*">*)(9*)$#9*0$0)91*)"*;"*=09>=7*A"%E.*e09 <,C79*5 ,0*,*n;9B";9%*%&2'o.

<,C79*XJ5R -B,7,U"B*U9B";9%*8&2'
ScalaDoc Explanation
<(&0*19)(";*),E90*, predicateD*,*>=2B)&"2*>%"1*6*)"
def count (p:
p: (A) => V""79,2.*G)*B"=2)0*>"%*("A*1,2$*979192)0*)(9*>=2B)&"2
Boolean
Boolean) : Int &0*)%=9.*Y"%*9H,1#79D a.count(_ > 0) B"=2)0*("A*1,2$
979192)0*"> a ,%9*#"0&)&:9.
<(&0*19)(";*),E90 zero or more ,%'=192)0*">*)$#9 A.*Y"%
def append (elems: A*
A*) :
9H,1#79D a.append(1, 7, 2, 9) ,##92;0*>"=%*979192)0
Unit
)" a.
<(9 xs #,%,19)9%*B,2*C9*,2$*B"779B)&"2*A&)(*)(9
TraversableOnce )%,&)D*)(9*1"0)*'929%,7*)%,&)*&2*)(9*-B,7,
B"779B)&"20*(&9%,%B($.*Q)(9%*B"11"2*)%,&)0*)(,)*$"=*1,$
92B"=2)9%*&2*-B,7,U"B*,%9*,%9 Traversable ,2;
Iterable.*677*-B,7,*B"779B)&"20*&1#79192)*)(909*)%,&)0D
def appendAll (xs: ,2;*)(9*;&>>9%92B9*C9)A992*)(91*&0*,B,;91&B*>"%*7&C%,%$
TraversableOnce[A]
TraversableOnce[A]) : Unit =09%0.*-&1#7$*)(&2E*n,2$*B"779B)&"2o*A(92*$"=*099*"29
">*)(909.

/"A9:9%D*)(9 Seq )%,&)*%9K=&%90*979192)*,BB900*C$*,2

&2)9'9%*&2;9H.*<(&2E*n,%%,$D*7&0)D*"%*0)%&2'o.

def += (elem: A) : <(&0*19)(";*%9)=%20 thisD*A(&B(*,77"A0*$"=*)"*B(,&2

ArrayBuffer.this.type B,770.*Y"%*9H,1#79D a += 4 -= 5.

X[
 b(92*$"=*A"%E*A&)(*,2 ArrayBuffer[A]D*$"=*B,2*I=0)
)(&2E*">*)(9*19)(";*,0 def += (elem: A) :
ArrayBuffer[A].

G>*0"19"29*>"%10*,*0=CB7,00*"> ArrayBufferD*)(92*)(9
%9)=%2*)$#9*"> += &0*)(,)*0=CB7,00.

f")9*)(,)*)(9*>=2B)&"2*B"#&90*,2 ArrayBuffer[A]
[A] &2)"*,2
Array[B]
[B].*/9%9D*V*&0*,77"A9;*)"*C9*, supertype ">*6.*Y"%
9H,1#79D*$"=*B,2*B"#$*>%"1*,2 ArrayBuffer[Int] )"*,2
def copyToArray [B >: A] Array[Any].
(xs: Array[B]
Array[B]) : Unit
6)*>&%0)*%9,;&2'D*I=0)*&'2"%9*)(9 [B >: A] ,2;*%9#7,B9 B
A&)( A.

A 1=0)*(,:9*,*0=#9%)$#9 B >"%*A(&B(*,2*n&1#7&B&)o*"CI9B)
def max [B >: A] (implicit
">*)$#9 Ordering[B] 9H&0)0.*-=B(*,2*"%;9%&2'*9H&0)0*>"%
cmp: Ordering[B]) : A
2=1C9%0D*0)%&2'0D*,2;*")(9%*)$#90*A&)(*)(9 Ordered )%,&).
<(&0*;9B7,%,)&"2*(,##920*A(92*)(9*19)(";*B%9,)90*,
29A*B"779B)&"2.*-E&#*&)*,2;*7""E*>"%*)(9*0&1#79%
def padTo [B >: A, That
That] ,7)9%2,)&:9D*&2*)(&0*B,09
(len: Int, elem: B)(implicit
(implicit
bf: def padTo (len: Int, elem: A) : ArrayBuffer[A]
CanBuildFrom[ArrayBuffer[A],
B, That]) : That 6*>=)=%9*:9%0&"2*">*-B,7,;"B*A&77*(&;9*)(909
;9B7,%,)&"20.

3.7. Multi-Dimensional Arrays

T&E9*&2*?,:,D*1=7)&J;&1920&"2,7*,%%,$0*,%9*&1#79192)9;*,0*,%%,$0*">*,%%,$0.*Y"%*9H,1#79D
,*)A"J;&1920&"2,7*,%%,$*"> Double :,7=90*(,0*)(9*)$#9 Array[Array[Double]].*<"
B"20)%=B)*0=B(*,2*,%%,$D*=09*)(9 ofDim 19)(";R

val matrix = Array.ofDim[Double](3, 4) // <(%99*%"A0D*>"=%*B"7=120

<"*,BB900*,2*979192)D*$"=*=09*)A"*#,&%0*">*#,%92)(9090R

matrix(row)(column) = 42

X\
3.8. Interoperating with Java
-&2B9*-B,7,*,%%,$0*,%9*&1#79192)9;*,0*?,:,*,%%,$0D*$"=*B,2*#,00*)(91*C,BE*,2;*>"%)(
C9)A992*?,:,*,2;*-B,7,.

G>*$"=*B,77*,*?,:,*19)(";*)(,)*%9B9&:90*"%*%9)=%20*, java.util.ListD*$"=*B"=7;*">*B"=%09
=09*,*?,:, ArrayList &2*$"=%*-B,7,*B";9D*C=)*)(,)*&0*=2,))%,B)&:9.*G20)9,;D*&1#"%)*)(9
&1#7&B&)*B"2:9%0&"2*19)(";0*&2 collection.JavaConversions.*<(92*$"=*B,2*=09*-B,7,
C=>>9%0*&2*$"=%*B";9D*,2;*)(9$*,=)"1,)&B,77$*'9)*A%,##9;*&2)"?,:,*7&0)0*A(92*B,77&2'*,
?,:,*19)(";.

Y"%*9H,1#79D*)(9 java.lang.ProcessBuilder B7,00*(,0*,*B"20)%=B)"%*A&)(*, List<String>

#,%,19)9%.*/9%9*&0*("A*$"=*B,2*B,77*&)*>%"1*-B,7,.

import collection.JavaConversions.asJavaList
// Q%*0&1#7$ import collection.JavaConversions._
val commands = collection.mutable.ArrayBuffer("ls", "-al", "/home/cay")
val pb = new ProcessBuilder(commands)

<(9*-B,7,*C=>>9%*&0*A%,##9;*&2)"*,2*"CI9B)*">*,*?,:,*B7,00*)(,)*&1#79192)0*)(9
java.util.List &2)9%>,B9.

!"2:9%097$D*A(92*,*?,:,*19)(";*%9)=%20*, java.util.ListD*$"=*B,2*(,:9*&)*,=)"1,)&B,77$
B"2:9%)9;*&2)"*, BufferR

import collection.JavaConversions.asScalaBuffer
val cmds : collection.mutable.Buffer[String] = pb.commands()
// c"=*B,2L)*=09 ArrayBufferh)(9*A%,##9;*"CI9B)*&0*"27$*'=,%,2)99;*)"*C9*, Buffer

G>*)(9*?,:,*19)(";*%9)=%20*,*A%,##9;*-B,7,*C=>>9%D*)(92*)(9*&1#7&B&)*B"2:9%0&"2*=2A%,#0
)(9*"%&'&2,7*"CI9B).*G2*"=%*9H,1#79D cmds == commands.

<(9*9H#7&B&)*#,BE,'9*2,190*1,E9*)(9*0,1#79*B";9*1"%9*B"1#79H*)(,2*A(,)*$"=*A"=7;
;"*&2*#%,B)&B9.*b&)(*)(9*&1#"%)0

import collection.JavaConversions._
import collection.mutable.Buffer

A9*(,:9

val pb = new ProcessBuilder(Buffer("ls", "-al", "/home/cay")) // -B,7,*)"*?,:,

val cmds : Builder[String] = pb.commands() // ?,:,*)"*-B,7,

X]
3.9. Exercises
5. b%&)9*,*B";9*02&##9)*)(,)*09)0 a )"*,2*,%%,$*"> n %,2;"1*&2)9'9%0*C9)A992*4
M&2B7=0&:9N*,2; n M9HB7=0&:9N.
3. b%&)9*,*7""#*)(,)*0A,#0*,;I,B92)*979192)0*">*,2*,%%,$*">*&2)9'9%0.*Y"%*9H,1#79D
Array(1, 2, 3, 4, 5) C9B"190 Array(2, 1, 4, 3, 5).
X. 89#9,)*)(9*#%9B9;&2'*,00&'2192)D*C=)*#%";=B9*,*29A*,%%,$*A&)(*)(9*0A,##9;
:,7=90.*e09 foriyield.
Z. t&:92*,2*,%%,$*">*&2)9'9%0D*#%";=B9*,*29A*,%%,$*)(,)*B"2),&20*,77*#"0&)&:9*:,7=90
">*)(9*"%&'&2,7*,%%,$D*&2*)(9&%*"%&'&2,7*"%;9%D*>"77"A9;*C$*,77*:,7=90*)(,)*,%9*p9%"*"%
29',)&:9D*&2*)(9&%*"%&'&2,7*"%;9%.
[. /"A*;"*$"=*B"1#=)9*)(9*,:9%,'9*">*,2 Array[Double]g
\. /"A*;"*$"=*%9,%%,2'9*)(9*979192)0*">*,2 Array[Int] 0"*)(,)*)(9$*,##9,%*&2
%9:9%09*0"%)9;*"%;9%g*/"A*;"*$"=*;"*)(9*0,19*A&)(*,2 ArrayBuffer[Int]g
]. b%&)9*,*B";9*02&##9)*)(,)*#%";=B90*,77*:,7=90*>%"1*,2*,%%,$*A&)(*;=#7&B,)90
%91":9;.*M/&2)R*T""E*,)*-B,7,U"BN
^. 89A%&)9*)(9*9H,1#79*,)*)(9*92;*"> -9B)&"2*Z =0&2'*)(9 drop 19)(";*>"%*;%"##&2'
)(9*&2;9H*">*)(9*>&%0)*1,)B(.*T""E*)(9*19)(";*=#*&2*-B,7,U"B.
_. P,E9*,*B"779B)&"2*">*,77*)&19*p"290*%9)=%29;*C$
java.util.TimeZone.getAvailableIds )(,)*,%9*&2*619%&B,.*-)%&#*">>*)(9
"America/" #%9>&H*,2;*0"%)*)(9*%90=7).
54. G1#"%) java.awt.datatransfer._ ,2;*1,E9*,2*"CI9B)*">*)$#9 SystemFlavorMap
A&)(*)(9*B,77

val flavors = SystemFlavorMap.getDefaultFlavorMap().asInstanceOf[SystemFlavorMap]

<(92*B,77*)(9 getNativesForFlavor 19)(";*A&)(*#,%,19)9%

DataFlavor.imageFlavorD*,2;*'9)*)(9*%9)=%2*:,7=9*,0*,*-B,7,*C=>>9%.*Mb($*)(&0
"C0B=%9*B7,00g*G)L0*(,%;*)"*>&2;*=090*"> java.util.List &2*)(9*0),2;,%;*?,:,
7&C%,%$.N

X^
4. Maps and Tuples (A1)
6*B7,00&B*#%"'%,119%L0*0,$&2'*&0*nG>*G*B,2*"27$*(,:9*"29*;,),*0)%=B)=%9D*1,E9*&)*,*(,0(
),C79o.*/,0(*),C790D*"%*1"%9*'929%,77$D*1,#0D*,%9*,1"2'*)(9*1"0)*:9%0,)&79*;,),*0)%=B)=%90.
60*$"=*A&77*099*&2*)(&0*B(,#)9%D-B,7,*1,E90*&)*#,%)&B=7,%7$*9,0$*)"*=09*)(91.

P,#0*,%9*,*B"779B)&"2*">*E9$i:,7=9*#,&%0.*-B,7,*(,0*,*'929%,7*2"),)&"2*">*)=#790D
,''%9',)90*"> n "CI9B)0D*2")*29B900,%&7$*">*)(9*0,19*)$#9.*6*#,&%*&0*0&1#7$*,*)=#79*A&)( n r
3.*<=#790*,%9*=09>=7*A(929:9%*$"=*299;*)"*,''%9',)9*)A"*"%*1"%9*:,7=90*)"'9)(9%D*,2;*A9
C%&9>7$*;&0B=00*)(9*0$2),H*,)*)(9*92;*">*)(&0*B(,#)9%.

/&'(7&'()0*">*)(9*B(,#)9%*,%9R

d -B,7,*(,0*,*#79,0,2)*0$2),H*>"%*B%9,)&2'D*K=9%$&2'D*,2;*)%,:9%0&2'*1,#0
d c"=*299;*)"*B(""09*C9)A992*1=),C79*,2;*&11=),C79*1,#0
d V$*;9>,=7)D*$"=*'9)*,*(,0(*1,#D*C=)*$"=*B,2*,70"*'9)*,*)%99*1,#
d c"=*B,2*9,0&7$*B"2:9%)*C9)A992*-B,7,*,2;*?,:,*1,#0
d <=#790*,%9*=09>=7*>"%*,''%9',)&2'*:,7=90

4.1. Constructing a Map

c"=*B,2*B"20)%=B)*,*1,#*,0

val scores = Map("Alice" -> 10, "Bob" -> 3, "Cindy" -> 8)

<(&0*B"20)%=B)0*,2*&11=),C79 Map[String, Int] A("09*B"2)92)0*B,2L)*C9*B(,2'9;.*G>*$"=

A,2)*,*1=),C79*1,#D*=09

val scores = collection.mutable.Map("Alice" -> 10, "Bob" -> 3, "Cindy" -> 8)

G>*$"=*A,2)*)"*0),%)*"=)*A&)(*,*C7,2E*1,#D*$"=*(,:9*)"*#&BE*,*1,#*&1#79192),)&"2*,2;
0=##7$*)$#9*#,%,19)9%0R

val scores = new collection.mutable.HashMap[String, Int]

G2*-B,7,D*,*1,#*&0*,*B"779B)&"2*"> pairs.*6*#,&%*&0*0&1#7$*,*'%"=#&2'*">*)A"*:,7=90D*2")
29B900,%&7$*">*)(9*0,19*)$#9D*0=B(*,0 ("Alice", 10).

<(9 -> "#9%,)"%*1,E90*,*#,&%.*<(9*:,7=9*">

"Alice" -> 10

&0

X_
 ("Alice", 10)

c"=*B"=7;*(,:9*9K=,77$*A977*;9>&29;*)(9*1,#*,0

val scores = Map(("Alice", 10), ("Bob", 3), ("Cindy", 8))

<(9 -> "#9%,)"%*&0*I=0)*,*7&))79*9,0&9%*"2*)(9*9$90*)(,2*)(9*#,%92)(9090.*G)*,70"*0=##"%)0*)(9

&2)=&)&"2*)(,)*,*1,#*;,),*0)%=B)=%9*&0*,*E&2;*">*>=2B)&"2*)(,)*1,#0*E9$0*)"*:,7=9.*<(9
;&>>9%92B9*&0*)(,)*,*>=2B)&"2*B"1#=)90*:,7=90D*,2;*,*1,#*I=0)*7""E0*)(91*=#.

4.2. Accessing Map Values

G2*-B,7,D*)(9*,2,7"'$*C9)A992*>=2B)&"20*,2;*1,#0*&0*#,%)&B=7,%7$*B7"09*C9B,=09*$"=*=09
)(9 () 2"),)&"2*)"*7""E*=#*E9$*:,7=90.

val bobsScore = scores("Bob") // 7&E9 scores.get("Bob") &2*?,:,

G>*)(9*1,#*;"902L)*B"2),&2*,*:,7=9*>"%*)(9*%9K=90)9;*E9$D*,2*9HB9#)&"2*&0*)(%"A2.

<"*B(9BE*A(9)(9%*)(9%9*&0*,*E9$*A&)(*)(9*'&:92*:,7=9D*B,77*)(9 contains 19)(";R

val bobsScore = if (scores.contains("Bob")) scores("Bob") else 0

V9B,=09*)(&0*B,77*B"1C&2,)&"2*&0*0"*B"11"2D*)(9%9*&0*,*0("%)B=)R

val bobsScore = scores.getOrElse("Bob", 0)

// G>*)(9*1,#*B"2),&20*)(9*E9$ "Bob"D*%9)=%2*)(9*:,7=9F*")(9%A&09D*%9)=%2*4.

Y&2,77$D*)(9*B,77 map.get(key) %9)=%20*,2 Option "CI9B)*)(,)*&0*9&)(9% Some(value for key)

"% None.*b9*;&0B=00*)(9 Option B7,00*&2 )(9*nS,))9%2*P,)B(&2'*,2;*!,09*!7,0090o*B(,#)9%.

4.3. Updating Map Values

G2*,*1=),C79*1,#D*$"=*B,2*=#;,)9*,*1,#*:,7=9D*"%*,;;*,*29A*"29D*A&)(*, () )"*)(9*79>)*">
,2 = 0&'2R

scores("Bob") = 10 // e#;,)90*)(9*9H&0)&2'*:,7=9*>"%*)(9*E9$ "Bob"D*,00=1&2' scores &0*1=),C79

scores("Fred") = 7 // 6;;0*,*29A*E9$i:,7=9*#,&%*)" scores M,00=1&2'*&)*&0*1=),C79N

67)9%2,)&:97$D*$"=*B,2*=09*)(9 += "#9%,)&"2*)"*,;;*1=7)&#79*,00"B&,)&"20R

scores += ("Bob" -> 10, "Fred" -> 7)

c"=*%91":9*,*E9$*,2;*&)0*,00"B&,)9;*:,7=9*A&)(*)(9 -= "#9%,)"%R

Z4
 scores -= "Alice"

c"=*B,2L)*=#;,)9*,2*&11=),C79*1,#D*C=)*$"=*B,2*;"*0"19)(&2'*)(,)L0*I=0)*,0
=09>=7h"C),&2*,*29A*1,#*)(,)*(,0*)(9*;90&%9;*=#;,)9.

val newScores = scores + ("Bob" -> 10, "Fred" -> 7) // f9A*1,#*A&)(*=#;,)9

<(9 newScores 1,#*B"2),&20*)(9*0,19*,00"B&,)&"20*,0 scoresD*9HB9#)*)(,) "Bob" (,0*C992

=#;,)9;*,2; "Fred" ,;;9;.

G20)9,;*">*0,:&2'*)(9*%90=7)*,0*,*29A*:,7=9D*$"=*B,2*=#;,)9*, varR

var scores = ...

scores = scores + ("Bob" -> 10, "Fred" -> 7)

-&1&7,%7$D*)"*%91":9*,*E9$*>%"1*,2*&11=),C79*1,#D*$"=*=09*)(9 - "#9%,)"%*)"*"C),&2*,
29A*1,#*A&)("=)*)(9*E9$R

scores = scores - "Alice"

c"=*1&'()*)(&2E*)(,)*&)*&0*&29>>&B&92)*)"*E99#*B"20)%=B)&2'*29A*1,#0D*C=)*)(,)*&0*2")*)(9
B,09.*<(9*"7;*,2;*29A*1,#*0(,%9*1"0)*">*)(9&%*0)%=B)=%9.*M<(&0*&0*#"00&C79*C9B,=09*)(9$
,%9*&11=),C79.N

4.4. Iterating Over Maps

<(9*>"77"A&2'*,1,p&2'7$*0&1#79*7""#*&)9%,)90*":9%*,77*E9$J:,7=9*#,&%0*">*,*1,#R

for ((k, v) <- map) process k and v

<(9*1,'&B*(9%9*&0*)(,)*$"=*B,2*=09*#,))9%2*1,)B(&2'*&2*,*-B,7, for 7""#.*M)(9*nS,))9%2

P,)B(&2'*,2;*!,09*!7,0090o*B(,#)9% (,0*,77*)(9*;9),&70.N*<(,)*A,$D*$"=*'9)*)(9*E9$*,2;
:,7=9*">*9,B(*#,&%*&2*)(9*1,#*A&)("=)*,2$*)9;&"=0*19)(";*B,770.

G>*>"%*0"19*%9,0"2*$"=*I=0)*A,2)*)"*:&0&)*)(9*E9$0*"%*:,7=90D*=09*)(9 keySet ,2; values

19)(";0D*,0*$"=*A"=7;*&2*?,:,.*<(9 values 19)(";*%9)=%20*,2 Iterable )(,)*$"=*B,2*=09
&2*, for 7""#.

scores.keySet // 6*09)*0=B(*,0 Set("Bob", "Cindy", "Fred", "Alice")

for (v <- scores.values) println(v) // S%&2)0 10 8 7 10 "%*0"19*#9%1=),)&"2*)(9%9">

<"*%9:9%09*,*1,#D*)(,)*&0D*0A&)B(*E9$0*,2;*:,7=90D*=09

for ((k, v) <- map) yield (v, k)

Z5
4.5. Hash Tables and Trees
b(92*A"%E&2'*A&)(*,*1,#D*$"=*299;*)"*B(""09*,2*&1#79192),)&"2h,*(,0(*),C79*"%*,
C,7,2B9;*)%99.*V$*;9>,=7)D*-B,7,*'&:90*$"=*,*(,0(*),C79.*c"=*1&'()*A,2)*,*)%99*1,#*&>*$"=
;"2L)*(,:9*,*'"";*(,0(*>=2B)&"2*>"%*)(9*E9$0D*"%*&>*$"=*299;*)"*:&0&)*)(9*E9$0*&2*0"%)9;
"%;9%.

