English How much have

Pedagogical Module 2 we advanced?

Curricular Threads: Communication and Cultural Awareness,
Oral Communication, Reading, Writing, Language Through the Arts

First Course BGU

Past perfect 5
Scientific inventions and
6 their impact on humanity
Present perfect 4

Sc
ie
nc
e
History of
7

So
inventions
3

ci
Simple past

al
ish

St
ud
gl

ie
s
En

Analyzing short
Past and present
2 Technology 8 non-fiction pieces

La
perfect expressions
and Beyond
ng
ua
ge
Vocabulary about
technology and 1
inventions
Values

Importance
10 Healthcare 9 of immunization

Incredible Inventions

Have you ever imagined a world without we have created powerful devices that allow
cars or television? Imagine waiting for months us see the vast universe.
to hear from your loved ones. Imagine getting
sick and having no medicine. We are going Nowadays it is possible to video chat with
to travel through history and observe human’s anyone anywhere for free. We have access
infinite curiosity and inventions that have to infinite amounts of information and we can post
changed the world. Discover creations that our own thoughts and opinions. Technology
have shaped culture and lifestyle. Our brains has developed a lot during the last hundred years
have even taken our people to the moon and and will continue to develop in the future.
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What positive and negative impacts have human inventions had?

1
 Lesson A

Communication and Cultural Awareness

Social Studies

How have humans’ creations changed the world?

Discoveries from Ancient Cultures

Interesting Facts Believe it or not, people that lived many years

ago invented things that are still used nowadays.
Mayan and Incan creations

Freepik
Concrete: About 2,100 years ago, Romans created
The Mayas used cacao a really hard material by mixing rocks with volcanic Concrete
beans to make a special ash. It was used to build the famous Coliseum
beverage with cornmeal and in Rome.
pepper. They had a writing

Wikimedia / Kowloonese
system called glyphs and Earthquake detector: The Chinese invented
most of these symbols are the first seismograph 2,000 years ago. It was made
still understood. The Incas of bronze and was very accurate in detecting
performed brain surgery, earth movements. Earthquake Detector
which was first used to
Paper: Around 3,000 BC, Egyptians made the
reduce inflammation. They
first paper from the fiber of the papyrus plant and
used coca as an anesthetic.
also invented a special pen to write on it. The quality
They also built rope bridges
was so good that Egyptian papyrus remains intact.
and huge highway systems.

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Telescope: The Assyrians could see the stars and
Egiptian Papyrus
the sky 3,000 years ago because they created a special
Vocabulary lens that could have been the first telescope.
beverage. a liquid you The number zero: This number is somewhat

Wikimedia / Geni
can drink, like coffee, soda,
or juice
new in human history. Both the Mayans and the
Babylonians had the idea of zero; not as a number,
cornmeal. flour made from but as a replacement for other numbers. The Egiptian Papyrus
crushed corn
Mayans used it to make their calendars. A Hindu
rope. a strong, thick string astronomer introduced the concept of zero as an

Wikimedia / Alvaro qc
that is made by twisting many independent number.
thin strings or fibers together
Source: https://n9.cl/456b
nowadays. at the
Mayans zero
present time

ash. the soft gray powder

that remains after burning
something Discuss the following questions in groups. Then write your
answers on the lines below.
seismograph. a device that
measures and records the • Which of the inventions is the most important in your opinion? Why?
movement of the earth during
an earthquake

accurate. free from mistakes

or errors
• Do you think you could have invented one of the items above? What
does someone need to be a good inventor?
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somewhat. a litte, relatively

replacement. something
that takes the place
of something else

2
 Oral Communication

How have human inventions and discoveries changed the world?

Have you ever thought about the things we use daily? Where do they Interesting Facts
come from? Who invented them? When were they invented?
Listen to the following news reports and complete the activities. Gasoline
It is a transparent liquid
derived from petroleum
that powers cars. It was
discovered by accident.
It was thrown away at
first, but its potential was
recognized by the end
of the XIX century. Since
then it has been essential

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to our transportation.
The wheel Fire Steam engine train

Mark the incorrect statements with an X and write

the correct ones on the line below.

a. Humanity has been shaped by inventions and discoveries.

b. Most inventions have a single creator.

c. The first humans discovered fire but could not control it.

d. Fire was the first great discovery.

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e. The steam engine was not useful and did not improve people’s lives.
Petrol pump

Vocabulary
• List 4 inventions that you consider important for everyday life. steam. the hot gas that is
created when water is boiled

engine. a machine that

changes energy (such
as heat from burning fuel)
into mechanical motion

figure out. to understand

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• Compare your list with your classmates and talk about or find (something, such
the importance of each one. Do you agree? as a reason or a solution)
by thinking

3
Reading
Science

What inventions have improved humans’ health?

Interesting Facts

Ants use “social

immunization”. If one ant
in the colony is infected
with a fungus, the other
ants wash the infected insect

Wikimedia
to transmit the infection

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to the colony. This makes
all ants in the colony Edward Jenner inoculating babies Vaccine

immune to the fungus.

Vaccination
Source: https://n9.cl/k592

One of the greatest inventions that has impacted human health

is vaccination. It has saved millions of lives worldwide and has caused
many diseases to disappear. Vaccines immunize people by mobilizing
antibodies (defenses) that fight the disease so that defenses learn to fight
if the body is exposed to illnesses in the future.
This first happened in 1796 when Edward Jenner prevented
a child from getting smallpox. A century before, the Chinese had
tried to use an infected skin tear to immunize against it. The vaccine
for smallpox was first developed in 1798 and by 1979 it was globally
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eradicated. Before vaccines, smallpox had killed millions of people.