V$*;9>,=7)D*-B,7,*'&:90*$"=*,*(,0(*1,#.*<"*'9)*,2*&11=),C79*)%99*1,#D*=09

val scores = collection.immutable.SortedMap("Alice" -> 10,

"Fred" -> 7, "Bob" -> 3, "Cindy" -> 8)

e2>"%)=2,)97$D*)(9%9*&0*M,0*">*-B,7,*3._N*2"*1=),C79*)%99*1,#.*c"=%*C90)*C9)*&0*)"*,;,#)*,
?,:, TreeMapD*,0*;90B%&C9;*&2 )(9*n!"779B)&"20o*B(,#)9%.

Tip: G>*$"=*A,2)*)"*:&0&)*)(9*E9$0*&2*&209%)&"2*"%;9%D*=09*, LinkedHashMap.*Y"%

9H,1#79D

val months = collection.mutable.LinkedHashMap("January" -> 1,

"February" -> 2, "March" -> 3, "April" -> 4, "May" -> 5, ...)

4.6. Interoperating with Java

G>*$"=*'9)*,*?,:,*1,#*>%"1*B,77&2'*,*?,:,*19)(";D*$"=*1,$*A,2)*)"*B"2:9%)*&)*)"*,*-B,7,
1,#*0"*)(,)*$"=*B,2*=09*)(9*#79,0,2)*-B,7,*1,#*6SG.*<(&0*&0*,70"*=09>=7*&>*$"=*A,2)*)"
A"%E*A&)(*,*1=),C79*)%99*1,#D*A(&B(*-B,7,*;"902L)*#%":&;9.

-&1#7$*,;;*,2*&1#"%)*0),)9192)

import collection.JavaConversions.mapAsScalaMap

<(92*)%&''9%*)(9*B"2:9%0&"2*C$*0#9B&>$&2'*)(9*-B,7,*1,#*)$#9R

val scores: collection.mutable.Map[String, Int] =

new java.util.TreeMap[String, Int]

G2*,;;&)&"2D*$"=*B,2*'9)*,*B"2:9%0&"2*>%"1 java.util.Properties )"*, Map[String,

String]R

import collection.JavaConversions.propertiesAsScalaMap
val props: collection.Map[String, String] = System.getProperties()

Z3
!"2:9%097$D*)"*#,00*,*-B,7,*1,#*)"*,*19)(";*)(,)*9H#9B)0*,*?,:,*1,#D*#%":&;9*)(9
"##"0&)9*&1#7&B&)*B"2:9%0&"2.*Y"%*9H,1#79R

import collection.JavaConversions.mapAsJavaMap
import java.awt.font.TextAttribute._ // G1#"%)*E9$0*>"%*1,#*C97"A
val attrs = Map(FAMILY -> "Serif", SIZE -> 12) // 6*-B,7,*1,#
val font = new java.awt.Font(attrs) // WH#9B)0*,*?,:,*1,#

4.7. Tuples
P,#0*,%9*B"779B)&"20*">*E9$i:,7=9*#,&%0.*S,&%0*,%9*)(9*0&1#790)*B,09*"> tuplesD*,''%9',)90
">*:,7=90*">*;&>>9%92)*)$#90.

6*)=#79*:,7=9*&0*>"%19;*C$*92B7"0&2'*&2;&:&;=,7*:,7=90*&2*#,%92)(9090.*Y"%*9H,1#79D

(1, 3.14, "Fred")

&0*,*)=#79*">*)$#9

Tuple3[Int, Double, java.lang.String]

A(&B(*&0*,70"*A%&))92*,0

(Int, Double, java.lang.String)

G>*$"=*(,:9*,*)=#79D*0,$D

val t = (1, 3.14, "Fred")

)(92*$"=*B,2*,BB900*&)0*B"1#"292)0*A&)(*)(9*19)(";0 _1D _2D _3.*Y"%*9H,1#79D

val second = t._2 // 09)0 second )" 3.14

e27&E9*,%%,$*"%*0)%&2'*#"0&)&"20D*)(9*B"1#"292)*#"0&)&"20*">*,*)=#79*0),%)*A&)(*5D*2")*4.

Note: c"=*B,2*A%&)9 t._2 ,0 t _2 MA&)(*,*0#,B9*&20)9,;*">*,*#9%&";ND*C=)*2")

t_2.

e0=,77$D*&)*&0*C9))9%*)"*=09*#,))9%2*1,)B(&2'*)"*'9)*,)*)(9*B"1#"292)0*">*,*)=#79D*>"%
9H,1#79

val (first, second, third) = t // -9)0 first )" 1D second )" 3.14D third )" "Fred"

ZX
<=#790*,%9*=09>=7*>"%*>=2B)&"20*)(,)*%9)=%2*1"%9*)(,2*"29*:,7=9.*Y"%*9H,1#79D*)(9
partition 19)(";*">*)(9 StringOps B7,00*%9)=%20*,*#,&%*">*0)%&2'0D*B"2),&2&2'*)(9
B(,%,B)9%0*)(,)*>=7>&77*,*B"2;&)&"2*,2;*)("09*)(,)*;"2L)R

"New York".partition(_.isUpper) // $&97;0*)(9*#,&% ("NY", "ew ork")

4.8. Zipping
Q29*%9,0"2*>"%*=0&2'*)=#790*&0*)"*C=2;79*)"'9)(9%*:,7=90*0"*)(,)*)(9$*B,2*C9*#%"B9009;
)"'9)(9%.*<(&0*&0*B"11"27$*;"29*A&)(*)(9 zip 19)(";.*Y"%*9H,1#79D*)(9*B";9

val symbols = Array("<", "-", ">");

val counts = Array(2, 10, 2)
val pairs = symbols.zip(counts)

$&97;0*,2*,%%,$*">*#,&%0

Array(("<", 2), ("-", 10), (">", 2))

<(9*#,&%0*B,2*)(92*C9*#%"B9009;*)"'9)(9%R

for ((s, n) <- pairs) Console.print(s * n) // #%&2)0 <<---------->>

Tip: <(9 toMap 19)(";*)=%20*,*B"779B)&"2*">*#,&%0*&2)"*,*1,#.

G>*$"=*(,:9*,*B"779B)&"2*">*E9$0*,2;*,*#,%,7797*B"779B)&"2*">*:,7=90D*)(92*p&#
)(91*=#*,2;*)=%2*)(91*&2)"*,*1,#D*7&E9*)(&0R

keys.zip(values).toMap

4.9. Exercises
5. -9)*=#*,*1,#*">*#%&B90*>"%*,*2=1C9%*">*'&p1"0*)(,)*$"=*B":9).*<(92*#%";=B9*,
09B"2;*1,#*A&)(*)(9*0,19*E9$0*,2;*)(9*#%&B90*,)*,*54*#9%B92)*;&0B"=2).
3. b%&)9*,*#%"'%,1*)(,)*%9,;0*A"%;0*>%"1*,*>&79.*e09*,*1=),C79*1,#*)"*B"=2)*("A
">)92*9,B(*A"%;*,##9,%0.*<"*%9,;*)(9*A"%;0D*0&1#7$*=09*, java.util.ScannerR

val in = new java.util.Scanner(java.io.File("myfile.txt"))

while (in.hasNext()) process in.next()

Q%*7""E*,) )(9*nY&790*,2;*89'=7,%*WH#%900&"20o*B(,#)9% >"%*,*-B,7,90K=9*A,$.

ZZ
 6)*)(9*92;D*#%&2)*"=)*,77*A"%;0*,2;*)(9&%*B"=2)0.

X. 89#9,)*)(9*#%9B9;&2'*9H9%B&09*A&)(*,2*&11=),C79*1,#.
Z. 89#9,)*)(9*#%9B9;&2'*9H9%B&09*A&)(*,*0"%)9;*1,#D*0"*)(,)*)(9*A"%;0*,%9*#%&2)9;*&2
0"%)9;*"%;9%.
[. 89#9,)*)(9*#%9B9;&2'*9H9%B&09*A&)(*, java.util.TreeMap )(,)*$"=*,;,#)*)"*)(9
-B,7,*6SG.
\. U9>&29*,*7&2E9;*(,0(*1,#*)(,)*1,#0 "Monday" )" java.util.Calendar.MONDAYD
,2;*0&1&7,%7$*>"%*)(9*")(9%*A99E;,$0.*U91"20)%,)9*)(,)*)(9*979192)0*,%9*:&0&)9;
&2*&209%)&"2*"%;9%.
]. S%&2)*,*),C79*">*,77*?,:,*#%"#9%)&90D*7&E9*)(&0R

java.runtime.name | Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment

sun.boot.library.path | /home/apps/jdk1.6.0_21/jre/lib/i386
java.vm.version | 17.0-b16
java.vm.vendor | Sun Microsystems Inc.
java.vendor.url | http://java.sun.com/
path.separator | :
java.vm.name | Java HotSpot(TM) Server VM

c"=*299;*)"*>&2;*)(9*792')(*">*)(9*7"2'90)*E9$*C9>"%9*$"=*B,2*#%&2)*)(9*),C79.

^. b%&)9*,*>=2B)&"2 minmax(values: Array[Int]) )(,)*%9)=%20*,*#,&%*B"2),&2&2'*)(9

01,7790)*,2;*7,%'90)*:,7=9*&2*)(9*,%%,$.
_. b%&)9*,*>=2B)&"2 lteqgt(values: Array[Int], v: int) )(,)*%9)=%20*,*)%&#79
B"2),&2&2'*B"=2)*">*:,7=90*7900*)(,2 vD*9K=,7*)" vD*,2;*'%9,)9%*)(,2 v.
54. b(,)*(,##920*A(92*$"=*p&#*)"'9)(9%*)A"*0)%&2'0D*0=B(*,0 "Hello".zip("World")g
!"19*=#*A&)(*,*#7,=0&C79*=09*B,09.

Z[
5. Classes (A1)
G2*)(&0*B(,#)9%D*$"=*A&77*79,%2*("A*)"*&1#79192)*B7,0090*&2*-B,7,.*G>*$"=*E2"A*B7,0090*&2
?,:,*"%*!@@D*$"=*A"2L)*>&2;*)(&0*;&>>&B=7)D*,2;*$"=*A&77*92I"$*)(9*1=B(*1"%9*B"2B&09
2"),)&"2*">*-B,7,.

<(9*E9$*#"&2)0*">*)(&0*B(,#)9%*,%9R

d Y&97;0*&2*B7,0090*,=)"1,)&B,77$*B"19*A&)(*'9))9%0*,2;*09))9%0
d c"=*B,2*%9#7,B9*,*>&97;*A&)(*,*B=0)"1*'9))9%i09))9%*A&)("=)*B(,2'&2'*)(9*B7&92)*">
,*B7,00h)(,)*&0*)(9*n=2&>"%1*,BB900*#%&2B&#79o
d e09*)(9 @BeanProperty ,22"),)&"2*)"*'929%,)9*?,:,V9,20 getXxxisetXxx 19)(";0
d W:9%$*B7,00*(,0*,*#%&1,%$*B"20)%=B)"%*)(,)*&0*n&2)9%A":92o*A&)(*)(9*B7,00
;9>&2&)&"2.*G)0*#,%,19)9%0*)=%2*&2)"*>&97;0*">*)(9*B7,00.*<(9*#%&1,%$*B"20)%=B)"%
9H9B=)90*,77*0),)9192)0*&2*)(9*C";$*">*)(9*B7,00.
d 6=H&7&,%$*B"20)%=B)"%0*,%9*"#)&"2,7.*<(9$*,%9*B,779; this.

5.1. Simple Classes and Parameter-Less Methods

G2*&)0*0&1#790)*>"%1D*,*-B,7,*B7,00*7""E0*:9%$*1=B(*7&E9*&)0*9K=&:,792)*&2*?,:,*"%*!@@R

class Counter {
private var value: Int = 0 // c"= must &2&)&,7&p9*)(9*>&97;
def increment() { value += 1 } // P9)(";0*,%9*#=C7&B*C$*;9>,=7)
def current() = value
}

G2*-B,7,D*,*B7,00*&0*2")*;9B7,%9;*,0 public.*6*-B,7,*0"=%B9*>&79*B,2*B"2),&2*1=7)&#79
B7,0090D*,2;*,77*">*)(91*(,:9*#=C7&B*:&0&C&7&)$.

<"*=09*)(&0*B7,00D*$"=*B"20)%=B)*"CI9B)0*,2;*&2:"E9*19)(";0*&2*)(9*=0=,7*A,$R

val myCounter = new Counter // "% new Counter()

myCounter.increment()
println(myCounter.current)

c"=*B,2*B,77*,*#,%,19)9%J7900*19)(";*M0=B(*,0 currentN*A&)("=)*"%*A&)(*#,%92)(9090R

myCounter.current // QE
myCounter.current() // 670"*"E

Z\
b(&B(*>"%1*0("=7;*$"=*=09g*G)*&0*B"20&;9%9;*'"";*0)$79*)"*=09 () >"%*, mutator 19)(";*M,
19)(";*)(,)*B(,2'90*)(9*"CI9B)*0),)9ND*,2;*)"*;%"#*)(9 () >"%*,2 accessor 19)(";*M,
19)(";*)(,)*;"90*2")*B(,2'9*)(9*"CI9B)*0),)9N.

<(,)L0*A(,)*A9*;&;*&2*"=%*9H,1#79R

myCounter.increment()
increment() // e09 () A&)(*1=),)"%
println(myCounter.current
current) // U"2L)*=09 () A&)(*,BB900"%

c"=*B,2*92>"%B9*)(&0*0)$79*C$*;9B7,%&2' current A&)("=) ()R

class Counter {
...
def current = value // f" () &2*;9>&2&)&"2
}

f"A*)(9*B7,00*=09%*1=0)*=09 myCounter.currentD*A&)("=)*#,%92)(9090.

5.2. Properties with Getters and Setters

b(92*A%&)&2'*,*?,:,*B7,00D*A9*;"2L)*7&E9*)"*=09*#=C7&B*>&97;0R

public class Person { // <(&0*&0*?,:,

public int age; // >%"A29;*=#"2*&2*?,:,
}

b&)(*,*#=C7&B*>&97;D*,2$"29*B"=7;*A%&)9*)" fred.ageD*1,E&2'*Y%9;*$"=2'9%*"%*"7;9%.*<(,)L0
A($*A9*#%9>9%*)"*=09*'9))9%*,2;*09))9%*19)(";0R

public class Person {

private int age;
public int getAge() { return age; }
public void setAge(int age) { this.age = age; }
}

6*'9))9%i09))9%*#,&%*0=B(*,0*)(&0*"29*&0*">)92*B,779;*, property.*b9*0,$*)(,)*)(9*B7,00
Person (,0*,2 age #%"#9%)$.

b($*&0*)(&0*,2$*C9))9%g*V$*&)097>D*&)*&02L).*62$"29*B,2*B,77 fred.setAge(21)D*E99#&2'*(&1
>"%9:9%*)A92)$J"29.

V=)*&>*)(,)*C9B"190*,*#%"C791D*A9*B,2*'=,%;*,',&20)*&)R

public void setAge(int newValue) { if (newValue > age) age = newValue; }

// !,2L)*'9)*$"=2'9%

Z]
t9))9%0*,2;*09))9%0*,%9*C9))9%*)(,2*#=C7&B*>&97;0*C9B,=09*)(9$*79)*$"=*0),%)*A&)(*0&1#79*'9)i
09)*091,2)&B0*,2;*9:"7:9*)(91*,0*299;9;.

Note: ?=0)*C9B,=09*'9))9%0*,2;*09))9%0*,%9*C9))9%*)(,2*#=C7&B*>&97;0*;"902L)*19,2
)(9$*,%9*,7A,$0*'"";.*Q>)92D*&)*&0*#7,&27$*C,;*&>*9:9%$*B7&92)*B,2*'9)*"%*09)*C&)0
,2;*#&9B90*">*,2*"CI9B)L0*0),)9.*G2*)(&0*09B)&"2D*G*0("A*$"=*("A*)"*&1#79192)
#%"#9%)&90*&2*-B,7,.*G)*&0*=#*)"*$"=*)"*B(""09*A&097$*A(92*,*'9)),C79i09)),C79
#%"#9%)$*&0*,2*,##%"#%&,)9*;90&'2.

-B,7,*#%":&;90*'9))9%*,2;*09))9%*19)(";0*>"%*9:9%$*>&97;.*/9%9D*A9*;9>&29*,*#=C7&B*>&97;R

class Person {
var age: Int = 0
}

-B,7,*'929%,)90*,*B7,00*>"%*)(9*?sP*A&)(*, private age >&97;*,2;*'9))9%*,2;*09))9%*19)(";0.

<(909*19)(";0*,%9*#=C7&B*C9B,=09*A9*;&;*2")*;9B7,%9 age ,0 private.*MY"%*,*#%&:,)9*>&97;D
)(9*'9))9%*,2;*09))9%*19)(";0*,%9*#%&:,)9.N

G2*-B,7,D*)(9*'9))9%*,2;*09))9%*19)(";0*,%9*B,779; age ,2; age_=.*Y"%*9H,1#79D

println(fred.age) // !,770*)(9 method fred.age()

fred.age = 21 // !,770 fred.age_=(21)

Note: <"*099*)(909*19)(";0*A&)(*$"=%*"A2*9$90D*B"1#&79*)(9 Person B7,00D*,2;

)(92*7""E*,)*)(9*C$)9*B";90*A&)( javapR

$ scalac Person.scala
$ scala -private Person
Compiled from "Person.scala"
public class Person extends java.lang.Object implements scala.ScalaObject{
private int age;
public int age();
public void age_$eq(int);
public Person();
}

60*$"=*B,2*099D*)(9*B"1#&79%*B%9,)9;*19)(";0 age ,2; age_$eq.*M<(9 = 0$1C"7

&0*)%,207,)9;*)" $eq C9B,=09*)(9*?sP*;"90*2")*,77"A*,2 = 0$1C"7*&2*,*19)(";
2,19.N

Z^
 Note: G2*-B,7,D*)(9*'9))9%0*,2;*09))9%0*,%9*2")*2,19; getXxx ,2; setXxxD*C=)
)(9$*>=7>&77*)(9*0,19*#=%#"09. -9B)&"2*[ 0("A0*("A*)"*'929%,)9*?,:,J0)$79
getXxx ,2; setXxx 19)(";0D*0"*)(,)*$"=%*-B,7,*B7,0090*B,2*&2)9%"#9%,)9*A&)(
?,:,*)""70.

6)*,2$*)&19D*$"=*B,2*%9;9>&29*)(9*'9))9%*,2;*09))9%*19)(";0*$"=%097>.*Y"%*9H,1#79D

class Person {
private var privateAge: Int = 0 // P,E9*#%&:,)9*,2;*%92,19

def age = privateAge

def age_=(newValue: Int) {
if (newValue > privateAge) privateAge = newValue; // !,2L)*'9)*$"=2'9%
}
}

<(9*=09%*">*$"=%*B7,00*0)&77*,BB90090 fred.ageD*C=)*2"A*Y%9;*B,2L)*'9)*$"=2'9%R

val fred = new Person

fred.age = 30
fred.age = 21
println(fred.age) // 30

Note: V9%)%,2;*P9$9%D*)(9*&2:92)"%*">*)(9*&2>7=92)&,7*W&>>97*7,2'=,'9D
>"%1=7,)9;*)(9 Uniform Access Principle )(,)*0),)90R*n677*09%:&B90*">>9%9;*C$*,
1";=79*0("=7;*C9*,:,&7,C79*)(%"='(*,*=2&>"%1*2"),)&"2D*A(&B(*;"90*2")*C9)%,$
A(9)(9%*)(9$*,%9*&1#79192)9;*)(%"='(*0)"%,'9*"%*)(%"='(*B"1#=),)&"2.o*G2
-B,7,D*)(9*B,779%*"> fred.age ;"902L)*E2"A*A(9)(9% age &0*&1#79192)9;
)(%"='(*,*>&97;*"%*,*19)(";.*MQ>*B"=%09D*&2*)(9*?sPD*)(9*09%:&B9*&0 always
&1#79192)9;*)(%"='(*,*19)(";D*9&)(9%*0$2)(90&p9;*"%*#%"'%,119%J0=##7&9;.N

Tip: G)*1,$*0"=2;*0B,%$*)(,)*-B,7,*'929%,)90*'9))9%*,2;*09))9%*19)(";0*>"%
9:9%$*>&97;.*V=)*$"=*(,:9*0"19*B"2)%"7*":9%*)(&0*#%"B900.

d G>*)(9*>&97;*&0*#%&:,)9D*)(9*'9))9%*,2;*09))9%*,%9*#%&:,)9
d G>*)(9*>&97;*&0*, valD*"27$*,*'9))9%*&0*'929%,)9;
d G>*$"=*;"2L)*A,2)*,2$*'9))9%*"%*09))9%D*;9B7,%9*)(9*>&97;*,0
private[this] M099 -9B)&"2*ZN

Z_
5.3. Properties with Only Getters
c"=*0"19)&190*A,2)*, read only propertyD*A&)(*,*'9))9%*C=)*2"*09))9%.*G>*)(9*:,7=9*">*)(9
#%"#9%)$*29:9%*B(,2'90*,>)9%*)(9*"CI9B)*(,0*C992*B"20)%=B)9;D*=09*, val >&97;R

class Message {
val timeStamp = new java.util.Date
...
}

-B,7,*1,E90*,*#%&:,)9 final >&97;*,2;*,*'9))9%*19)(";D*C=)*2"*09))9%.

-"19)&190D*("A9:9%D*$"=*A,2)*,*#%"#9%)$*)(,)*,*B7&92)*B,2L)*09)*,)*A&77D*C=)*)(,)*&0*1=),)9;
0"19*")(9%*A,$.*<(9 Counter B7,00*>%"1 -9B)&"2*5 &0*,*'"";*9H,1#79.*!"2B9#)=,77$D*)(9
B"=2)9%*(,0*, current #%"#9%)$*)(,)*&0*=#;,)9;*A(92*)(9 increment 19)(";*&0*B,779;D*C=)
)(9%9*&0*2"*09))9%*>"%*)(9*#%"#9%)$.

c"=*B,2L)*&1#79192)*0=B(*,*#%"#9%)$*A&)(*, valh, val 29:9%*B(,2'90.*G20)9,;D*#%":&;9*,

#%&:,)9*>&97;*,2;*,*#%"#9%)$*'9))9%D*7&E9*)(&0R

class Counter {
private var value: Int = 0
def increment() { value += 1 }
def current = value // f" () &2*;9B7,%,)&"2
}

f")9*)(,)*)(9%9*,%9*2" () &2*)(9*;9>&2&)&"2*">*)(9*'9))9%*19)(";.*<(9%9>"%9D*$"= must B,77

)(9*19)(";*A&)("=)*#,%92)(9090R

val n = myCounter.current // !,77&2' myCounter.current() &0*,*0$2),H*9%%"%

<"*0=11,%&p9D*$"=*(,:9*>"=%*B("&B90*>"%*&1#79192)&2'*#%"#9%)&90R

5. var fooR*-B,7,*0$2)(90&p90*,*'9))9%*,2;*09))9%
3. val fooR*-B,7,*0$2)(90&p90*,*'9))9%
X. c"=*;9>&29*19)(";0 foo ,2; foo_=
Z. c"=*;9>&29*,*19)("; foo

Tip: b(92*$"=*099*,*>&97;*&2*,*-B,7,*B7,00D*%9191C9%*)(,)*&)*&0*2")*)(9*0,19*,0
,*>&97;*&2*?,:,*"%*!@@.*G)*&0*,*#%&:,)9*>&97; together with ,*'9))9%*M>"%*, val
>&97;N*"%*,*'9))9%*,2;*09))9%*M>"%*, var >&97;N.

[4
5.4. Object-Private Fields
G2*-B,7,*M,0*A977*,0*&2*?,:,*"%*!@@ND*,*19)(";*B,2*,BB900*)(9*#%&:,)9*>&97;0*"> all "CI9B)0
">*&)0*B7,00.*Y"%*9H,1#79D

class Person {
private var name
def comesBefore(otherPerson : Person) = name < otherPerson.
otherPerson.name
...
}

<(9*,BB900 otherPerson.name &0*79',7*C9B,=09 otherPerson &0*,70"*, Person "CI9B).

-B,7,*,77"A0*,2*9:92*1"%9*09:9%9*,BB900*%90)%&B)&"2D*A&)(*)(9 private[this] K=,7&>&9%R

private[this] var name // ,BB900 someObject.name &0*2")*,77"A9;

f"AD*)(9*19)(";0*">*)(9 Person B7,00*B,2*"27$*,BB900*)(9 name >&97;*">*)(9*B=%%92)*"CI9B)D

2")*">*")(9%*"CI9B)0*">*)$#9 Person.*<(&0*,BB900*&0*0"19)&190*B,779; object-privateD*,2;*&)
&0*B"11"2*&2*0"19*QQ*7,2'=,'90D*0=B(*,0*-1,77<,7E.

b&)(*,*B7,00J#%&:,)9*>&97;D*-B,7,*'929%,)90*#%&:,)9*'9))9%*,2;*09))9%*19)(";0.*/"A9:9%D*>"%
,2*"CI9B)J#%&:,)9*>&97;D*2"*'9))9%0*,2;*09))9%0*,%9*'929%,)9;*,)*,77.

Note: -B,7,*,77"A0*$"=*)"*'%,2)*,BB900*%&'()0*)"*0#9B&>&B*B7,0090.*<(9
private[ClassName] K=,7&>&9%*0),)90*)(,)*"27$*19)(";0*">*)(9*'&:92*B7,00*B,2
,BB900*)(9*'&:92*>&97;.*/9%9D*)(9 ClassName 1=0)*C9*)(9*2,19*">*)(9*B7,00*)(,)
&0*C9&2'*;9>&29;D*"%*,2*92B7"0&2'*B7,00.*M-99 )(9*nG229%*!7,0090*,2;*6C0)%,B)
<$#90o*B(,#)9% >"%*,*;&0B=00&"2*">*&229%*B7,0090.N

G2*)(&0*B,09D*)(9*&1#79192),)&"2*A&77*'929%,)9*,=H&7,%$*'9))9%*,2;*09))9%
19)(";0*)(,)*,77"A*)(9*92B7"0&2'*B7,00*)"*,BB900*)(9*>&97;.*<(909*19)(";0*,%9
#=C7&B*C9B,=09*)(9*?sP*;"90*2")*(,:9*,*>&29J'%,&29;*,BB900JB"2)%"7*0$0)91D
,2;*)(9$*(,:9*,2*&1#79192),)&"2J;9#92;92)*2,19.

5.5. Bean Properties

60*$"=*0,A*&2*)(9*#%9B9;&2'*09B)&"20D*-B,7,*#%":&;90*'9))9%*,2;*09))9%*19)(";0*>"%*)(9
>&97;0*)(,)*$"=*#%":&;9.*/"A9:9%D*)(9*2,190*">*)(909*19)(";0*,%9*2")*A(,)*?,:,*)""70
9H#9B).*<(9*?,:,V9,20*0#9B&>&B,)&"2*M())#RiiAAA."%,B79.B"1i)9B(29)A"%EiI,:,iI,:,09i
)9B(i&2;9HJI0#J5X^]_[.()17N*;9>&290*,*?,:,*#%"#9%)$*,0*,*#,&%*"> getFooisetFoo 19)(";0

[5
M"%*I=0)*, getFoo 19)(";*>"%*,*%9,;J"27$*#%"#9%)$N.*P,2$*?,:,*)""70*%97$*"2*)(&0*2,1&2'
B"2:92)&"2.

b(92*$"=*,22"),)9*,*-B,7,*>&97;*A&)( @reflect.BeanPropertyD*)(92*)(909*19)(";0*,%9
,=)"1,)&B,77$*'929%,)9;.*Y"%*9H,1#79D

class Person {
@BeanProperty var name : String = _
}

'929%,)90 four 19)(";0R

5. name : String
3. name_=(newValue : String) : Unit
X. getName() : String
Z. setName(newValue : String) : Unit

<,C79*5 0("A0*A(&B(*19)(";0*,%9*'929%,)9;*&2*,77*B,090.

<,C79*[J5R t929%,)9;*P9)(";0*>"%*Y&97;0
Generated
Scala Field When to Use
Methods
val name #=C7&B name <"*&1#79192)*,*#%"#9%)$*)(,)*&0
#=C7&B nameD #=C7&B7$*,BB900&C79*,2;*C,BE9;*C$*,
var name
name_= >&97;.

@BeanProperty val #=C7&B nameD

name getName()
#=C7&B nameD <"*&2)9%"#9%,)9*A&)(*?,:,*C9,20.
@BeanProperty var getName()D
name name_=D
setName(...)
<"*B"2>&29*)(9*>&97;*)"*)(9*19)(";0
private val/var #%&:,)9 nameD ">*,*B7,00D*I=0)*7&E9*&2*?,:,.
name name_= e09 private =27900*$"=*%9,77$*A,2)*,
#=C7&B*#%"#9%)$.

private[this] val/
<"*B"2>&29*)(9*>&97;*)"*19)(";0
var name
f"29 &2:"E9;*"2*)(9*0,19*"CI9B). f")
B"11"27$*=09;.
private[ClassName] G1#79192),)&"2J <"*'%,2)*,BB900*)"*,2*92B7"0&2'*B7,00.
val/var name ;9#92;92) f")*B"11"27$*=09;.

[3
 Note: G>*$"=*;9>&29*,*>&97;*,0*,*#%&1,%$*B"20)%=B)"%*#,%,19)9%*M099 -9B)&"2*]ND
,2;*$"=*A,2)*?,:,V9,20*'9))9%0*,2;*09))9%0D*,22"),)9*)(9*B"20)%=B)"%
#,%,19)9%D*7&E9*)(&0R

class Person(@BeanProperty var name : String)

5.6. Auxiliary Constructors

60*&2*?,:,*"%*!@@D*,*-B,7,*B7,00*B,2*(,:9*,0*1,2$*B"20)%=B)"%0*,0*$"=*7&E9.*/"A:9%D*,
-B,7,*B7,00*(,0*"29*B"20)%=B)"%*)(,)*&0*1"%9*&1#"%),2)*)(,2*,77*)(9*")(9%0D*B,779;*)(9
primary constructor.*G2*,;;&)&"2D*,*B7,00*1,$*(,:9*,2$*2=1C9% "> auxiliary constructors.

b9*;&0B=00*,=H&7&,%$*B"20)%=B)"%0*>&%0)*C9B,=09*)(9$*,%9*9,0&9%*)"*=2;9%0),2;.*<(9$*,%9
:9%$*0&1&7,%*)"*B"20)%=B)"%0*&2*?,:,*"%*!@@D*A&)(*I=0)*)A"*;&>>9%92B90R

5. <(9*,=H&7&,%$*B"20)%=B)"%0*,%9*B,779; this.*MG2*?,:,*"%*!@@D*B"20)%=B)"%0*(,:9*)(9
0,19*2,19*,0*)(9*B7,00hA(&B(*&0*2")*0"*B"2:92&92)*&>*$"=*%92,19*)(9*B7,00.N
3. W,B(*,=H&7&,%$*B"20)%=B)"% must 0),%)*A&)(*,*B,77*)"*,*#%9:&"=07$*;9>&29;*,=H&7&,%$
B"20)%=B)"%*"%*)(9*#%&1,%$*B"20)%=B)"%.

/9%9*&0*,*B7,00*A&)(*)A"*,=H&7&,%$*B"20)%=B)"%0.

class Person {
private var name : String = ""
private var age : Int = 0

def this(name : String) { // 62*,=H&7&,%$*B"20)%=B)"%

this() // !,770*#%&1,%$*B"20)%=B)"%
this.name = name
}

def this(name : String, age : Int) { // 62")(9%*,=H&7&,%$*B"20)%=B)"%

this(name) // !,770*#%9:&"=0*,=H&7&,%$*B"20)%=B)"%
this.age = age
}
}

b9*A&77*7""E*,)*)(9*#%&1,%$*B"20)%=B)"%*&2*)(9*29H)*09B)&"2.*Y"%*2"AD*&)*&0*0=>>&B&92)*)"
E2"A*)(,)*,*B7,00*>"%*A(&B(*$"=*;"2L)*;9>&29*,*#%&1,%$*B"20)%=B)"%*(,0*,*#%&1,%$
B"20)%=B)"%*A&)(*2"*,%'=192)0.

c"=*B,2*B"20)%=B)*"CI9B)0*">*)(&0*B7,00*&2*)(%99*A,$0R

[X
 val p1 = new Person // S%&1,%$*B"20)%=B)"%
val p2 = new Person("Fred") // Y&%0)*,=H&7&,%$*B"20)%=B)"%
val p3 = new Person("Fred", 42) // -9B"2;*,=H&7&,%$*B"20)%=B)"%

5.7. The Primary Constructor

G2*-B,7,D*9:9%$*B7,00*(,0*,*#%&1,%$*B"20)%=B)"%.*<(9*#%&1,%$*B"20)%=B)"%*&0*2")*;9>&29;
A&)(*, this 19)(";.*G20)9,;D*&)*&0*&2)9%A":92*A&)(*)(9*B7,00*;9>&2&)&"2.

5. <(9*#,%,19)9%0*">*)(9*#%&1,%$*B"20)%=B)"%*,%9*#7,B9; immediately after the class

name.

class Person(val
(val name: String, val age: Int) {
// S,%,19)9%0*">*#%&1,%$*B"20)%=B)"%*&2 (...)
...
}

S,%,19)9%0*">*)(9*#%&1,%$*B"20)%=B)"%*)=%2*&2)"*>&97;0*)(,)*,%9*&2&)&,7&p9;*A&)(*)(9
B"20)%=B)&"2*#,%,19)9%0.*G2*"=%*9H,1#79D name ,2; age C9B"19*>&97;0*">*)(9
Person B7,00.*6*B"20)%=B)"%*B,77*0=B(*,0 new Person("Fred", 42) 09)0*)(9 name
,2; age >&97;0.

/,7>*,*7&29*">*-B,7,*&0*)(9*9K=&:,792)*">*09:92*7&290*">*?,:,R

public class Person { // <(&0*&0*?,:,

private String name;
private int age;
public Person(String name, int age) {
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}
public String name() { return this.name; }
public int age() { return this.age; }
...
}

3. <(9*#%&1,%$*B"20)%=B)"%*9H9B=)90 all statements in the class definition.*Y"%

9H,1#79D*&2*)(9*>"77"A&2'*B7,00

class Person(val name: String, val age: Int) {

println("Just constructed another person")
override def toString = "[name=" + name + ",age=" + age + "]"
}

[Z
 )(9 println 0),)9192)*&0*,*#,%)*">*)(9*#%&1,%$*B"20)%=B)"%.*G)*&0*9H9B=)9;
A(929:9%*,2*"CI9B)*&0*B"20)%=B)9;.

<(&0*&0*=09>=7*A(92*$"=*299;*)"*B"2>&'=%9*,*>&97;*;=%&2'*B"20)%=B)&"2.*Y"%
9H,1#79D

public class MyProg {

private Properties props = new Properties
props.load("myprog.properties") // <(&0*7&29*&0*,*#,%)*">*)(9*#%&1,%$*B"20)%=B)"%
...
}

Note: G>*)(9%9*,%9*2"*#,%,19)9%0*,>)9%*)(9*B7,00*2,19D*)(92*)(9*B7,00*(,0*,
#%&1,%$*B"20)%=B)"%*A&)(*2"*#,%,19)9%0.*<(,)*B"20)%=B)"%*0&1#7$*9H9B=)90*,77
0),)9192)0*&2*)(9*C";$*">*)(9*B7,00.

S%&1,%$*B"20)%=B)"%*#,%,19)9%0*B,2*(,:9*,2$*">*)(9*>"%10*&2 <,C79*5.*Y"%*9H,1#79D

class Person(val
val name: String, private var age: Int)

;9B7,%90*,2;*&2&)&,7&p90*>&97;0

val name: String

private var age: Int

!"20)%=B)&"2*#,%,19)9%0*B,2*,70"*C9*%9'=7,%*19)(";*#,%,19)9%0D*A&)("=) val "% var.*/"A

)(909*#,%,19)9%0*,%9*#%"B9009;*;9#92;0*"2*)(9*=0,'9*&20&;9*)(9*B7,00.

d G>*,*#,%,19)9%*A&)("=) val "% var &0*=09;*&20&;9*,)*79,0)*"29*19)(";D*&)*C9B"190*,

>&97;.*Y"%*9H,1#79D

class Person(name: String, age: Int) {

def description = name + " is " + age + " years old"
}

;9B7,%90*,2;*&2&)&,7&p90*&11=),C79*>&97;0 name ,2; age )(,)*,%9*"CI9B)J#%&:,)9.

-=B(*,*>&97;*&0*)(9*9K=&:,792)*">*, private[this] val >&97;*M099 -9B)&"2*ZN.

d Q)(9%A&09D*)(9*#,%,19)9%*&0*2")*0,:9;*,0*,*>&97;.*G)L0*I=0)*,*%9'=7,%*#,%,19)9%*)(,)
B,2*C9*,BB9009;*&2*)(9*B";9*">*)(9*#%&1,%$*B"20)%=B)"%.*M-)%&B)7$*0#9,E&2'D*)(&0*&0
,2*&1#79192),)&"2J0#9B&>&B*"#)&1&p,)&"2.N

[[
<,C79*3 0=11,%&p90*)(9*>&97;0*,2;*19)(";0*)(,)*,%9*'929%,)9;*>"%*;&>>9%92)*E&2;0*">
#%&1,%$*B"20)%=B)"%*#,%,19)9%0.

<,C79*[J3R Y&97;0*,2;*P9)(";0*t929%,)9;*Y"%*S%&1,%$*!"20)%=B)"%
S,%,19)9%0
Primary Constructor
Generated Field/Methods
Parameter

name: String
"CI9B)J#%&:,)9*>&97;D*"%*2"*>&97;*&>*2"*19)(";
=090 name
private valivarname: String #%&:,)9*>&97;D*#%&:,)9*'9))9%i09))9%
valivar name: String #%&:,)9*>&97;D*#=C7&B*'9))9%i09))9%
@BeanProperty valivarname: #%&:,)9*>&97;D*#=C7&B*-B,7,*,2;*?,:,V9,20
String '9))9%0i09))9%0

G>*$"=*>&2;*)(9*#%&1,%$*B"20)%=B)"%*2"),)&"2*B"2>=0&2'D*$"=*;"2L)*299;*)"*=09*&).*?=0)
#%":&;9*"29*"%*1"%9*,=H&7&,%$*B"20)%=B)"%0*&2*)(9*=0=,7*A,$D*C=)*%9191C9%*)"*B,77
this() &>*$"=*;"2L)*B(,&2*)"*,2")(9%*,=H&7&,%$*B"20)%=B)"%.

/"A9:9%D*1,2$*#%"'%,119%0*7&E9*)(9*B"2B&09*0$2),H.*P,%)&2*Q;9%0E$*0=''90)0*)"*)(&2E
,C"=)*&)*)(&0*A,$R*G2*-B,7,D*B7,0090*),E9*#,%,19)9%0D*I=0)*7&E9*19)(";0*;".

Note: b(92*$"=*)(&2E*">*#%&1,%$*B"20)%=B)"%*#,%,19)9%0*,0*B7,00*#,%,19)9%0D
#,%,19)9%0*A&)("=) val "% var C9B"19*9,0&9%*)"*=2;9%0),2;.*<(9*0B"#9*">*0=B(
,*#,%,19)9%*&0*)(9*92)&%9*B7,00.*<(9%9>"%9D*$"=*B,2 =09*)(9*#,%,19)9%*&2
19)(";0. G>*$"=*;"D*&)*&0*)(9*B"1#&79%L0*I"C*)"*0,:9*&)*&2*,*>&97;.

Tip: <(9*-B,7,*;90&'29%0*)(&2E*)(,) every keystroke is preciousD*0"*)(9$*79)*$"=

B"1C&29*,*B7,00*,2;*,*#%&1,%$*B"20)%=B)"%.*b(92*%9,;&2'*,*-B,7,*B7,00D*$"=
299;*)"*;&092),2'79*)(9*)A".*Y"%*9H,1#79D*A(92*$"=*099

class Person(val name: String) {

var age: Int = 0
age = 0
override def toString = "[name=" + name + ",age=" + age + "]"
}

),E9*)(9*;9>&2&)&"2*,#,%)*&2)"*,*B7,00*;9>&2&)&"2

[\
 class Person(
val name: String) {
var age: Int = 0
override def toString = "[name=" + name + ",age=" + age + "]"
}

,2;*,*B"20)%=B)"%*;9>&2&)&"2

class Person(val name: String) {

var age: Int = 0
override def toString = "[name=" + name + ",age=" + age + "]"
}

Note: <"*1,E9*)(9*#%&1,%$*B"20)%=B)"%*#%&:,)9D*#7,B9*)(9*E9$A"%; private

7&E9*)(&0R

class Person private(val id: Int) { ... }

6*B7,00*=09%*1=0)*)(92*=09*,2*,=H&7&,%$*B"20)%=B)"%*)"*B"20)%=B)*,
Person "CI9B).

5.8. Nested Classes (L1)

G2*-B,7,D*$"=*B,2*290)*I=0)*,C"=)*,2$)(&2'*&20&;9*,2$)(&2'.*c"=*B,2*;9>&29*>=2B)&"20
&20&;9*")(9%*>=2B)&"20D*,2;*B7,0090*&20&;9*")(9%*B7,0090.*/9%9*&0*,*0&1#79*9H,1#79*">*)(9
7,))9%.

import collection.mutable._
class Network {
class Member(val name: String) {
val contacts = new ArrayBuffer[Member]
}

private val members = new ArrayBuffer[Member]

def join(name: String) = {

val m = new Member(name)
members += m
m
}
}

[]
!"20&;9%*)A"*29)A"%E0R

val chatter = new Network

val myFace = new Network

G2*-B,7,D*9,B( instance (,0*&)0*"A2*B7,00 MemberD*I=0)*7&E9*9,B(*&20),2B9*(,0*&)0*"A2

>&97; members.*<(,)*&0D chatter.Member ,2; myFace.Member ,%9 different classes.

Note: <(&0*&0*;&>>9%92)*)(,2*&2*?,:,D*A(9%9*,2*&229%*B7,00*C97"2'0*)"*)(9*"=)9%
B7,00.

<(9*-B,7,*,##%",B(*&0*1"%9*%9'=7,%.*Y"%*9H,1#79D*)"*1,E9*,*29A*&229%*"CI9B)D
$"=*0&1#7$*=09 new A&)(*)(9*)$#9*2,19R new chatter.Member.*G2*?,:,D*$"=
299;*)"*=09*,*0#9B&,7*0$2),HD chatter.new Member().

G2*"=%*29)A"%E*9H,1#79D*$"=*B,2*,;;*,*191C9%*A&)(&2*&)0*"A2*29)A"%ED*C=)*2")*,B%"00
29)A"%E0.

val fred = chatter.join("Fred")

val wilma = chatter.join("Wilma")
fred.contacts += wilma // QE
val barney = myFace.join("Barney") // /,0*)$#9 myFace.Member
fred.contacts += barney
// f"hB,2L)*,;;*, myFace.Member )"*,*C=>>9%*"> chatter.Member 979192)0

Y"%*29)A"%E0*">*#9"#79D*)(&0*C9(,:&"%*#%"C,C7$*1,E90*09209.*G>*$"=*;"2L)*A,2)*&)D*)(9%9
,%9*)A"*0"7=)&"20.

Y&%0)D*$"=*B,2*1":9*)(9 Member )$#9*0"19A(9%9*9709.*6*'"";*#7,B9*A"=7;*C9*)(9 Network

B"1#,2&"2*"CI9B).

object Network {
class Member(val name: String) {
val contacts = new ArrayBuffer[Member]
}
}

class Network {
private val members = new ArrayBuffer[Network.Member]
...
}

[^
67)9%2,)&:97$D*$"=*B,2*=09*, type projection Network#MemberD*A(&B(*19,20*n, Member ">
any Networko.*Y"%*9H,1#79D

class Network {
class Member(val name: String) {
val contacts = new ArrayBuffer[Network#Member]
}
...
}

c"=*A"=7;*;"*)(,)*&>*$"=*A,2)*)(9*>&29J'%,&29;*n&229%*B7,00*#9%*"CI9B)o*>9,)=%9*&2*0"19
#7,B90*">*$"=%*#%"'%,1D*C=)*2")*9:9%$A(9%9.*-99 )(9*n6;:,2B9;*<$#90o*B(,#)9% >"%*1"%9
&2>"%1,)&"2*,C"=)*)$#9*#%"I9B)&"20.

Note: G2*,*290)9;*B7,00D*$"=*B,2*,BB900*)(9 this %9>9%92B9*">*)(9*"=)9%*B7,00*,0

Outer.thisD*7&E9*&2*?,:,.*G>*$"=*7&E9D*$"=*B,2*90),C7&0(*,2*,7&,0*>"%*)(,)
%9>9%92B9*A&)(*)(9*0$2),H

class Outer {
outer =>
class Inner {
override def toString = super.toString + " inside " + outer
}
}

<(9*2,19 outer %9>9%0*)" Outer.this &2*)(9*0B"#9*"> Outer.*c"=*B,2*B(""09

,2$*2,19*>"%*)(&0*:,%&,C79.*<(9*2,19 self &0*B"11"2D*C=)*#9%(,#0*B"2>=0&2'
A(92*=09;*A&)(*290)9;*B7,0090.

<(&0*0$2),H*&0*%97,)9;*)"*)(9*n097>*)$#9o*0$2),H*)(,)*$"=*A&77*099*&2 )(9
n6;:,2B9;*<$#90o*B(,#)9%.

5.9. Exercises
5. G1#%":9*)(9 Counter B7,00*&2 -9B)&"2*5 0"*)(,)*&)*;"902L)*)=%2*29',)&:9*,)
Int.MaxValue.
3. b%&)9*,*B7,00 BankAccount A&)(*19)(";0 deposit ,2; withdrawD*,2;*,*%9,;J"27$
#%"#9%)$ balance.
X. b%&)9*,*B7,00 Time A&)(*%9,;J"27$*#%"#9%)&90 hours ,2; minutes ,2;*,*19)(";
before(other: Time): Boolean )(,)*B(9BE0*A(9)(9%*)(&0*)&19*B"190*C9>"%9*)(9
")(9%.*6 Time "CI9B)*0("=7;*C9*B"20)%=B)9;*,0 new Time(hrs, min)D*A(9%9 hrs &0
&2*1&7&),%$*)&19*MC9)A992*4*,2;*3XN.

[_
 Z. 89&1#79192)*)(9 Time B7,00*>%"1*)(9*#%9B9;&2'*9H9%B&09*0"*)(,)*)(9*&2)9%2,7
%9#%9092),)&"2*&0*)(9*2=1C9%*">*1&2=)90*0&2B9*1&;2&'()*MC9)A992*4*,2;*3Zu\4J5N.
Do not B(,2'9*)(9*#=C7&B*&2)9%>,B9.*<(,)*&0D*B7&92)*B";9*0("=7;*C9*=2,>>9B)9;*C$
$"=%*B(,2'9.
[. P,E9*,*B7,00 Student A&)(*%9,;JA%&)9*?,:,V9,20*#%"#9%)&90 name M">*)$#9 StringN
,2; id M">*)$#9 LongN.*b(,)*19)(";0*,%9*'929%,)9;g*Me09 javap )"*B(9BE.N*!,2
$"=*B,77*)(9*?,:,V9,20*'9))9%0*,2;*09))9%0*&2*-B,7,g*-("=7;*$"=g
\. G2*)(9 Person B7,00*"> -9B)&"2*5D*#%":&;9*,*#%&1,%$*B"20)%=B)"%*)(,)*)=%20*29',)&:9
,'90*)"*4.
]. b%&)9*,*B7,00 Person A&)(*,*#%&1,%$*B"20)%=B)"%*)(,)*,BB9#)0*,*0)%&2'*B"2),&2&2'*,
>&%0)*2,19D*,*0#,B9D*,2;*,*7,0)*2,19D*0=B(*,0 new Person("Fred Smith").*-=##7$
%9,;J"27$*#%"#9%)&90 firstName ,2; lastName.*-("=7;*)(9*#%&1,%$*B"20)%=B)"%
#,%,19)9%*C9*, varD*, valD*"%*,*#7,&2*#,%,19)9%g*b($g
^. P,E9*,*B7,00 Car A&)(*%9,;J"27$*#%"#9%)&90*>"%*1,2=>,B)=%9%D*1";97*2,19D*,2;
1";97*$9,%D*,2;*,*%9,;JA%&)9*#%"#9%)$*>"%*)(9*7&B9209*#7,)9.*-=##7$*>"=%
B"20)%=B)"%0.*677*%9K=&%9*)(9*1,2=>,B)=%9%*,2;*1";97*2,19.*Q#)&"2,77$D*1";97
$9,%*,2;*7&B9209*#7,)9*B,2*,70"*C9*0#9B&>&9;*&2*)(9*B"20)%=B)"%.*G>*2")D*)(9*1";97
$9,%*&0*09)*)"*J5*,2;*)(9*7&B9209*#7,)9*)"*)(9*91#)$*0)%&2'.*b(&B(*B"20)%=B)"%*,%9
$"=*B(""0&2'*,0*)(9*#%&1,%$*B"20)%=B)"%g*b($g
_. 89&1#79192)*)(9*B7,00*">*)(9*#%9B9;&2'*9H9%B&09*&2*?,:,D*!OD*"%*!@@*M$"=%
B("&B9N.*/"A*1=B(*0("%)9%*&0*)(9*-B,7,*B7,00g
54. !"20&;9%*)(9*B7,00

class Employee(val name: String, var salary: Double) {

def this() { this("John Q. Public", 0.0) }
}

89A%&)9*&)*)"*=09*9H#7&B&)*>&97;0*,2;*,*;9>,=7)*#%&1,%$*B"20)%=B)"%.*b(&B(*>"%1*;"
$"=*#%9>9%g*b($g

\4
6. Objects (A1)
G2*)(&0*0("%)*B(,#)9%D*$"=*A&77*79,%2*A(92*)"*=09*)(9 object B"20)%=B)*&2*-B,7,.*c"=*=09*&)
A(929:9%*$"=*A,2)*,*B7,00*A&)(*,*0&2'79*&20),2B9D*"%*A(92*$"=*A,2)*)"*>&2;*,*("19*>"%
1&0B977,29"=0*:,7=90*"%*>=2B)&"20.

<(9*E9$*#"&2)0*">*)(&0*B(,#)9%*,%9R

d e09*"CI9B)0*>"%*0&2'79)"20*,2;*=)&7&)$*19)(";0
d 6*B7,00*B,2*(,:9*,*B"1#,2&"2*"CI9B)*A&)(*)(9*0,19*2,19
d QCI9B)0*B,2*9H)92;*B7,0090*"%*)%,&)0
d <(9 apply 19)(";*">*,2*"CI9B)*&0*=0=,77$*=09;*>"%*B"20)%=B)&2'*29A*&20),2B90*">
)(9*B"1#,2&"2*B7,00
d <"*,:"&;*)(9 main 19)(";D*=09*,2*"CI9B)*)(,)*9H)92;0*)(9 App )%,&)
d c"=*B,2*&1#79192)*92=19%,)&"20*C$*9H)92;&2'*)(9 Enumeration "CI9B)

6.1. Singletons
-B,7,*(,0*2"*0),)&B*19)(";0*"%*>&97;0.*G20)9,;D*$"=*=09*)(9 object B"20)%=B).*62*"CI9B)
;9>&290*,*0&2'79*&20),2B9*">*,*B7,00*A&)(*)(9*>9,)=%90*)(,)*$"=*;9>&29.*Y"%*9H,1#79D

object Accounts {
private var lastNumber = 0
def newUniqueNumber() { lastNumber += 1; lastNumber }
}

G>*$"=*299; ,*29A*=2&K=9*,BB"=2)*2=1C9%*&2*$"=%*,##7&B,)&"2D*$"=*B,77
Accounts.newUniqueNumber().

<(9*B"20)%=B)"%*">*,2*"CI9B)*&0*9H9B=)9;*A(92*)(9*"CI9B)*&0*>&%0)*=09;.*G2*"=%*9H,1#79D*)(9
Accounts B"20)%=B)"%*&0*9H9B=)9;*A&)(*)(9*>&%0)*B,77*)" Accounts.newUniqueNumber().*G>*,2
"CI9B)*&0*29:9%*=09;D*&)0*B"20)%=B)"%*&0*2")*9H9B=)9;.

62*"CI9B)*B,2*(,:9*90092)&,77$*,77*)(9*>9,)=%90*">*,*B7,00h&)*B,2*9:92*9H)92;*")(9%*B7,0090
"%*)%,&)0*M099 -9B)&"2*XN.*<(9%9*&0*I=0)*"29*9HB9#)&"2.*c"=*B,22")*#%":&;9*B"20)%=B)"%
#,%,19)9%0.

c"=*=09*,2*"CI9B)*&2*-B,7,*A(929:9%*$"=*A"=7;*(,:9*=09;*,*0&2'79)"2*"CI9B)*&2*?,:,*"%
!@@R

d ,0*,*("19*>"%*=)&7&)$*>=2B)&"20*"%*B"20),2)0
d A(92*,*0&2'79*&11=),C79*&20),2B9*B,2*C9*0(,%9;*9>>&B&92)7$

\5
 d A(92*,*0&2'79*&20),2B9*&0*%9K=&%9;*)"*B""%;&2,)9*0"19*09%:&B9*M&.9.D*)(9*-&2'79)"2
;90&'2*#,))9%2N

Note: P,2$*#9"#79*:&9A*)(9*-&2'79)"2*;90&'2*#,))9%2*A&)(*;&0;,&2.*-B,7,
'&:90*$"=*)(9*)""70*>"%*C")(*'"";*,2;*C,;*;90&'2D*,2;*&)*&0*=#*)"*$"=*)"*=09
)(91*A&097$.

6.2. Companion Objects

G2*?,:,*"%*!@@D*$"=*">)92*(,:9*,*B7,00*A&)(*C")(*&20),2B9*19)(";0*,2;*0),)&B*19)(";0.*G2
-B,7,D*$"=*,B(&9:9*)(&0*C$*(,:&2'*,*B7,00*,2;*,*nB"1#,2&"2o*"CI9B)*">*)(9*0,19*2,19.
Y"%*9H,1#79D

class Account {
val id = Account.newUniqueNumber()
private var balance = 0.0
public def deposit(amount: Double) { balance += amount }
...
}

object Account { // <(9*B"1#,2&"2*"CI9B)

private var lastNumber = 0
private def newUniqueNumber() { lastNumber += 1; lastNumber }
}

<(9*B7,00*,2;*B"1#,2&"2*"CI9B)*B,2*,BB900*9,B(*")(9%L0*#%&:,)9*>9,)=%90.*<(9$*1=0)*C9
7"B,)9;*&2*)(9 same source file.

Tip: G2*)(9*8WSTD*$"=*1=0)*;9>&29*)(9*B7,00*,2;*"CI9B)*)"'9)(9%*&2*#,0)9
1";9.*<$#9

:paste

<(92*)$#9*"%*#,0)9*C")(*)(9*B7,00*,2;*"CI9B)*;9>&2&)&"2D*,2;*)$#9 !Qf<8QT@a.

6.3. Objects Extending a Class or Trait

62 object B,2*9H)92;*,*B7,00*,2;i"%*"29*"%*1"%9*)%,&)0.*<(9*%90=7)*&0*,2*"CI9B)*">*,*B7,00
)(,)*9H)92;0*)(9*'&:92*B7,00*,2;i"%*)%,&)0D*,2;*&2*,;;&)&"2*(,0*,77*">*)(9*>9,)=%90*0#9B&>&9;
&2*)(9*"CI9B)*;9>&2&)&"2.

\3
Q29*=09>=7*,##7&B,)&"2*&0*)"*0#9B&>$*;9>,=7)*"CI9B)0*)(,)*B,2*C9*0(,%9;.*Y"%*9H,1#79D
B"20&;9%*,*B7,00*>"%*=2;",C79*,B)&"20*&2*,*#%"'%,1.

abstract class UndoableAction(val description: String) {

def undo(): Unit
def redo(): Unit
}

6*=09>=7*;9>,=7)*&0*)(9*n;"*2")(&2'o*,B)&"2.*Q>*B"=%09D*A9*"27$*299;*"29*">*)(91.

object DoNothingAction extends UndoableAction("Do nothing") {

override def undo() {}
override def redo() {}
}

<(9 DoNothingAction "CI9B)*B,2*C9*0(,%9;*,1"2'*,77*#7,B90*)(,)*299;*)(&0*;9>,=7).

val actions = Map("open" -> DoNothingAction

DoNothingAction, "save" -> DoNothingAction
DoNothingAction, ...)
// Q#92*,2;*0,:9*2")*$9)*&1#79192)9;

6.4. The apply Method

G)*&0*B"11"2*)"*(,:9*"CI9B)0*A&)(*,2 apply 19)(";.*<(9 apply 19)(";*&0*B,779;*>"%
9H#%900&"20*">*)(9*>"%1

Object(arg1, ..., argN)

<$#&B,77$D*0=B(*,2 apply 19)(";*%9)=%20*,2*"CI9B)*">*)(9*B"1#,2&"2*B7,00.

Y"%*9H,1#79D*)(9 Array "CI9B)*;9>&290 apply 19)(";0*)(,)*,77"A*,%%,$*B%9,)&"2*A&)(

9H#%900&"20*0=B(*,0

Array("Mary", "had", "a", "little", "lamb")

b($*;"902L)*"29*I=0)*=09*,*B"20)%=B)"%g*f")*(,:&2'*)(9 new E9$A"%;*&0*(,2;$*>"%*290)9;

9H#%900&"20D*0=B(*,0

Array(Array(1, 7), Array(2, 9))

Caution: G)*&0*9,0$*)"*B"2>=09 Array(100) ,2; new Array(100).*<(9*>&%0)

9H#%900&"2*B,770 apply(100)D*$&97;&2'*,2 Array[Int] A&)(*,*0&2'79*979192)D*)(9
&2)9'9%*544.*<(9*09B"2;*9H#%900&"2*&2:"E90*)(9*B"20)%=B)"% this(100).*<(9
%90=7)*&0*,2 Array[Nothing] A&)(*544 null 979192)0.

\X
6.5. Application Objects
W,B(*-B,7,*#%"'%,1*1=0)*0),%)*A&)(*,2*"CI9B)L0 main 19)(";*">*)$#9 Array[String] =>
UnitR

object Hello {
def main(args: Array[String]) {
println("Hello, World!")
}
}

G20)9,;*">*#%":&;&2'*, main 19)(";*>"%*$"=%*,##7&B,)&"2D*$"=*B,2*9H)92;*)(9 App )%,&)*,2;

#7,B9*)(9*#%"'%,1*B";9*&2)"*)(9*B"20)%=B)"%*C";$R

object Hello extends App {

println("Hello, World!")
}

G>*$"=*299;*)(9*B"11,2;J7&29*,%'=192)0D*$"=*B,2*'9)*)(91*>%"1*)(9 args #%"#9%)$R

object Hello extends App {

if (args.size > 0)
println("Hello, " + args(0))
else
println("Hello, World!")
}

G>*$"=*&2:"E9*)(9*,##7&B,)&"2*A&)(*)(9 scala.time "#)&"2*09)D*)(92*)(9*97,#09;*)&19*&0

;&0#7,$9;*A(92*)(9*#%"'%,1*9H&)0.

$ scala -Dscala.time Hello Fred

Hello, Fred
[total 4ms]

677*)(&0*&2:"7:90*,*C&)*">*1,'&B.*<(9 App )%,&)*9H)92;0*,2")(9%*)%,&)D DelayedInitD*)(,)*'9)0

0#9B&,7*(,2;7&2'*C$*)(9*B"1#&79%.*677*&2&)&,7&p,)&"2*B";9*">*,*B7,00*A&)(*)(,)*)%,&)*&0*1":9;
&2)"*, delayedInit 19)(";.*<(9 main ">*)(9 App )%,&)*19)(";*B,#)=%90*)(9*B"11,2;J7&29
,%'=192)0D*B,770*)(9 delayedInit19)(";D*,2;*"#)&"2,77$*#%&2)0*)(9*97,#09;*)&19.

Note: Q7;9%*:9%0&"20*">*-B,7,*(,;*,2 Application )%,&)*>"%*)(9*0,19*#=%#"09.

<(,)*)%,&)*B,%%&9;*"=)*)(9*#%"'%,1L0*,B)&"2*&2*)(9*0),)&B*&2&)&,7&p9%D*A(&B(*B,=090
0=C)79*&00=90*A&)(*0"19*:&%)=,7*1,B(&290.*e09*)(9 App )%,&)*&20)9,;.

\Z
6.6. Enumerations
e27&E9*?,:,*"%*!@@D*-B,7,*;"90*2")*(,:9*92=19%,)9;*)$#90.*/"A9:9%D*)(9*0),2;,%;*7&C%,%$
#%":&;90*,2 Enumeration (97#9%*B7,00*)(,)*$"=*B,2*=09*)"*#%";=B9*92=19%,)&"20.

U9>&29*,2*"CI9B)*)(,)*9H)92;0*)(9 Enumeration B7,00*,2;*&2&)&,7&p9*9,B(*:,7=9*&2*$"=%

92=19%,)&"2*A&)(*,*B,77*)"*)(9 Value 19)(";.*Y"%*9H,1#79D

object TrafficLightColor extends Enumeration {

val Red, Yellow, Green = Value
}

/9%9*A9*;9>&29*)(%99*>&97;0 RedD YellowD*,2; GreenD*,2;*&2&)&,7&p9*9,B(*">*)(91*A&)(*,*B,77

Value.*<(&0*&0*,*0("%)B=)*>"%

val Red = Value

val Yellow = Value
val Green = Value

W,B(*B,77*)"*)(9 Value 19)(";*%9)=%20*,*29A*&20),2B9*">*,2*&229%*B7,00D*,70"*B,779; Value.

67)9%2,)&:97$D*$"=*B,2*#,00*GU0D*2,190D*"%*C")(*)"*)(9 Value 19)(";R

val Red = Value(0, "Stop")

val Yellow = Value(10) // f,19 "Yellow"
val Green = Value("Go") // GU*55

G>*2")*0#9B&>&9;D*)(9*GU*&0*"29*1"%9*)(,2*)(9*#%9:&"=07$*,00&'29;*"29D*0),%)&2'*A&)(*p9%".
<(9*;9>,=7)*2,19*&0*)(9*>&97;*2,19.

c"=*B,2*2"A*%9>9%*)"*)(9*92=19%,)&"2*:,7=90*,0 TrafficLightColor.RedD*,2;*0"*"2.*G>*)(,)
'9)0*)""*)9;&"=0D*=09*,*0),)9192)

import TrafficLightColor._

M-99 )(9*nS,BE,'90*,2;*G1#"%)0o*B(,#)9% >"%*1"%9*&2>"%1,)&"2*,C"=)*&1#"%)&2'*191C9%0

">*,*B7,00*"%*"CI9B).N

89191C9%*)(,)*)(9*)$#9*">*)(9*92=19%,)&"2*&0 TrafficLightColor.Value ,2; not

TrafficLightColorh)(,)L0*)(9*)$#9*">*)(9*"CI9B)*("7;&2'*)(9*:,7=90.*-"19*#9"#79
%9B"1192;*)(,)*$"=*,;;*,*)$#9*,7&,0

object TrafficLightColor extends Enumeration {

type TrafficLightColor = Value

\[
 val Red, Yellow, Green = Value
}

f"A*)(9*)$#9*">*)(9*92=19%,)&"2*&0 TrafficLightColor.TrafficLightColorD*A(&B(*&0
"27$*,2*&1#%":9192)*&>*$"=*=09*,2 import 0),)9192).*Y"%*9H,1#79D

import TrafficLightColor._
def doWhat(color: TrafficLightColor) =
if (color == Red) "stop"
else if (color == Yellow) "hurry up"
else if (color == Green) "go"

<(9*GU*">*,2*92=19%,)&"2*:,7=9*&0*%9)=%29;*C$*)(9 id 19)(";D*,2;*)(9*2,19*C$*)(9
toString 19)(";.

<(9*B,77 TrafficLightColor.values $&97;0*,*09)*">*,77*:,7=90.

for (c <- TrafficLightColor.values) println(c.id + ": " + c)

Y&2,77$D*$"=*B,2*7""E*=#*,2*92=19%,)&"2*:,7=9*C$*GU*"%*2,19.*V")(*">*)(9*>"77"A&2'

TrafficLightColor(0) // !,770 Enumeration.apply

TrafficLightColor.withName("Red")

$&97;*)(9*"CI9B) TrafficLightColor.Red.

6.7. Exercises
5. b%&)9*,2*"CI9B) Conversions A&)(*19)(";0 inchesToCentimeterD gallonsToLiterD
,2; milesToKilometer.
3. <(9*#%9B9;&2'*#%"C791*A,02L)*:9%$*"CI9B)J"%&92)9;.*S%":&;9*,*'929%,7*0=#9%B7,00
UnitConversion ,2;*;9>&29*"CI9B)0 InchesToCentimeterD GallonsToLiterD*,2;
MilesToKilometer )(,)*9H)92;*&).
X. U9>&29*,2 Origin "CI9B)*)(,)*9H)92;0 java.awt.Point.*b($*&0*)(&0*2")*,B)=,77$*,
'"";*&;9,g*M/,:9*,*B7"09*7""E*,)*)(9*19)(";0*">*)(9 Point B7,00.N
Z. U9>&29*, Point B7,00*A&)(*,*B"1#,2&"2*"CI9B)*0"*)(,)*$"=*B,2*B"20)%=B) Point
&20),2B90*,0 Point(3, 4)D*A&)("=)*=0&2' new.
[. b%&)9*,*-B,7,*,##7&B,)&"2D*=0&2'*)(9 App )%,&)D*)(,)*#%&2)0*)(9*B"11,2;J7&29
,%'=192)0*&2*%9:9%09*"%;9%D*09#,%,)9;*C$*0#,B90.*Y"%*9H,1#79D scala Reverse
Hello World 0("=7;*#%&2) World Hello.
\. b%&)9*,2*92=19%,)&"2*;90B%&C&2'*)(9*>"=%*#7,$&2'*B,%;*0=&)0*0"*)(,)*)(9 toString
19)(";*%9)=%20*vD*wD*xD*y.
]. G1#79192)*,*>=2B)&"2*)(,)*B(9BE0*A(9)(9%*,*B,%;*0=&)*:,7=9*>%"1*)(9*#%9B9;&2'
9H9%B&09*&0*%9;.

\\
^. b%&)9*,2*92=19%,)&"2*;90B%&C&2'*)(9*9&'()*B"%29%0*">*)(9*8tV*B"7"%*B=C9.*60
GU0D*=09*)(9*B"7"%*:,7=90*M>"%*9H,1#79D 0xff0000 >"% RedN.

\]
7. Packages and Imports (A1)
G2*)(&0*B(,#)9%D*$"=*A&77*79,%2*("A*#,BE,'90*,2;*&1#"%)*0),)9192)0*A"%E*&2*-B,7,.*V")(
#,BE,'90*,2;*&1#"%)0*,%9*1"%9*%9'=7,%*)(,2*&2*?,:,D*,2;*)(9$*,%9*,70"*,*C&)*1"%9*>79H&C79.

<(9*E9$*#"&2)0*">*)(&0*B(,#)9%*,%9R

d S,BE,'90*290)*I=0)*7&E9*&229%*B7,0090
d S,BE,'9*#,)(0*,%9 not ,C0"7=)9
d 6*B(,&2 x.y.z &2*,*#,BE,'9*B7,=09*79,:90*)(9*&2)9%19;&,)9*#,BE,'90 x ,2; x.y
&2:&0&C79
d S,BE,'9*0),)9192)0*A&)("=)*C%,B90*,)*)(9*)"#*">*)(9*>&79*9H)92;*)"*)(9*92)&%9*>&79
d 6*#,BE,'9*"CI9B)*B,2*("7;*>=2B)&"20*,2;*:,%&,C790
d G1#"%)*0),)9192)0*B,2*&1#"%)*#,BE,'90D*B7,0090D*,2;*"CI9B)0
d G1#"%)*0),)9192)0*B,2*C9*,2$A(9%9
d G1#"%)*0),)9192)0*B,2*%92,19*,2;*(&;9*191C9%0
d java.langD scalaD*,2; Predef ,%9*,7A,$0*&1#"%)9;

7.1. Packages
S,BE,'90*&2*-B,7,*>=7>&77*)(9*0,19*#=%#"09*,0*#,BE,'90*&2*?,:,*"%*2,190#,B90*&2*!@@D*)"
1,2,'9*2,190*&2*,*7,%'9*#%"'%,1.*Y"%*9H,1#79D*)(9*2,19 Map B,2*"BB=%*&2*)(9*#,BE,'90
scala.collection.immutable ,2; scala.collection.mutable A&)("=)*B"2>7&B).*<"*,BB900
9&)(9%*2,19D*$"=*B,2*=09*)(9*>=77$*K=,7&>&9; scala.collection.immutable.Map "%
scala.collection.mutable.Map.*67)9%2,)&:97$D*=09*,2 import 0),)9192)*)"*#%":&;9*,
0("%)9%*,7&,0h099 -9B)&"2*].

<"*,;;*&)910*)"*,*#,BE,'9D*$"=*B,2*&2B7=;9*)(91*&2*#,BE,'9*0),)9192)0*0=B(*,0

package com {
package horstmann {
package impatient {
class Person
...
}
}
}

<(92*)(9*B7,00*2,19 Person B,2*C9*,BB9009;*,2$A(9%9*,0

com.horstmann.impatient.Person.

\^
e27&E9*)(9*;9>&2&)&"2*">*,2*"CI9B)*"%*,*B7,00D*,*#,BE,'9*B,2*C9*;9>&29;*":9%*1=7)&#79*>&790.
<(9*#%9B9;&2'*B";9*1&'()*C9*&2*,*>&79 Person.scalaD*,2;*,*>&79 Student.scala 1&'()
B"2),&2

package com {
package horstmann {
package impatient {
class Student extends Person
...
}
}
}

Note: <(9%9*&0*2"*92>"%B9;*%97,)&"20(&#*C9)A992*)(9*;&%9B)"%$*">*)(9*0"=%B9
>&79*,2;*)(9*#,BE,'9.*c"=*;"2L)*(,:9*)"*#=) Person.scala ,2; Student.scala
&2)"*, com/horstmann/impatient ;&%9B)"%$.

!"2:9%097$D*$"=*B,2*B"2)%&C=)9*)"*1"%9*)(,2*"29*#,BE,'9*&2*,*0&2'79*>&79.*<(9*>&79
Person.scala B,2*B"2),&2

package com {
package horstmann {
package impatient {
class Person
...
}
}
}

package org {
package bigjava {
class Student extends com.horstmann.impatient.Person
}
}

7.2. Scope Rules

G2*-B,7,D*)(9*0B"#9*%=790*>"%*#,BE,'90*,%9*1"%9*B"20&0)92)*)(,2*)("09*&2*?,:,.*-B,7,
#,BE,'90*290)*I=0)*7&E9*,77*")(9%*0B"#90.*c"=*B,2*,BB900*2,190*>%"1*)(9*92B7"0&2'*0B"#9.
Y"%*9H,1#79D

\_
 package com {
package horstmann {
object Utils {
def percentOf(value: Double, rate: Double) = value * rate / 100
...
}

package impatient {
class Employee {
...
def giveRaise(rate: scala.Double) {
salary += Utils.percentOf
Utils.percentOf(salary, rate)
}
}
}
}
}

f")9*)(9 Utils.percentOf K=,7&>&9%.*<(9 Utils B7,00*A,0*;9>&29;*&2*)(9 parent #,BE,'9.

W:9%$)(&2'*&2*)(9*#,%92)*#,BE,'9*&0*&2*0B"#9D*,2;*&)*&0*2")*29B900,%$*)" =09
com.horstmann.Utils.percentOf.*Mc"=*B"=7;D*)("='(D*&>*$"=*A,2)9;h,>)9%*,77D com &0*,70"
&2*0B"#9.N

<(9%9*&0*,*>7$*&2*)(9*"&2)192)D*("A9:9%.*!"20&;9%

package com {
package horstmann {
package impatient {
class Manager {
val subordinates = new scala.collection.mutable.ArrayBuffer[Employee]
...
}
}
}
}

62;*2"A*0=##"09*0"19"29*&2)%";=B90*)(9*>"77"A&2'*#,BE,'9D*#9%(,#0*&2*,*;&>>9%92)*>&79.

package com {
package horstmann {
package scala {
...
}
}

]4
f"A*)(9 Manager B7,00*2"*7"2'9%*B"1#&790.*G)*7""E0*>"%*, collection 191C9%*&20&;9*)(9
impatient.scala #,BE,'9*,2;*;"902L)*>&2;*&).*<(9*&2)92)*&2*)(9 Manager B7,00*A,0*)(9*)"#J
79:97 scala #,BE,'9D*2")*A(,)9:9% scala 0=C#,BE,'9*(,##929;*)"*C9*&2*0"19*,BB900&C79
0B"#9D*C=)*)(,)L0*2")*("A*#,BE,'9*0B"#90*A"%E*&2*-B,7,.

G2*?,:,D*)(&0*#%"C791*B,2L)*"BB=%*C9B,=09*#,BE,'9*2,190*,%9*,7A,$0 absoluteD*0),%)&2'*,)
)(9*%"")*">*)(9*#,BE,'9*(&9%,%B($.*V=)*&2*-B,7,D*#,BE,'9*2,190*,%9*%97,)&:9D*I=0)*7&E9*&229%
B7,00*2,190.*b&)(*&229%*B7,0090D*"29*;"902L)*=0=,77$*%=2*&2)"*#%"C7910*C9B,=09*,77*)(9
B";9*&0*"29*>&79D*=2;9%*B"2)%"7*">*A("9:9%*&0*&2*B(,%'9*">*)(,)*>&79.*V=)*#,BE,'90*,%9*"#92J
92;9;.*62$"29*B,2*B"2)%&C=)9*)"*,*#,BE,'9*,)*,2$*)&19.

Q29*0"7=)&"2*&0*)"*=09*,C0"7=)9*#,BE,'9*2,190D*0),%)&2'*A&)( _root_D*>"%*9H,1#79

val subordinates = new _root_.scala.collection.mutable.ArrayBuffer

_root_.scala.collection.mutable.ArrayBuffer[Employee]

62")(9%*,##%",B(*&0*)"*=09*nB(,&29;o*#,BE,'9*B7,=090h099*)(9*29H)*09B)&"2.

7.3. Chained Package Clauses

6*#,BE,'9*B7,=09*B,2*B"2),&2*,*nB(,&2o*"%*#,)(*09'192)D*>"%*9H,1#79

package com.horstmann.impatient {
// P91C9%0*"> com ,2; com.horstmann ,%9 not :&0&C79*(9%9
package people {
class Person
...
}
}

-=B(*,*B7,=09*7&1&)0*)(9*:&0&C79*191C9%0.*f"A*, com.horstmann.scala #,BE,'9*A"=7;*2"

7"2'9%*C9*,BB900&C79*,0 scala.

7.4. Top-of-File Notation

G20)9,;*">*)(9*290)9;*2"),)&"2*)(,)*A9*(,:9*=09;*=#*)"*2"AD*$"=*B,2*(,:9 package B7,=090
,)*)(9*)"#*">*)(9*>&79D*A&)("=)*C%,B90.*Y"%*9H,1#79D

package com.horstmann.impatient
package people

class Person
...

<(&0*&0*9K=&:,792)*)"

]5
 package com.horstmann.impatient {
package people {
class Person
...
// e2)&7*)(9*92;*">*)(9*>&79
}
}

<(&0*&0*)(9*#%9>9%%9;*2"),)&"2*&>*,77*)(9*B";9*&2*)(9*>&79*C97"2'0*)"*)(9*0,19*#,BE,'9
MA(&B(*&0*)(9*=0=,7*B,09N.

f")9*)(,)*&2*)(9*9H,1#79*,C":9D*9:9%$)(&2'*&2*)(9*>&79*C97"2'0*)"*)(9*#,BE,'9
com.horstmann.impatient.peopleD*C=)*)(9*#,BE,'9 com.horstmann.impatient (,0*,70"
C992*"#929;*=#D*0"*)(,)*"29*B,2*%9>9%*)"*&)0*B"2)92)0.

7.5. Package Objects

6*#,BE,'9*B,2*B"2),&2*B7,0090D*"CI9B)0D*,2;*)%,&)0D*C=)*2")*)(9*;9>&2&)&"20*">*>=2B)&"20*"%
:,%&,C790.*<(,)L0*,2*=2>"%)=2,)9*7&1&),)&"2*">*)(9*?,:,*:&%)=,7*1,B(&29.*G)*A"=7;*1,E9
1"%9*09209*)"*,;;*=)&7&)$*>=2B)&"20*"%*B"20),2)0*)"*,*#,BE,'9*)(,2*)"*0"19 Utils "CI9B).
S,BE,'9*"CI9B)0*,;;%900*)(&0*7&1&),)&"2.

W:9%$*#,BE,'9*B,2*(,:9*"29*#,BE,'9*"CI9B).*c"=*;9>&29*&)*&2*)(9 parent #,BE,'9D*,2;*&)

(,0*)(9*0,19*2,19*,0*)(9*B(&7;*#,BE,'9.*Y"%*9H,1#79D

package com.horstmann.impatient

package object people {

val defaultName = "John Q. Public"
}

package people {
class Person {
var name = defaultName // 6*B"20),2)*>%"1*)(9*#,BE,'9
}
...
}

f")9*)(,)*)(9 defaultName :,7=9*;&;2L)*299;*)"*C9*K=,7&>&9;*C9B,=09*&)*A,0*&2*)(9*0,19

#,BE,'9.*W709A(9%9D*&)*&0*,BB900&C79*,0 com.horstmann.impatient.people.defaultName.

V9(&2;*)(9*0B9290D*)(9*#,BE,'9*"CI9B)*'9)0*B"1#&79;*&2)"*,*?sP*B7,00*A&)(*0),)&B*19)(";0
,2;*>&97;0D*B,779; package.class &20&;9*)(9*#,BE,'9.*G2*"=%*9H,1#79D*)(,)*A"=7;*C9*,*B7,00

]3
com.horstmann.impatient.people.package A&)(*,*0),)&B*>&97; defaultName.*MG2*)(9*?sPD
$"=*B,2*=09 package ,0*,*B7,00*2,19.N

G)*&0*,*'"";*&;9,*)"*=09*)(9*0,19*2,1&2'*0B(919*>"%*0"=%B9*>&790.*S=)*)(9*#,BE,'9*"CI9B)
&2)"*,*>&79 com/horstmann/impatient/people/package.scala.*<(,)*A,$D*,2$"29*A("
A,2)0*)"*,;;*>=2B)&"20*"%*:,%&,C790*)"*,*#,BE,'9*B,2*>&2;*)(9*#,BE,'9*"CI9B)*9,0&7$.

7.6. Package Visibility

G2*?,:,D*,*B7,00*191C9%*)(,)*&02L)*;9B7,%9;*,0 publicD privateD*"% protected &0*:&0&C79*&2
)(9*#,BE,'9*B"2),&2&2'*)(9*B7,00.*G2*-B,7,D*$"=*B,2*,B(&9:9*)(9*0,19*9>>9B)*A&)(
K=,7&>&9%0.*<(9*>"77"A&2'*19)(";*&0*:&0&C79*&2*&)0*"A2*#,BE,'9.

package com.horstmann.impatient.people

class Person {
private[people] def giveRaise(rate: Double)
...
}

c"=*B,2*9H)92;*)(9*:&0&C&7&)$*)"*,2*92B7"0&2'*#,BE,'9R

private[impatient] def giveRaise(rate: Double)

7.7. Imports
G1#"%)0*79)*$"=*=09*0("%)*2,190*&20)9,;*">*7"2'*"290.*b&)(*)(9*B7,=09

import scala.collection.mutable.HashMap

$"=*B,2*A%&)9 HashMap &2*$"=%*B";9*&20)9,;*"> scala.collection.mutable.HashMap.

<(,)*&0*)(9*0"79*#=%#"09*">*&1#"%)0.*G>*$"=*;"2L)*1&2;*7"2'*2,190D*$"=*29:9%*299;*)(91.

c"=*B,2*&1#"%)*,77*191C9%0*">*,*#,BE,'9*,0

import scala.collection.mutable._

<(&0*&0*)(9*0,19*,0*)(9 * A&7;B,%;*&2*?,:,.*MG2*-B,7,D * &0*,*:,7&;*2,19*>"%*,2*&;92)&>&9%.

c"=*B"=7;*;9>&29*,*#,BE,'9 com.horstmann.*.peopleD*C=)*#79,09*;"2L).N

c"=*B,2*,70"*&1#"%)*,77*191C9%0*">*,*B7,00*"%*"CI9B).

]X
 import java.awt.Color._
val c1 = RED // Color.RED
val c2 = decode("#ff0000") // Color.decode

<(&0*&0*7&E9 import static &2*?,:,.*?,:,*#%"'%,119%0*0991*)"*7&:9*&2*>9,%*">*)(&0*:,%&,2)D

C=)*&2*-B,7,*&)*&0*B"11"27$*=09;.

b(92*$"=*&1#"%)*,*#,BE,'9D*$"=*B,2*,BB900*&)0*0=C#,BE,'90*A&)(*0("%)9%*2,190.*Y"%
9H,1#79D

import java.awt._

def handler(evt: event.ActionEvent) { // java.awt.event.ActionEvent

...
}

<(9 event #,BE,'9*&0*,*191C9%*"> java.awtD*,2;*)(9*&1#"%)*C%&2'0*&)*&2)"*0B"#9.

7.8. Imports Can Be Anywhere

G2*-B,7,D*,2*&1#"%)*0),)9192)*B,2*C9*,2$A(9%9D*2")*I=0)*&2*)(9*)"#*">*,*>&79.*<(9*0B"#9*">
)(9*&1#"%)*0),)9192)*9H)92;0*=2)&7*)(9*92;*">*)(9*92B7"0&2'*C7"BE.*Y"%*9H,1#79D

class Manager {
import scala.collection.mutable._
val subordinates = new ArrayBuffer[Employee]
...
}

<(&0*&0*,*:9%$*=09>=7*>9,)=%9D*#,%)&B=7,%7$*A&)(*A&7;B,%;*&1#"%)0.*G)*&0*,7A,$0*,*C&)
A"%%&0"19*)"*&1#"%)*7")0*">*2,190*>%"1*;&>>9%92)*0"=%B90.*G2*>,B)D*0"19*?,:,
#%"'%,119%0*;&07&E9*A&7;B,%;*&1#"%)0*0"*1=B(*)(,)*)(9$*29:9%*=09*)(91D*C=)*79)*)(9*GUW
'929%,)9*7"2'*7&0)0*">*&1#"%)9;*B7,0090.

V$*#=))&2'*)(9*&1#"%)0*A(9%9*)(9$*,%9*299;9;D*$"=*B,2*'%9,)7$*%9;=B9*)(9*#")92)&,7*>"%
B"2>7&B)0.

7.9. Renaming and Hiding Members

G>*$"=*A,2)*)"*&1#"%)*,*>9A*191C9%0*>%"1*,*#,BE,'9D*=09*, selectorD*7&E9*)(&0R

import java.awt.{Color, Graphics}

<(9*0979B)"%*0$2),H*79)0*$"=*%92,19*191C9%0.

]Z
 import java.util.{HashMap => JavaHashMap}
import scala.collection.mutable._

f"A JavaHashMap &0*, java.util.HashMap ,2;*#7,&2 HashMap &0*,

scala.collection.mutable.HashMap.

<(9*0979B)"% HashMap => _ (&;90*,*191C9%*&20)9,;*">*%92,1&2'*&).*<(&0*&0*"27$*=09>=7*&>

$"=*&1#"%)*,77*")(9%0R

import java.util.{HashMap => _, _}

import scala.collection.mutable._

f"A HashMap =2,1C&'="=07$*%9>9%0*)" scala.collection.mutable.HashMap 0&2B9

java.util.HashMap &0*(&;;92.

7.10. Implicit Imports

W:9%$*-B,7,*#%"'%,1*&1#7&B&)7$*0),%)0*A&)(

import java.lang._
import scala._
import Predef._

60*A&)(*?,:,*#%"'%,10D java.lang &0*,7A,$0*&1#"%)9;.*f9H)D*)(9 scala #,BE,'9*&0

&1#"%)9;D*C=)*&2*,*0#9B&,7*A,$.*e27&E9*,77*")(9%*&1#"%)0D*)(&0*"29*&0*,77"A9;*)"*":9%%&;9
)(9*#%9B9;&2'*&1#"%). Y"%*9H,1#79D scala.StringBuilder ":9%%&;90
java.lang.StringBuilder &20)9,;*">*B"2>7&B)&2'*A&)(*&).

Y&2,77$D*)(9 Predef "CI9B)*&0*&1#"%)9;.*G)*B"2),&20*K=&)9*,*>9A*=09>=7*>=2B)&"20.*M<(909

B"=7;*9K=,77$*A977*(,:9*C992*#7,B9;*&2)"*)(9 scala #,BE,'9*"CI9B)D*C=) Predef A,0
&2)%";=B9;*C9>"%9*-B,7,*(,;*#,BE,'9*"CI9B)0.N

-&2B9*)(9 scala #,BE,'9*&0*&1#"%)9;*C$*;9>,=7)D*$"=*29:9%*299;*)"*A%&)9*#,BE,'9*2,190

)(,)*0),%)*A&)( scala.*Y"%*9H,1#79D

import collection.mutable.HashMap

&0*I=0)*,0*'"";*,0

import scala.collection.mutable.HashMap

7.11. Exercises
5. b%&)9*,2*9H,1#79*#%"'%,1*)"*;91"20)%,)9*)(,)

][
 package com.horstmann.impatient

&0*2")*)(9*0,19*,0

package com
package horstmann
package impatient

3. b%&)9*,*#=pp79%*)(,)*C,>>790*$"=%*-B,7,*>%&92;0D*=0&2'*,*#,BE,'9 com )(,)*&02L)*,)

)(9*)"#*79:97.
X. b%&)9*,*#,BE,'9 random A&)(*>=2B)&"20 nextInt(): IntD nextDouble(): DoubleD
,2; setSeed(seed: Int): Unit.*<"*'929%,)9*%,2;"1*2=1C9%0D*=09*)(9*7&29,%
B"2'%=92)&,7*'929%,)"%

next r previous u a @ b 1";*3nD

A(9%9 a r*5\\Z[3[D b r*545X_4Z33XD*,2; n r*X3.

Z. b($*;"*$"=*)(&2E*)(9*-B,7,*7,2'=,'9*;90&'29%0*#%":&;9;*)(9 package object

0$2),H*&20)9,;*">*0&1#7$*79))&2'*$"=*,;;*>=2B)&"20*,2;*:,%&,C790*)"*,*#,BE,'9g
[. b(,)*&0*)(9*19,2&2'*"> private[com] def giveRaise(rate: Double)g*G0*&)
=09>=7g
\. b%&)9*,*#%"'%,1*)(,)*B"#&90*,77*979192)0*>%"1*,*?,:,*(,0(*1,#*&2)"*,*-B,7,*(,0(
1,#.*e09*&1#"%)0*)"*%92,19*C")(*B7,0090.
]. G2*)(9*#%9B9;&2'*9H9%B&09D*1":9*,77*&1#"%)0*&2)"*)(9*&229%1"0)*0B"#9*#"00&C79.
^. b(,)*&0*)(9*9>>9B)*">

import java._
import javax._

G0*)(&0*,*'"";*&;9,g

_. b%&)9*,*#%"'%,1*)(,)*&1#"%)0*)(9 java.lang.System B7,00D*%9,;0*)(9*=09%*2,19

>%"1*)(9 user.name 0$0)91*#%"#9%)$D*%9,;0*,*#,00A"%;*>%"1*)(9 Console "CI9B)D
,2;*#%&2)0*,*1900,'9*)"*)(9*0),2;,%;*9%%"%*0)%9,1*&>*)(9*#,00A"%;*&0*2") "secret".
Q)(9%A&09*#%&2)*,*'%99)&2'*)"*)(9*0),2;,%;*"=)#=)*0)%9,1.*U"*2")*=09*,2$*")(9%
&1#"%)0D*,2;*;"*2")*=09*,2$*K=,7&>&9;*2,190*MA&)(*;")0N.
54. 6#,%)*>%"1 StringBuilderD*A(&B(*")(9%*191C9%0*"> java.lang ;"90*)(9 scala
#,BE,'9*":9%%&;9g

]\
8. Inheritance (A1)
G2*)(&0*B(,#)9%D*$"=*A&77*79,%2*)(9*1"0)*&1#"%),2)*A,$0*&2*A(&B(*&2(9%&),2B9*&2*-B,7,
;&>>9%0*>%"1*&)0*B"=2)9%#,%)*&2*?,:,*"%*!@@.*<(9*(&'(7&'()0*,%9R

d <(9 extends ,2; final E9$A"%;0*,%9*,0*&2*?,:,

d c"=*1=0)*=09 override A(92*$"=*":9%%&;9*,*19)(";
d Q27$*)(9*#%&1,%$*B"20)%=B)"%*B,2*B,77*)(9*#%&1,%$*0=#9%B7,00*B"20)%=B)"%
d c"=*B,2*":9%%&;9*>&97;0

G2*)(&0*B(,#)9%D*A9*"27$*;&0B=00*)(9*B,09*&2*A(&B(*,*B7,00*&2(9%&)0*>%"1*,2")(9%*B7,00.*-99
)(9*n<%,&)0o*B(,#)9% >"%*&2(9%&)&2' traitsh)(9*-B,7,*B"2B9#)*)(,)*'929%,7&p90*?,:,
&2)9%>,B90.

8.1. Extending a Class

c"=*9H)92;*,*B7,00*&2*-B,7,*I=0)*7&E9*$"=*A"=7;*&2*?,:,D*A&)(*)(9 extends E9$A"%;.

class Employee extends Person {

var salary: Double
...
}

60*&2*?,:,D*$"=*0#9B&>$*>&97;0*,2;*19)(";0*)(,)*,%9*29A*)"*)(9*0=CB7,00*"%*)(,)*":9%%&;9
19)(";0*&2*)(9*0=#9%B7,00.

60*&2*?,:,D*$"=*B,2*;9B7,%9*,*B7,00 final 0"*)(,)*&)*B,22")*C9*9H)92;9;.*c"=*B,2*,70"

;9B7,%9*&2;&:&;=,7*19)(";0*"%*>&97;0*MzN*,0 final 0"*)(,)*)(9$*B,22")*C9*":9%%&;;92.*M-99
-9B)&"2*\ >"%*":9%%&;&2'*>&97;0.N

8.2. Overriding Methods

G2*-B,7,D*$"= must =09*)(9 override 1";&>&9%*A(92*$"=*":9%%&;9*,*19)(";*)(,)*&02L)
,C0)%,B).*M-99 -9B)&"2*^ >"%*,C0)%,B)*19)(";0.N*Y"%*9H,1#79D

public class Person {

...
override def toString = getClass.getName + "[name=" + name + "]"
}

<(9 override 1";&>&9%*B,2*'&:9*=09>=7*9%%"%*1900,'90*&2*,*2=1C9%*">*B"11"2*B,090.

61"2'*)(91*,%9R

]]
 d b(92*$"=*1&00#977*)(9*2,19*">*)(9*19)(";*)(,)*$"=*,%9*":9%%&;&2'
d b(92*$"=*,BB&;92),77$*#%":&;9*)(9*A%"2'*#,%,19)9%*)$#9*&2*)(9*":9%%&;&2'
19)(";
d b(92*$"=*&2)%";=B9*,*29A*19)(";*&2*,*0=#9%B7,00*)(,)*B7,0(90*A&)(*,*0=CB7,00
19)(";

Note: <(9*7,0)*B,09*&0*,2*&20),2B9*">*)(9 fragile base class problemD*A(9%9*,

B(,2'9*&2*)(9*0=#9%B7,00*B,22")*C9*:9%&>&9;*A&)("=)*7""E&2'*,)*,77*)(9
0=CB7,0090.*/9%9*&0*,2*9H,1#79.*-=##"09*#%"'%,119%*67&B9*;9>&290*,
Person B7,00D*,2;D*=2C9E2"A20)*)"*67&B9D*#%"'%,119%*V"C*;9>&290*,*0=CB7,00
Student A&)(*,*19)("; id $&97;&2'*)(9*0)=;92)*GU.*T,)9%D*67&B9*,70"*;9>&290*,
19)("; id )(,)*("7;0*)(9*#9%0"2L0*2,)&"2,7*GU.*b(92*V"C*#&BE0*=#*)(,)*B(,2'9D
0"19)(&2'*1,$*C%9,E*&2*V"CL0*#%"'%,1*MC=)*2")*&2*67&B9L0*)90)*B,090N*0&2B9
Student "CI9B)0*%9)=%2*=29H#9B9;*GU0.

G2*?,:,D*"29*&0*">)92*,;:&09;*)"*n0"7:9o*)(&0*#%"C791*C$*;9B7,%&2'*,77*19)(";0
,0 final =27900*)(9$*,%9*9H#7&B&)7$*;90&'29;*)"*C9*":9%%&;;92.*<(,)*0"=2;0
'"";*&2*)(9"%$D*C=)*#%"'%,119%0*(,)9*&)*&>*)(9$*B,2L)*9:92*1,E9*)(9*1"0)
&22"B="=0*B(,2'90*)"*,*19)(";*M0=B(*,0*,;;&2'*,*7"''&2'*B,77N.*<(,)L0*A($
?,:,*9:92)=,77$*&2)%";=B9;*,2*"#)&"2,7 @Overrides ,22"),)&"2.

G2:"E&2'*,*0=#9%B7,00*19)(";*A"%E0*9H,B)7$*7&E9*&2*?,:,D*A&)(*)(9*E9$A"%; superR

public class Employee extends Person {

override def toString = super.
super.toString + "[salary=" + salary + "]"
}

<(9*B,77 super.toString B,770*)(9 toString 19)(";*">*)(9*0=#9%B7,00D*)(,)*&0D*)(9

Person.toString 19)(";.

8.3. Type Checks and Casts

<"*)90)*A(9)(9%*,2*"CI9B)*C97"2'0*)"*,*'&:92*B7,00D*$"=*=09*)(9 isInstanceOf 19)(";.*G>
)(9*)90)*0=BB99;0D*$"=*B,2*=09*)(9 asInstanceOf 19)(";*)"*B"2:9%)*,*%9>9%92B9*)"*,
0=CB7,00*%9>9%92B9.

if (p.isInstanceOf[Student]) {
val s = p.asInstanceOf[Student] // s (,0*)$#9 Student
...
}

<(9 p.isInstanceOf[Student] )90)*0=BB99;0*&> p %9>9%0*)"*,2*"CI9B)*">*B7,00 Student "%*,

0=CB7,00*M0=B(*,0 GraduateStudentN.

]^
G> p &0 nullD*)(92 p.isInstanceOf[Student] %9)=%20 false ,2; p.asInstanceOf[Student]
%9)=%20 null.

G> p &0*2")*,*0)=;92)D*)(92 p.asInstanceOf[Student] %9)=%20 nullh&)*;"90*2")*)(%"A*,2

9HB9#)&"2.

G>*$"=*A,2)*)"*)90)*A(9)(9% p %9>9%0*)"*, Student "CI9B)D*C=)*2")*,*0=CB7,00D*=09

if (p.getClass == classOf[Student])

<(9 classOf 19)(";*&0*;9>&29;*&2*)(9 scala.Predef "CI9B)*)(,)*&0*,7A,$0*&1#"%)9;.

<,C79*5 0("A0*)(9*B"%%%90#"2;92B9*C9)A992*-B,7,*,2;*?,:,*)$#9*B(9BE0*,2;*B,0)0.

<,C79*^J5R <$#9*!(9BE0*,2;*!,0)0*&2*-B,7,*,2;*?,:,
Scala Java
obj.isInstanceOf[Cl] obj instanceof Cl
obj.asInstanceOf[Cl] (Cl) obj "% null &> obj &0*2")*,2*&20),2B9*"> C
classOf[Cl] Cl.class

/"A9:9%D*#,))9%2*1,)B(&2'*&0*=0=,77$*,*C9))9%*,7)9%2,)&:9*)(,2*=0&2'*)$#9*B(9BE0*,2;
B,0)0.*Y"%*9H,1#79D

p match {
case s: Student => ... // S%"B900 s ,0*, Student
case _ => ... // p A,02L)*, Student
}

-99 )(9*nS,))9%2*P,)B(&2'*,2;*!,09*!7,0090o*B(,#)9% >"%*1"%9*&2>"%1,)&"2.

8.4. Protected Fields and Methods

60*&2*?,:,*"%*!@@D*$"=*B,2*;9B7,%9*,*>&97;*"%*19)(";*,0 protected.*-=B(*,*191C9%*&0
,BB900&C79*>%"1*,2$*0=CB7,00D*C=)*2")*>%"1*")(9%*7"B,)&"20.

e27&E9*&2*?,:,D*, protected 191C9%*&0 not :&0&C79*)(%"='("=)*)(9*#,BE,'9*)"*A(&B(*)(9

B7,00*C97"2'0.*MG>*$"=*A,2)*)(&0*:&0&C&7&)$D*$"=*B,2*=09*,*#,BE,'9*1";&>&9%h099 )(9
nS,BE,'90*,2;*G1#"%)0o*B(,#)9%.N

<(9%9*&0*,70"*, protected[this] :,%&,2)*)(,)*%90)%&B)0*,BB900*)"*)(9*B=%%92)*"CI9B)D*0&1&7,%

)"*)(9 private[this] :,%&,2)*;&0B=009;*&2 )(9*n!7,0090o*B(,#)9%.

]_
8.5. Superclass Construction
89B,77*>%"1 )(9*n!7,0090o*B(,#)9% )(,)*,*B7,00*(,0*,2$*2=1C9%*">*,=H&7&,%$*B"20)%=B)"%0
,2;*"29*#%&1,%$*B"20)%=B)"%D*,2;*)(,)*,77*,=H&7&,%$*B"20)%=B)"%0*1=0)*0),%)*A&)(*,*B,77*)"*,
#%9B9;&2'*,=H&7&,%$*B"20)%=B)"%*"%*)(9*#%&1,%$*B"20)%=B)"%.

60*,*B"209K=92B9D*,2*,=H&7&,%$*B"20)%=B)"%*B,2 never &2:"E9*,*0=#9%B7,00*B"20)%=B)"%

;&%9B)7$.

<(9*,=H&7&,%$*B"20)%=B)"%0*">*)(9*0=CB7,00*9:92)=,77$*B,77*)(9*#%&1,%$*B"20)%=B)"%*">*)(9
0=CB7,00.*Q27$*)(9*#%&1,%$*B"20)%=B)"%*B,2*B,77*,*0=#9%B7,00*B"20)%=B)"%.

89B,77*)(,)*)(9*#%&1,%$*B"20)%=B)"%*&0*&2)9%)A&29;*A&)(*)(9*B7,00*;9>&2&)&"2.*<(9*B,77*)"*)(9
0=#9%B7,00*B"20)%=B)"%*&0*0&1&7,%7$*&2)9%)A&29;.*/9%9*&0*,2*9H,1#79.

<(9*-B,7,*9K=&:,792)*&0R

class Employee(name: String, age: Int, val salary : Double) extends

Person(name, age)

<(&0*;9>&290*,*0=CB7,00

class Employee(name: String, age: Int, val salary : Double) extends

Person(name, age)

,2;*,*#%&1,%$*B"20)%=B)"%*)(,)*B,770*)(9*0=#9%B7,00*B"20)%=B)"%

class Employee(name: String, age: Int, val salary : Double) extends

Person(name, age)

G2)9%)A&2&2'*)(9*B7,00*,2;*)(9*B"20)%=B)"%*1,E90*>"%*:9%$*B"2B&09*B";9.*c"=*1,$*>&2;*&)
(97#>=7*)"*)(&2E*">*)(9*#%&1,%$*B"20)%=B)"%*#,%,19)9%0*,0*#,%,19)9%0*">*)(9*B7,00.*/9%9D
)(9 Employee B7,00*(,0*)(%99*#,%,19)9%0 nameD ageD*,2; salaryD*)A"*">*A(&B(*&)*n#,0090o*)"
)(9*0=#9%B7,00.

G2*?,:,D*)(9*9K=&:,792)*B";9*&0*K=&)9*,*C&)*1"%9*:9%C"09.

public class Employee extends Person { // ?,:,

private double salary;
public Employee(String name, int age, double salary) {
super(name, age);
this.salary = salary;
}
}

^4
 Note: G2*,*-B,7,*B"20)%=B)"%D*$"=*B,2*29:9%*B,77 super(params)D*,0*$"=*A"=7;
&2*?,:,D*)"*B,77*)(9*0=#9%B7,00*B"20)%=B)"%.

6*-B,7,*B7,00*B,2*9H)92;*,*?,:,*B7,00.*G)0*#%&1,%$*B"20)%=B)"%*1=0)*&2:"E9*"29*">*)(9
B"20)%=B)"%0*">*)(9*?,:,*0=#9%B7,00.*Y"%*9H,1#79D

class Square(x: Int, y: Int, width: Int) extends

java.awt.Rectangle(x, y, width, width)

8.6. Overriding Fields

89B,77*>%"1 )(9*n!7,0090o*B(,#)9% )(,)*,*>&97;*&2*-B,7,*B"20&0)0*">*,*#%&:,)9*>&97; and
,BB900"%i1=),)"%*19)(";0.*c"=*B,2*":9%%&;9*, val M"%*,*#,%,19)9%7900 defN*A&)(*,2")(9%
val >&97;*">*)(9*0,19*2,19.*<(9*0=CB7,00*(,0*,*#%&:,)9*>&97;*,2;*,*#=C7&B*'9))9%D*,2;*)(9
'9))9%*":9%%&;90*)(9*0=#9%B7,00*'9))9%*M"%*19)(";N.

Y"%*9H,1#79D

class Person(val name: String) {

override def toString = getClass.getName + "[name=" + name + "]"
}

class SecretAgent(codename: String) extends Person(codename) {

override val name = "secret" // U"2L)*A,2)*)"*%9:9,7*2,19...
override val toString = "secret" // ..."%*B7,00*2,19
}

<(&0*9H,1#79*0("A0*)(9*19B(,2&B0D*C=)*&)*&0*%,)(9%*,%)&>&B&,7.*6*1"%9*B"11"2*B,09*&0*)"
":9%%&;9*,2*,C0)%,B) def A&)(*, valD*7&E9*)(&0R

abstract class Person { // -99 -9B)&"2*^ >"%*,C0)%,B)*B7,0090

def id: Int // W,B(*#9%0"2*(,0*,2*GU*)(,)*&0*B"1#=)9;*&2*0"19*A,$
...
}

class Student(override
override val id: Int) extends Person
// 6*0)=;92)*GU*&0*0&1#7$*#%":&;9;*&2*)(9*B"20)%=B)"%

f")9*)(9*>"77"A&2'*%90)%&B)&"20*M099*,70" <,C79*3NR

d 6 def B,2*"27$*":9%%&;9*,2")(9% def

d 6 val B,2*"27$*":9%%&;9*,2")(9% val "%*#,%,19)9%7900 def

^5
 d 6 var B,2*"27$*":9%%&;9*,2*,C0)%,B) var M099 -9B)&"2*^N

<,C79*^J3R Q:9%%&;&2' valD defD*,2; var

with val with var

with
def
d 0=CB7,00*(,0
#%&:,)9*>&97;*MA&)(
)(9*0,19*2,19*,0
Override W%%"%R*299;0*)"*C9*,*0),C79D*&11=),C79
val
)(9*0=#9%B7,00
:,7=9
>&97;h)(,)L0*QaN
d '9))9%*":9%%&;90
0=#9%B7,00*'9))9%
d 0=CB7,00*(,0 6 var B,2*":9%%&;9*,*'9))9%i
T&E9
Override #%&:,)9*>&97; 09))9%*#,&%.*Q:9%%&;&2'*I=0)*,
def
&2
d '9))9%*":9%%&;90 '9))9%*;"902L)*A"%E*MW%%"%R*09))9%
?,:,
0=#9%B7,00*19)("; ":9%%&;90*2")(&2'N
Override Q27$*&>*)(9*0=#9%B7,00 var &0
var
W%%"%R*":9%%&;&2'*:,%&,C79
,C0)%,B)*M099 -9B)&"2*^N

Note: G2 )(9*n!7,0090o*B(,#)9%D*G*0,&;*)(,)*&)L0*"E*)"*=09*, var C9B,=09*$"=*B,2

,7A,$0*B(,2'9*$"=%*1&2;*,2;*%9&1#79192)*&)*,0*,*'9))9%i09))9%*#,&%.*/"A9:9%D
)(9*#%"'%,119%0*9H)92;&2'*$"=%*B7,00*;"*2")*(,:9*)(,)*B("&B9.*<(9$*B,22")
":9%%&;9*, var A&)(*,*'9))9%i09))9%*#,&%.*G2*")(9%*A"%;0D*&>*$"=*#%":&;9*, varD*,77
0=CB7,0090*,%9*0)=BE*A&)(*&).

8.7. Anonymous Subclasses

60*&2*?,:,D*$"=*1,E9*,2*&20),2B9*">*,2 anonymous 0=CB7,00*&>*$"=*&2B7=;9*,*C7"BE*A&)(
;9>&2&)&"20*"%*":9%%&;90D*0=B(*,0

val alien = new Person("Fred") {

override val toString = "Greetings, Earthling! My name is Fred."
}

<9B(2&B,77$D*)(&0*1,E90*, structural typeh099 )(9*n-)%=B)=%,7*<$#90o*B(,#)9% >"%*;9),&70.

G2*?,:,D*,77*,2"2$1"=0*B7,0090*,%9*;&0)&2B)D*C=)*&2*-B,7,D*,2"2$1"=0*)$#90*A&)(*)(9*0,19
0)%=B)=%9*,%9*,B)=,77$*)(9*0,19*)$#9.

^3
8.8. Abstract Classes
60*&2*?,:,D*$"=*=09*)(9 abstract E9$A"%;*)"*;92")9*,*B7,00*)(,)*B,22")*C9*&20),2)&,)9;D
=0=,77$*C9B,=09*"29*"%*1"%9*">*&)0*19)(";0*&0*2")*;9>&29;.*Y"%*9H,1#79D

abstract class Person(val name: String) {

def id(): Int // f"*19)(";*C";$h)(&0*&0*,2*,C0)%,B)*19)(";
{

/9%9*A9*0,$*)(,)*9:9%$*#9%0"2*(,0*,2*GUD*C=)*A9*;"2L)*E2"A*("A*)"*B"1#=)9*&).*W,B(
B"2B%9)9*0=CB7,00*"> Person 299;0*)"*0#9B&>$*,2 id 19)(";.*G2*-B,7,D*=27&E9*?,:,D*$"=*;"
2")*=09*)(9 abstract E9$A"%;*>"%*,2*,C0)%,B)*19)(";.*c"=*0&1#7$*"1&)*&)0*C";$.*60*&2
?,:,D*,*B7,00*A&)(*,)*79,0)*"29*,C0)%,B)*19)(";*1=0)*C9*;9B7,%9; abstract.

G2*,*0=CB7,00D*$"=*299;*2")*=09*)(9 override E9$A"%;*A(92*$"=*;9>&29*,*19)(";*)(,)*A,0

,C0)%,B)*&2*)(9*0=#9%B7,00.

class Employee(name: String) extends Person(name) {

def id() = 42 // override E9$A"%;*2")*%9K=&%9;
}

8.9. Abstract Fields

G2*,;;&)&"2*)"*,C0)%,B)*19)(";0D*,*B7,00*B,2*,70"*(,:9*,C0)%,B)*>&97;0.*62*,C0)%,B)*>&97;*&0
0&1#7$*,*>&97;*A&)("=)*,2*&2&)&,7*:,7=9.*Y"%*9H,1#79D

abstract class Person {

val id: Int // f"*&2&)&,7&p9%h)(&0*&0*,2*,C0)%,B)*>&97;*A&)(*,2*,C0)%,B)*'9))9%*19)(";
var name: String // 62")(9%*,C0)%,B)*>&97;D*A&)(*,C0)%,B)*'9))9%*,2;*09))9%*19)(";0
}

<(&0*B7,00*;9>&290*,C0)%,B)*'9))9%*19)(";0*>"%*)(9 id ,2; name >&97;0D*,2;*,2*,C0)%,B)*09))9%

>"%*)(9 name >&97;.*<(9*'929%,)9;*?,:,*B7,00*(,0 no fields.

!"2B%9)9*0=CB7,0090*1=0)*#%":&;9*B"2B%9)9*>&97;0D*>"%*9H,1#79R

class Employee(val id: Int) extends Person { // -=CB7,00*(,0*B"2B%9)9 id #%"#9%)$

var name = "" // ,2;*B"2B%9)9 name #%"#9%)$
}

60*A&)(*19)(";0D*2" override E9$A"%;*&0*%9K=&%9;*&2*)(9*0=CB7,00*A(92*$"=*;9>&29*,

>&97;*)(,)*A,0*,C0)%,B)*&2*)(9*0=#9%B7,00.

c"=*B,2*,7A,$0*B=0)"1&p9*,2*,C0)%,B)*>&97;*C$*=0&2'*,2*,2"2$1"=0*)$#9R

^X
 val fred = new Person {
val id = 1729
var name = "Fred"
}

8.10. Construction Order and Early Definitions (L3)

b(92*$"=*":9%%%&;9*, val &2*,*0=CB7,00 and =09*)(9*:,7=9*&2*,*0=#9%B7,00*B"20)%=B)"%D*)(92
)(9*%90=7)&2'*C9(,:&"%*&0*=2&2)=&)&:9.

/9%9*&0*,2*9H,1#79.*6*B%9,)=%9*B,2*09209*,*#,%)*">*&)0*92:&%"2192).*Y"%*0&1#7&B&)$D*A9
,00=19*)(9*B%9,)=%9*7&:90*&2*,*"29J;&1920&"2,7*A"%7;D*,2;*)(9*0920"%$*;,),*,%9
%9#%9092)9;*,0*&2)9'9%0.*6*;9>,=7)*B%9,)=%9*B,2*099*)92*=2&)0*,(9,;.

class Creature {
val range: Int = 10
val env: Array[Int] = new Array[Int](range)
}

62)0D*("A9:9%D*,%9*29,%J0&'()9;R

class Ant extends Creature {

override val range = 2
}

e2>"%)=2,)97$D*A9*2"A*(,:9*,*#%"C791.*<(9 range :,7=9*&0*=09;*&2*)(9*0=#9%B7,00

B"20)%=B)"%D*,2;*)(9*0=#9%B7,00*B"20)%=B)"%*%=20 before )(9*0=CB7,00*B"20)%=B)"%.
-#9B&>&B,77$D*(9%9*&0*A(,)*(,##920.

5. <(9 Ant B"20)%=B)"%*B,770*)(9 Creature B"20)%=B)"%*C9>"%9*;"&2'*&)0*"A2

B"20)%=B)&"2
3. <(9 Creature B"20)%=B)"%*09)0 its range >&97;*)"*54.
X. <(9 Creature B"20)%=B)"%D*&2*"%;9%*)"*&2&)&,7&p9*)(9 env ,%%,$D*B,770*)(9 range()
'9))9%
Z. <(,)*19)(";*&0*":9%%&;;92*)"*$&97;*)(9*M,0*$9)*=2&2&)&,7&p9;N range >&97;*">*)(9 Ant
B7,00
[. <(9 range 19)(";*%9)=%20*4.*M<(,)*&0*)(9*&2&)&,7*:,7=9*">*,77*&2)9'9%*>&97;0*A(92*,2
"CI9B)*&0*,77"B,)9;.N
\. env &0*09)*)"*,2*,%%,$*">*792')(*4.
]. <(9 Ant B"20)%=B)"%*B"2)&2=90D*09))&2'*&)0*%,2'9*>&97;*)"*3.

W:92*)("='(*&)*,##9,%0*,0*&> range A,0*9&)(9%*54*"%*3D env (,0*C992*09)*)"*,2*,%%,$*">

792')(*4.*<(9*1"%,7*&0*)(,)*$"=*0("=7;*2")*%97$*"2*)(9*:,7=9*">*, val &2*)(9*C";$*">*,
B"20)%=B)"%.

^Z
G2*?,:,D*$"=*(,:9*,*0&1&7,%*&00=9*A(92*$"=*B,77*,*19)(";*&2*,*0=#9%B7,00*B"20)%=B)"%.*<(9
19)(";*1&'()*C9*":9%%&;;92*&2*,*0=CB7,00D*,2;*&)*1&'()*2")*;"*A(,)*$"=*A,2)*&)*)"*;".*MG2
>,B)D*)(,)*&0*)(9*%"")*B,=09*">*"=%*#%"C791h)(9*9H#%900&"2 range B,770*)(9*'9))9%*19)(";.N

<(9%9*,%9*09:9%,7*%919;&90R

d U9B7,%9*)(9 val ,0 final.*<(&0*&0*0,>9*C=)*2")*:9%$*>79H&C79.

d U9B7,%9*)(9 val ,0 lazy M099*`8WYN.*<(&0*&0*0,>9*C=)*,*C&)*&29>>&B&92).
d e09*)(9 early definition syntax &2*)(9*0=CB7,00h099*C97"A

<(9*n9,%7$*;9>&2&)&"2o*0$2),H*79)0*$"=*&2&)&,7&p9 val >&97;0*">*,*0=CB7,00 before )(9

0=#9%B7,00*&0*9H9B=)9;.*<(9*0$2),H*&0*0"*='7$*)(,)*"27$*,*1")(9%*B"=7;*7":9*&).*c"=*#7,B9
)(9 val >&97;0*&2*,*C7"BE*,>)9%*)(9 extends E9$A"%;D*7&E9*)(&0R

class Bug extends {

override val range = 3
} with Creature

f")9*)(9 with E9$A"%;*C9>"%9*)(9*0=#9%B7,00*2,19.*<(&0*E9$A"%;*&0*2"%1,77$*=09;*A&)(

)%,&)0h099 )(9*n<%,&)0o*B(,#)9%.

<(9*%&'()*(,2;*0&;9*">*,2*9,%7$*;9>&2&)&"2*B,2*"27$*%9>9%*)"*#%9:&"=0*9,%7$*;9>&2&)&"20D*2")
)"*")(9%*>&97;0*"%*19)(";0*">*)(9*B7,00.

Tip: c"=*B,2*;9C='*B"20)%=B)&"2*"%;9%*#%"C7910*A&)(*)(9 -Xcheckinit

B"1#&79%*>7,'.*<(&0*>7,'*'929%,)90*B";9*)(,)*)(%"A0*,2*9HB9#)&"2*M&20)9,;*">
$&97;&2'*)(9*;9>,=7)*:,7=9N*A(92*,2*=2&2&)&,7&p9;*>&97;*&0*,BB9009;.

Note: 6)*)(9*%"")*">*)(9*B"20)%=B)&"2*"%;9%*#%"C791*7&90*,*;90&'2*;9B&0&"2*">
)(9*?,:,*7,2'=,'9D*2,197$*)"*,77"A*)(9*&2:"B,)&"2*">*0=CB7,00*19)(";0*&2*,
0=#9%B7,00*B"20)%=B)"%.*G2*!@@D*,2*"CI9B)L0*:&%)=,7*>=2B)&"2*),C79*#"&2)9%*&0*09)
)"*)(9*),C79*">*)(9*0=#9%B7,00*A(92*)(9*0=#9%B7,00*B"20)%=B)"%*9H9B=)90.
6>)9%A,%;0D*)(9*#"&2)9%*&0*09)*)"*)(9*0=CB7,00*),C79.*<(9%9>"%9D*&2*!@@D*&)*&0*2")
#"00&C79*)"*1";&>$*B"20)%=B)"%*C9(,:&"%*)(%"='(*":9%%&;&2'.*<(9*?,:,
;90&'29%0*>97)*)(,)*)(&0*0=C)79)$*A,0*=229B900,%$D*,2;*)(9*?,:,*:&%)=,7*1,B(&29
;"90*2")*,;I=0)*)(9*:&%)=,7*>=2B)&"2*),C79*;=%&2'*B"20)%=B)&"2.

8.11. The Scala Inheritance Hierarchy

Y&'=%9*5 0("A0*)(9*&2(9%&),2B9*(&9%,%B($*">*-B,7,*B7,0090.*<(9*B7,0090*)(,)*B"%%90#"2;*)"
)(9*#%&1&)&:9*)$#90*&2*?,:,D*,0*A977*,0*)(9*)$#9 UnitD*9H)92; AnyVal.

^[
677*")(9%*B7,0090*,%9*0=CB7,0090*">*)(9 AnyRef B7,00D*A(&B(*&0*,*0$2"2$1*>"%*)(9 Object
B7,00*>%"1*)(9*?,:,*"%*.fW<*:&%)=,7*1,B(&29.

V")( AnyVal ,2; AnyRef 9H)92;*)(9 Any B7,00D*)(9*%"")*">*)(9*(&9%,%B($.

Y&'=%9*^J5R <(9*G2(9%&),2B9*/&9%,%B($*">*-B,7,*!7,0090From: Odersky, Altherr,

et al., An Overview of the Scala Programming Language, Second Edition,
Technical Report LAMP-REPORT-2006-001, ƒcole Polytechnique FŽdŽrale de
Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland

<(9 Any B7,00*;9>&290*19)(";0 isInstanceOfD asInstanceOfD*,2;*)(9*19)(";0*>"%*9K=,7&)$

,2;*(,0(*B";90*)(,)*A9*A&77*7""E*,)*&2*`8WY.

AnyVal ;"90*2")*,;;*,2$*19)(";0.*G)*&0*I=0)*,*1,%E9%*>"%*:,7=9*)$#90.

<(9 AnyRef B7,00*,;;0*)(9*1"2&)"%*19)(";0 wait ,2; notifyinotifyAll >%"1*)(9

Object B7,00.*G)*,70"*#%":&;90*, synchronized 19)(";*A&)(*,*>=2B)&"2*#,%,19)9%.*<(,)
19)(";*&0*)(9*9K=&:,792)*">*, synchronized C7"BE*&2*?,:,.*Y"%*9H,1#79D

account.synchronized { account.balance += amount }

^\
 Note: ?=0)*7&E9*&2*?,:,D*G*0=''90)*$"=*0),$*,A,$*>%"1 waitD notifyD*,2;
synchronized =27900*$"=*(,:9*,*'"";*%9,0"2*)"*=09*)(91*&20)9,;*">*(&'(9%J
79:97*B"2B=%%92B$*B"20)%=B)0.

677*-B,7,*B7,0090*&1#79192)*)(9*1,%E9%*&2)9%>,B9 ScalaObjectD*A(&B(*(,0*2"*19)(";0.

Q2*)(9*")(9%*92;*">*)(9*(&9%,%B($*,%9*)(9 Nothing ,2; Null )$#90.

Null &0*)(9*)$#9*A("09*0"79*&20),2B9*&0*)(9*:,7=9 null.*c"=*B,2*,00&'2 null )"*,2$

%9>9%92B9D*C=)*2")*)"*"29*">*)(9*:,7=9*)$#90.*Y"%*9H,1#79D*09))&2'*,2 Int )"*2=77*&0*2")
#"00&C79.*<(&0*&0*C9))9%*)(,2*&2*?,:,D*A(9%9*&)*A"=7;*C9*#"00&C79*)"*09)*,2 Integer A%,##9%
)" null.

<(9 Nothing )$#9*(,0*2"*&20),2B90.*G)*&0*"BB,0&"2,77$*=09>=7*>"%*'929%&B*B"20)%=B)0.*Y"%

9H,1#79D*)(9*91#)$*7&0) Nil (,0*)$#9 List[Nothing]D*A(&B(*&0*,*0=C)$#9*"> List[T] >"%
,2$ T.

Caution: <(9 Nothing )$#9*&0*2")*,)*,77*)(9*0,19*,0 void &2*?,:,*"%*!@@.*G2

-B,7,D void &0*%9#%9092)9;*C$*)(9 Unit )$#9D*)(9*)$#9*A&)(*)(9*0"79*:,7=9 ().
f")9*)(,) Unit &0*2")*,*0=#9%)$#9*">*,2$*")(9%*)$#9.*/"A9:9%D*)(9*B"1#&79%*0)&77
,77"A0*,2$*:,7=9*)"*C9 replaced C$*, ().*!"20&;9%

def printAny(x: Any) { println(x) }

def printUnit(x: Unit) { println(x) }
printAny("Hello") // S%&2)0 Hello
printUnit("Hello")
// 89#7,B90 "Hello" A&)( () ,2;*B,770 printUnit(())D*A(&B(*#%&2)0 ()

8.12. Object Equality (L1)

G2*-B,7,D*)(9 eq 19)(";*">*)(9 AnyRef B7,00*B(9BE0*A(9)(9%*)A"*%9>9%92B90*%9>9%*)"*)(9
0,19*"CI9B).*<(9 equals 19)(";*&2 AnyRef B,770 eq.*b(92*$"=*&1#79192)*,*B7,00D*$"=
0("=7;*B"20&;9%*":9%%&;&2'*)(9 equals 19)(";*)"*#%":&;9 ,*2,)=%,7*2")&"2*">*9K=,7&)$*>"%
$"=%*0&)=,)&"2.

Y"%*9H,1#79D*&>*$"=*;9>&29*, class Item(val description: String, val price:

Double)D*$"=*1&'()*A,2)*)"*B"20&;9%*)A"*&)910*9K=,7*&>*)(9$*(,:9*)(9*0,19*;90B%&#)&"2
,2;*#%&B9.*/9%9*&0*,2*,##%"#%&,)9 equals 19)(";R

final override def equals(other: Any) = {

val that = other.asInstanceOf[Item]
if (that == null) false

^]
 else description == that.description && price == that.price
}

Note: b9*;9>&29;*)(9*19)(";*,0 final C9B,=09*&)*&0*'929%,77$*:9%$*;&>>&B=7)*)"

B"%%9B)7$*9H)92;*9K=,7&)$*&2*,*0=CB7,00.*<(9*#%"C791*&0*0$119)%$.*c"=*A,2)
a.equals(b) )"*(,:9*)(9*0,19*%90=7)*,0 b.equals(a)D*9:92*&> b C97"2'0*)"*,
0=CB7,00.

Caution: V9*0=%9*)"*;9>&29*)(9 equals 19)(";*A&)(*#,%,19)9%*)$#9 Any.*<(9

>"77"A&2'*A"=7;*C9*A%"2'R

final def equals(other: Iten) = { ... }

<(&0*&0*,*;&>>9%92)*19)(";*)(,)*;"90*2")*":9%%&;9*)(9 equals 19)(";*"> AnyRef.

b(92*$"=*;9>&29 equalsD*%9191C9%*)"*;9>&29 hashCode ,0*A977.*<(9*(,0(*B";9*0("=7;*C9

B"1#=)9;*"27$*>%"1*)(9*>&97;0*)(,)*$"=*=09;*&2*)(9*9K=,7&)$*B(9BE.*G2*)(9 Item 9H,1#79D
B"1C&29*)(9*(,0(*B";90*">*)(9*>&97;0R

final override def hashCode = 13 * description.hashCode + 17 * price.hashCode

Tip: c"=*,%9*2")*B"1#9779;*)"*":9%%&;9 equals ,2; hashCode.*Y"%*1,2$

B7,0090D*&)*&0*,##%"#%&,)9*)"*B"20&;9%*;&0)&2B)*"CI9B)0*=29K=,7.*Y"%*9H,1#79D*&>
$"=*(,:9*)A"*;&0)&2B)*&2#=)*0)%9,10*"%*%,;&"*C=))"20D*$"=*A&77*29:9%*B"20&;9%
)(91*9K=,7.

G2*,2*,##7&B,)&"2*#%"'%,1D*$"=*;"2L)*'929%,77$*B,77 eq "% equals.*-&1#7$*=09*)(9 ==

"#9%,)"%.*G)*B,770 equals >"%*%9>9%92B9*)$#90D*,>)9%*;"&2'*)(9*,##%"#%&,)9*B(9BE*>"% null
"#9%,2;0.

8.13. Exercises
5. WH)92;*)(9*>"77"A&2' BankAccount B7,00*)"*, CheckingAccount B7,00*)(,)*B(,%'90
|5*>"%*9:9%$*;9#"0&)*,2;*A&)(;%,A,7.

class BankAccount(initialBalance: Double) {

private var balance = initialBalance
def deposit(amount: Double) = { balance += amount; balance }
def withdraw(amount: Double) = { balance -= amount; balance }
}

3. WH)92;*)(9 BankAccount B7,00*">*)(9*#%9B9;&2'*9H9%B&09*)"*,*B7,00 SavingsAccount

)(,)*9,%20*&2)9%90)*9:9%$*1"2)(*MA(92*,*19)("; earnMonthlyInterest &0*B,779;N

^^
 ,2;*)(,)*(,0*)(%99*>%99*;9#"0&)0*"%*A&)(;%,A,70*9:9%$*1"2)(.*8909)*)(9
)%,20,B)&"2*B"=2)*&2*)(9 earnMonthlyInterest 19)(";.
X. !"20=7)*$"=%*>,:"%&)9*?,:,*"%*!@@*)9H)C""E*)(,)*&0*0=%9*)"*(,:9*,2*9H,1#79*">*,
)"$*&2(9%&),2B9*(&9%,%B($D*#9%(,#0*&2:"7:&2'*91#7"$990D*#9)0D*'%,#(&B,7*0(,#90D
"%*)(9*7&E9.*G1#79192)*)(9*9H,1#79*&2*-B,7,.
Z. U9>&29*,2*,C0)%,B)*B7,00 Item A&)(*19)(";0 price ,2; description.*6 SimpleItem
&0*,2*&)91*A("09*#%&B9*,2;*;90B%&#)&"2*,%9*0#9B&>&9;*&2*)(9*B"20)%=B)"%.*<,E9
,;:,2),'9*">*)(9*>,B)*)(,)*, val B,2*":9%%&;9*, def.*6 Bundle &0*,2*&)91*)(,)
B"2),&20*")(9%*&)910.*G)0*#%&B9*&0*)(9*0=1*">*)(9*#%&B90*&2*)(9*C=2;79.*670"*#%":&;9
,*19B(,2&01*>"%*,;;&2'*&)910*)"*)(9*C=2;79*,2;*,*0=&),C79 description 19)(";.
[. U90&'2*,*B7,00 Point A("09 xJ*,2; yJB""%;&2,)9*:,7=90*B,2*C9*#%":&;9;*&2*,
B"20)%=B)"%.*S%":&;9*,*0=CB7,00 LabeledPoint A("09*B"20)%=B)"%*),E90*,*7,C97
:,7=9*,2; xJ*,2; yJB""%;&2,)90D*0=B(*,0

new LabeledPoint("Black Thursday", 1929, 230.07)

\. U9>&29*,2*,C0)%,B)*B7,00 Shape A&)(*,2*,C0)%,B)*19)("; centerPoint ,2;

0=CB7,0090 Rectangle ,2; Circle.*S%":&;9*,##%"#%&,)9*B"20)%=B)"%0*>"%*)(9
0=CB7,0090*,2;*":9%%&;9*)(9 centerPoint 19)(";*&2*9,B(*0=CB7,00.
]. S%":&;9*,*B7,00 Square )(,)*9H)92;0 java.awt.Rectangle ,2;*(,0*)(%99
B"20)%=B)"%0D*"29*)(,)*B"20)%=B)0*,*0K=,%9*A&)(*,*'&:92*B"%29%*#"&2)*,2;*A&;)(D
"29*)(,)*B"20)%=B)0*,*0K=,%9*A&)(*B"%29%*M4D*4N*,2;*,*'&:92*A&;)(D*,2;*"29*)(,)
B"20)%=B)0*,*0K=,%9*A&)(*B"%29%*M4D*4N*,2;*A&;)(*4.
^. !"1#&79*)(9 Person ,2; SecretAgent B7,0090*&2 -9B)&"2*\ ,2;*,2,7$p9*)(9*B7,00
>&790*A&)( javap.*/"A*1,2$ name >&97;0*,%9*)(9%9g*/"A*1,2$ name '9))9%
19)(";0*,%9*)(9%9g*b(,)*;"*)(9$*'9)g*M/&2)R*e09*)(9 -c ,2; -private "#)&"20.N
_. G2*)(9 Creature B7,00*"> -9B)&"2*54D*%9#7,B9 val range A&)(*, def.*b(,)*(,##920
A(92*$"=*,70"*=09*, def &2*)(9 Ant 0=CB7,00g*b(,)*(,##920*A(92*$"=*=09*, val
&2*)(9*0=CB7,00g*b($g
54. <(9*>&79*0B,7,iB"779B)&"2i&11=),C79i-),BE.0B,7,*B"2),&20*)(9*;9>&2&)&"2

class Stack[A] protected (protected val elems: List[A])

WH#7,&2*)(9*19,2&2'0*">*)(9 protected E9$A"%;0.*M/&2)R*T""E*,)*)(9*;&0B=00&"2

">*#%&:,)9*B"20)%=B)"%0*&2 )(9*n!7,0090o*B(,#)9%.N

^_
9. Files and Regular Expressions (A1)
G2*)(&0*B(,#)9%D*$"=*A&77*79,%2*("A*)"*B,%%$*"=)*B"11"2*>&79*#%"B900&2'*),0E0D*0=B(*,0
%9,;&2'*,77*7&290*"%*A"%;0*">*,*>&79*"%*%9,;&2'*,*>&79*B"2),&2&2'*2=1C9%0.

!(,#)9%*/&'(7&'()0R

d Source.fromFile(...).getLines.toArray $&97;0*,77*7&290*">*,*>&79
d Source.fromFile(...).mkString $&97;0*)(9*>&79*B"2)92)0*,0*,*0)%&2'
d <"*B"2:9%)*,*0)%&2'*&2)"*,*2=1C9%D*=09*)(9 toInt "% toDouble 19)(";.
d e09*)(9*?,:, PrintWriter )"*A%&)9*)9H)*>&790
d "regex".r &0*, Regex "CI9B)
d e09 """...""" &>*$"=%*%9'=7,%*9H#%900&"2*B"2),&20*C,BE07,0(90*"%*K=")90
d G>*,*%9'9H*#,))9%2*(,0*'%"=#0D*$"=*9H)%,B)*)(9&%*B"2)92)0*A&)(*)(9*0$2),H for
(regex(var1, ...,varn) <- string)
d <(9 @serializable ,22"),)&"2*1,E90*,*-B,7,*B7,00*09%&,7&p,C79

9.1. Reading Lines

<"*%9,;*,77*7&290*>%"1*,*>&79D*B,77*)(9 getLines 19)(";*"2*, scala.io.Source "CI9B)R

import io.Source
val source = Source.fromFile("myfile.txt", "UTF-8")
// <(9*>&%0)*,%'=192)*B,2*C9*,*0)%&2'*"%*, java.io.File
// c"=*B,2*"1&)*)(9*92B";&2'*&>*$"=*E2"A*)(,)*)(9*>&79*=090*)(9*;9>,=7)*#7,)>"%1*92B";&2'
val lines = source.getLines

<(9*%90=7)*&0*,2*&)9%,)"%*M099 )(9*n!"779B)&"20o*B(,#)9%N.*c"=*B,2*=09*&)*)"*#%"B900*)(9*7&290
"29*,)*,*)&19R

for (l <- lines) process l

Q%*$"=*B,2*#=)*)(9*7&290*&2)"*,2*,%%,$*"%*,%%,$*C=>>9%*C$*,##7$&2'*)(9 toArray "% toBuffer

19)(";*)"*)(9*&)9%,)"%R

val lines = source.getLines.toArray

-"19)&190D*$"=*I=0)*A,2)*)"*%9,;*,2*92)&%9*>&79*&2)"*,*0)%&2'.*<(,)L0*9:92*0&1#79%R

val contents = source.mkString

_4
 Caution: !,77 close A(92*$"=*,%9*;"29*=0&2'*)(9 Source "CI9B).

9.2. Reading Characters

<"*%9,;*&2;&:&;=,7*B(,%,B)9%0*>%"1*,*>&79D*$"=*B,2*=09*, Source "CI9B)*;&%9B)7$*,0*,2
&)9%,)"%*0&2B9*)(9 Source B7,00*9H)92;0 Iterator[Char].

for (c <- source) process c

G>*$"=*A,2)*)"*C9*,C79*)"*#99E*,)*,*B(,%,B)9%*A&)("=)*B"20=1&2'*&)*M7&E9 istream::peek &2

!@@*"%*, PushbackInputStreamReader &2*?,:,ND*B,77*)(9 buffered 19)(";*"2*)(9*0"=%B9.
<(92*$"=*B,2*#99E*,)*)(9*29H)*&2#=)*A&)(*)(9 head 19)(";*A&)("=)*B"20=1&2'*&)

val source = Source.fromFile("myfile.txt", "UTF-8")

val iter = source.buffered
while (iter.hasNext) {
if (iter.head is nice)
process iter.next
else
...
}
source.close()

67)9%2,)&:97$D*&>*$"=%*>&79*&02L)*7,%'9D*$"=*1,$*I=0)*A,2)*)"*%9,;*&)*&2)"*,*0)%&2'*,2;*#%"B900
)(,)R

val str = source.mkString

9.3. Reading Tokens and Numbers

/9%9*&0*,*K=&BEJ,2;J;&%)$*A,$*">*%9,;&2'*,77*A(&)90#,B9J09#,%,)9;*)"E920*&2*,*0"=%B9R

val tokens = source.mkString.split("\\s+")

<"*B"2:9%)*,*0)%&2'*&2)"*,*2=1C9%D*=09*)(9 toInt "% toDouble 19)(";.*Y"%*9H,1#79D*&>*$"=

(,:9*,*>&79*B"2),&2&2'*>7",)&2'J#"&2)*2=1C9%0D*$"=*B,2*%9,;*)(91*,77*&2)"*,2*,%%,$*,0

val numbers = for (w <- tokens) yield w.toDouble

"%D

val numbers = tokens.map(_.toDouble)

_5
 Tip: 89191C9%h$"=*B,2*,7A,$0*=09*)(9 java.util.Scanner B7,00*)"*#%"B900
,*>&79*)(,)*B"2),&20*,*1&H)=%9*">*)9H)*,2;*2=1C9%0.

Y&2,77$D*2")9*)(,)*$"=*B,2*%9,;*2=1C9%0*>%"1*)(9 consoleR

print("How old are you? ")

// Console &0*&1#"%)9;*C$*;9>,=7)D*0"*$"=*;"2L)*299;*)"*K=,7&>$ print ,2; readInt
val age = readInt()
// Q%*=09 readDoubleD readLong

Caution: <(909*19)(";0*,00=19*)(,)*)(9*29H)*&2#=)*7&29*B"2),&20*,*0&2'79
2=1C9%D*A&)("=)*79,;&2'*"%*)%,&7&2'*A(&)90#,B9.*Q)(9%A&09D*,
NumberFormatException "BB=%0.

9.4. Reading from URLs and Other Sources

<(9 Source "CI9B)*(,0*19)(";0*)"*%9,;*>%"1*0"=%B90*")(9%*)(,2*>&790R

val source1 = Source.fromURL("http://horstmann.com", "UTF-8")

val source2 = Source.fromString("Hello, World!")
// 89,;0*>%"1*)(9*'&:92*0)%&2'h=09>=7*>"%*;9C=''&2'
val source3 = Source.stdin
// 89,;0*>%"1*0),2;,%;*&2#=)

Caution: b(92*$"=*%9,;*>%"1*,*e8TD*$"=*299;*)"*E2"A*)(9*B(,%,B)9%*09)*&2
,;:,2B9D*#9%(,#0*>%"1*,2*/<<S*(9,;9%.*-99 ())#RiiAAA.AX."%'iG2)9%2,)&"2,7i
QJB(,%09) >"%*1"%9*&2>"%1,)&"2.

9.5. Reading Binary Files

-B,7,*(,0*2"*#%":&0&"2*>"%*%9,;&2'*C&2,%$*>&790.*c"=L77*299;*)"*=09*)(9*?,:,*7&C%,%$.*/9%9*&0
("A*$"=*B,2*%9,;*,*>&79*&2)"*,*C$)9*,%%,$R

val file = new File(filename)

val in = new FileInputStream(file)
val bytes = new Array[Byte](file.length.toInt)

_3
 in.read(bytes)
in.close()

9.6. Writing Text Files

-B,7,*(,0*2"*C=&7)J&2*0=##"%)*>"%*A%&)&2'*>&790.*<"*A%&)9*)9H)*>&790D*=09*,
java.io.PrintWriter.*Y"%*9H,1#79D

val out = new PrintWriter("numbers.txt")

for (i <- 1 to 100) out.println(i)
out.close()

677*A"%E0*,0*9H#9B)9;D*9HB9#)*>"%*)(9 printf 19)(";.*b(92*$"=*#,00*,*2=1C9%*)" printfD

)(9*B"1#&79%*A&77*B"1#7,&2*)(,)*$"=*299;*)"*B"2:9%)*&)*)"*,2 AnyRefR

out.printf("%6d %10.2f",
quantity.asInstanceOf[AnyRef], price.asInstanceOf[AnyRef]) // e'(

G20)9,;D*=09*)(9 format 19)(";*">*)(9 String B7,00R

out.print("%6d %10.2f".format(quantity, price))

Note: <(9 printf 19)(";*">*)(9 Console B7,00*;"90*2")*0=>>9%*>%"1*)(&0

#%"C791.*c"=*B,2*=09

printf("%6d %10.2f", quantity, price)

>"%*#%&2)&2'*,*1900,'9*)"*)(9*B"20"79.

9.7. Visiting Directories

<(9%9*,%9*B=%%92)7$*2"*n">>&B&,7o*-B,7,*B7,0090*>"%*:&0&)&2'*,77*>&790*&2*,*;&%9B)"%$D*"%*>"%
%9B=%0&:97$*)%,:9%0&2'*;&%9B)"%&90.*G2*)(&0*09B)&"2D*A9*;&0B=00*,*B"=#79*">*,7)9%2,)&:90.

Note: 6*#%&"%*:9%0&"2*">*-B,7,*(,; File ,2; Directory B7,0090.*c"=*B,2*0)&77

>&2;*)(91*&2*)(9 scala.tools.nsc.io #,BE,'9*&20&;9*0B,7,JB"1#&79%.I,%.

G)*&0*0&1#79*)"*A%&)9*,*>=2B)&"2*)(,)*#%";=B90*,2*&)9%,)"%*)(%"='(*,77*0=C;&%9B)"%&90*">*,
;&%9B)"%$R

_X
 import java.io.File
def subdirs(dir: File): Iterator[File] = {
val children = dir.listFiles.filter(_.isDirectory)
children.toIterator ++ children.toIterator.flatMap(subdirs _)
}

b&)(*)(&0*>=2B)&"2D*$"=*B,2*:&0&)*,77*0=C;&%9B)"%&90*7&E9*)(&0R

for (d <- subdirs(dir)) process d

67)9%2,)&:97$D*&>*$"=*=09*?,:,*]D*$"=*B,2*,;,#)*)(9 walkFileTree 19)(";*">*)(9

java.nio.file.Files B7,00.*<(,)*B7,00*1,E90*=09*">*, FileVisitor &2)9%>,B9.*G2*-B,7,D*A9
'929%,77$*#%9>9%*)"*=09*>=2B)&"2*"CI9B)0D*2")*&2)9%>,B90D*>"%*0#9B&>$&2'*A"%E*M9:92*)("='(
&2*)(&0*B,09*)(9*&2)9%>,B9*,77"A0*1"%9*>&29J'%,&29;*B"2)%"7h099*)(9*?,:,;"B*>"%*;9),&70.N
<(9*>"77"A&2'*&1#7&B&)*B"2:9%0&"2*,;,#)0*,*>=2B)&"2*)"*)(9*&2)9%>,B9R

import java.nio.file._
implicit def makeFileVisitor(f: (Path) => Unit) = new SimpleFileVisitor[T] {
override def visitFile(p: Path, attrs: attribute.BasicFileAttributes) = {
f(p)
FileVisitResult.CONTINUE
}
}

<(92*$"=*B,2*#%&2)*,77*0=C;&%9B)"%&90*A&)(*)(9*B,77

Files.walkFileTree(dir.toPath, (f: Path) => println(f)

println(f))

Q>*B"=%09D*&>*$"=*;"2L)*I=0)*A,2)*)"*#%&2)*)(9*>&790D*$"=*B,2*0#9B&>$*")(9%*,B)&"20*&2*)(9
>=2B)&"2*)(,)*$"=*#,00*)"*)(9 walkFileTree 19)(";.

9.8. Serialization
G2*?,:,D*09%&,7&p,)&"2*&0*=09;*)"*)%,201&)*"CI9B)0*,B%"00*,*29)A"%E*"%*>"%*0("%)J)9%1
0)"%,'9.*MY"%*7"2'J)9%1*0)"%,'9D*09%&,7&p,)&"2*B,2*C9*,AEA,%;h&)*&0*)9;&"=0*)"*;9,7*A&)(
;&>>9%92)*"CI9B)*:9%0&"20*,0*B7,0090*9:"7:9*":9%*)&19.N

/9%9*&0*("A*$"=*;9B7,%9*,*09%&,7&p,C79*B7,00*&2*?,:,*,2;*-B,7,.

?,:,R

public class Person implements Serializable {

private static final long serialVersionUID = 42L;
...
}

_Z
-B,7,R

@serializable @SerialVersionUID(42L) class Person ...

Note: M5N*<(9 @serializable ,22"),)&"2*&0*7"A9%B,09.*M3N*c"=*B,2*"1&)*)(9

@SerialVersionUID ,22"),)&"2*&>*$"=*,%9*"E*A&)(*)(9*;9>,=7)*GU.

c"=*09%&,7&p9*,2;*;909%&,7&p9*"CI9B)0*&2*)(9*=0=,7*A,$R

val fred = new Person(...)

import java.io._
val out = new ObjectOutputStream(new FileOutputStream("/tmp/test.obj"))
out.writeObject(fred)
out.close()
val in = new ObjectInputStream(new FileInputStream("/tmp/test.obj"))
val savedFred = in.readObject().asInstanceOf[Person]

<(9*-B,7,*B"779B)&"20*,%9*09%&,7&p,C79D*0"*$"=*B,2*(,:9*)(91*,0*191C9%0*">*$"=%
09%&,7&p,C79*B7,0090R

@serializable class Person {

private val friends: ArrayBuffer[Person] // QEhArrayBuffer &0*09%&,7&p,C79
..
}

9.9. Regular Expressions

b(92*$"=*#%"B900*&2#=)D*$"=*">)92*A,2)*)"*=09*%9'=7,%*9H#%900&"20*)"*,2,7$p9*&).*<(9
scala.util.matching.Regex B7,00*1,E90*)(&0*0&1#79.*<"*B"20)%=B)*, Regex "CI9B)D*=09*)(9
r 19)(";*">*)(9 String B7,00R

val numPattern = "[0-9]+".r

G>*)(9*%9'=7,%*9H#%900&"2*B"2),&20*C,BE07,0(90*"%*K="),)&"2*1,%E0D*)(92*&)*&0*,*'"";*&;9,*)"
=09*)(9*n%,Ao*0)%&2'*0$2),H """...""".*Y"%*9H,1#79D

val wsnumwsPattern = """\s+[0-9]+\s+""".r

// 6*C&)*9,0&9%*)"*%9,;*)(,2 "\\s+[0-9]+\\s+".r

<(9 findAllIn 19)(";*%9)=%20*,2*&)9%,)"%*)(%"='(*,77*1,)B(90.*c"=*B,2*=09*&)*&2*, for

7""#R

_[
 for (matchString <- numPattern.findAllIn("99 bottles, 98 bottles"))
process matchString

Q%*)=%2*)(9*&)9%,)"%*&2)"*,2*,%%,$R

val matches = numPattern.findAllIn("99 bottles, 98 bottles").toArray

// Array(99, 98)

<"*>&2;*)(9*>&%0)*1,)B(*,2$A(9%9*&2*,*0)%&2'D*=09 findFirstIn.*c"=*'9)*,2 Option[String].

M-99 )(9*nS,))9%2*P,)B(&2'*,2;*!,09*!7,0090o*B(,#)9% >"%*)(9 Option B7,00.N

val m1 = wsnumwsPattern.findFirstIn("99 bottles, 98 bottles")

// Some(" 98 ")

<"*B(9BE*A(9)(9%*)(9*C9'&22&2'*">*,*0)%&2'*1,)B(90D*=09 findPrefixOf.

numPattern.findPrefixOf("99 bottles, 98 bottles")

// Some(99)
wsnumwsPattern.findPrefixOf("99 bottles, 98 bottles")
// None

c"=*B,2*%9#7,B9*)(9*>&%0)*1,)B(D*"%*,77*1,)B(90.

numPattern.replaceFirstIn("99 bottles, 98 bottles", "XX")

// "XX bottles, 98 bottles"
numPattern.replaceAllIn("99 bottles, 98 bottles", "XX")
// "XX bottles, XX bottles"

9.10. Regular Expression Groups

t%"=#0*,%9*=09>=7*)"*'9)*0=C9H#%900&"20*">*%9'=7,%*9H#%900&"20.*6;;*#,%92)(9090*,%"=2;
)(9*0=C9H#%900&"20*)(,)*$"=*A,2)*)"*9H)%,B)D*>"%*9H,1#79

val numitemPattern = "(([0-9]+)) ([a-z]+)".r

<"*1,)B(*)(9*'%"=#0D*=09*)(9*%9'=7,%*9H#%900&"2*"CI9B)*,0*,2*n9H)%,B)"%o*M099 )(9*nS,))9%2
P,)B(&2'*,2;*!,09*!7,0090o*B(,#)9%ND*7&E9*)(&0R

val numitemPattern(num, item) = "99 bottles"

// 09)0 num )" "99"D item )" "bottles"

G>*$"=*A,2)*)"*9H)%,B)*'%"=#0*>%"1*1=7)&#79*1,)B(90D*=09*, for 0),)9192)D*7&E9*)(&0R

for (numitemPattern(num, item) <- numitemPattern.findAllIn("99 bottles, 98 bottles"))

process num and item

_\
9.11. Exercises
5. b%&)9*,*-B,7,*B";9*02&##9)*)(,)*%9:9%090*)(9*7&290*&2*,*>&79*M1,E&2'*)(9*7,0)*7&29
)(9*>&%0)*"29D*,2;*0"*"2N.
3. b%&)9*,*-B,7,*#%"'%,1*)(,)*%9,;0*,*>&79*A&)(*),C0D*%9#7,B90*9,B(*),C*A&)(*0#,B90*0"
)(,)*)(9%9*,%9*),C*0)"#0*9:9%$ n B"7=120D*,2;*A%&)90*)(9*%90=7)*)"*)(9*0,19*>&79.
X. b%&)9*,*-B,7,*B";9*02&##9)*)(,)*%9,;0*,*>&79*,2;*#%&2)0*,77*A"%;0*A&)(*1"%9*)(,2
53*B(,%,B)9%0*&2*)(9*>&79*)"*)(9*B"20"79.*WH)%,*B%9;&)*&>*$"=*B,2*;"*)(&0*&2*,*0&2'79
7&29.
Z. b%&)9*,*-B,7,*#%"'%,1*)(,)*%9,;0*,*)9H)*>&79*B"2),&2&2'*"27$*>7",)&2'J#"&2)
2=1C9%0.*S%&2)*)(9*0=1D*,:9%,'9D*1,H&1=1D*,2;*1&2&1=1*">*)(9*2=1C9%0*&2*)(9
>&79.
[. b%&)9*,*-B,7,*#%"'%,1*)(,)*A%&)90*)(9*#"A9%0*">*3*,2;*)(9&%*%9B&#%"B,70*)"*,*>&79D
A&)(*)(9*9H#"292)*%,2'&2'*>%"1*4*)"*34.*T&29*=#*)(9*B"7=120R

1 1
2 0.5
4 0.25
... ...

\. P,E9*,*%9'=7,%*9H#%900&"2*>"%*K=")9;*0)%&2'0 "like this, maybe with \" or \\"

&2*,*?,:,*"%*!@@*#%"'%,1.*b%&)9*,*-B,7,*#%"'%,1*)(,)*#%&2)0*"=)*,77*0=B(*0)%&2'0
&2*,*0"=%B9*>&79.
]. b%&)9*,*-B,7,*#%"'%,1*)(,)*%9,;0*,*)9H)*>&79*,2;*#%&2)0*,77*)"E920*&2*)(9*>&79*)(,)
,%9 not >7",)&2'J#"&2)*2=1C9%0.*e09*,*%9'=7,%*9H#%900&"2.
^. b%&)9*,*-B,7,*#%"'%,1*)(,)*#%&2)0*)(9 src ,))%&C=)90*">*,77 img ),'0*">*,*A9C*#,'9.
e09*%9'=7,%*9H#%900&"20*,2;*'%"=#0.
_. b%&)9*,*-B,7,*#%"'%,1*)(,)*B"=2)0*("A*1,2$*>&790*A&)(*9H)920&"2 .class ,%9*&2*,
'&:92*;&%9B)"%$*,2;*&)0*0=C;&%9B)"%&90.
54. WH#,2;*)(9*9H,1#79*A&)(*)(9*09%&,7&p,C79 Person B7,00*)(,)*0)"%90*,*B"779B)&"2*">
>%&92;0.*!"20)%=B)*,*>9A Person "CI9B)0D*1,E9*0"19*">*)(91*>%&92;0*">*,2")(9%D
,2;*)(92*0,:9*,2 Array[Person] )"*,*>&79.*89,;*)(9*,%%,$*C,BE*&2*,2;*:9%&>$*)(,)
)(9*>%&92;*%97,)&"20*,%9*&2),B).

_]