Ants
Most vaccines we still use today were created in the early XX century
and eliminated several terrible illnesses. Vaccines are older than
Vocabulary antibiotics or anesthesia.
vaccination (vaccine). Source: https://bit.ly/3dnfMQv
a substance that is usually
injected into a person
or animal to protect against
a particular disease Circle the correct answer
worldwide. happening • What is not true about vaccination?
or existing in all parts
a. It has not had any impact on people.
of the world
b. It has eliminated illnesses.
disease/illness. a condition
c. Antibiotics were developed before vaccines.
that prevents the body or
mind from working normally • What is true about vaccines? Mark all that apply.
immunize. to give (someone) a. They prepare the body to defend itself.
a vaccine to prevent infection b. They are antibodies.
by a disease
c. They enter the body and fight against diseases.
smallpox. a serious disease
that causes fever and a rash • Are humans the only species that immunize?
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and often death a. Yes, only people immunize against illnesses.

eradicate. eliminate or destroy b. No, there are other species that fight against illnesses
(something harmful) by preparing their defenses.

4
 Writing
Language

What inventions have impacted the development of humanity?

Read the following text about printing presses. Choose the correct verb Grammar Note
from the box and conjugate it in the present perfect or the past perfect,
depending on the context. Present perfect
Have / has +
become work be able have write buy study past participle of verb

Printing Press Uses:

Printed materials are part of our daily life; newspapers, magazines, and a. Actions started in the
books are just some examples. The printing press is a machine used for past and continuing
mass production of these printed elements. in the present
This machine one of the most significant inventions. b. Unfinished period
Before it appeared, monks books by hand so just a few of time
people to access information. Only very rich families were c. Unspecified period
lucky enough to have a book, which was usually the Bible. of time
The ancient Chinese used pieces of wood with symbols and drawings to
make books. Around the beginning of 1440, a German man called Gutenberg,
d. Experiences.

who in basic forms of printing, started experimenting with Gasoline has been
improving the process and finally discovered that using metal instead of essential to our
wood and blocks with many words could allow people to reproduce texts transportation.
in great quantity. The printing press is one of the inventions that Many diseases have not
great impact in the world. After books could be printed in mass quantities,
knowledge became available for most people and the first libraries were been eradicated yet.

founded. Since then we all a book. Have vaccinations

impacted human health?
Source:https://bit.ly/3bjDF9F
Past perfect
Had + past participle
Uses:
a. Actions finished before
other actions in past
Wikimedia / Blades, W.

Wikimedia / Londinos

Before the invention of

vaccines, smallpox had
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killed millions of people.

Monk writing by hand Early printing press Modern printer
Scientists thought
previous cultures had not
Vocabulary
immunized themselves
mass. a large number or amount of something against illnesses.
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monk. a member of a religious community of men Had ancient cultures

instead of. in place of someone or something eaten meat before they
discovered fire?

5
Language Through the Arts

How do inventions start?

How does an artist create a new masterpiece?

Do you think there is a process? Discuss this as a class.

Leonardo Da Vinci

Interesting Facts Leonardo DaVinci was a famous artist. His works of art have
impressed the world for centuries because of their beauty and unique
A young African boy
techniques. Works such as The Mona Lisa and The Last Supper are the
invented a windmill
most famous portraits of all time. However, did you know that DaVinci
to give electricity and
was also a scientist, engineer, inventor, anatomist, architect, botanist,
water to his extremely
musician, and writer? For some people, he is the most talented person
poor town. This shows
that has ever lived. Besides his famous paintings, his notebooks with
that anyone can
drawings and diagrams have been a treasure for all generations.
be creative and invent
something necessary. His drawings show ideas such as a helicopter, a parachute, and a flying
machine. He also drew some weapons like an armored car that later
became tanks, and the first car that moved by itself and a transportable
Vocabulary
bridge. We would not know about his great ideas without his sketches.
windmill. a type of tall
structure that has vanes that Source: https://www.leonardoda-vinci.org/
are powered by the wind

portrait. a painting, drawing,

or photograph of a person
that usually only includes the
person’s head and shoulders

parachute. a piece

Wikipedia / Leonardo da Vinci

of equipment usually made
of cloth that is fastened
to people or things and that
allows them to fall slowly
and land safely

weapons. something that

Leonardo Da Vinci’s sketch
is used for fighting
or attacking someone
or for defending yourself
when someone is attacking you
Have you ever imagined creating something that can help your
armored. covered in flat community? Let’s start now!
pieces of metal, protected
by armor 1. Identify a necessity in your town or community.

tanks. a military vehicle 2. Think of an invention that can help with this need.
that moves on two large
metal belts with wheels 3. List the materials you need. Are they available around you?
inside them and that is
4. Draw a sketch of your invention. You may need some colors.
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covered in heavy armor

sketch. a quick, rough 5. Label the parts of your invention.

drawing that shows the main
features of an object or scene 6. Present your drawing to a partner and explain how it is used.

6
 Oral Communication
Social Studies

What inventions have made the world what it is now?

Useful Inventions
Wikimedia / Marbregal

The first complete The Chinese created it first for

alphabet with consonants fireworks in 904 A.D., but then
and vowels appeared they realized it would make

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around 1050 B.C. weapons more powerful.

Alphabet Gunpowder

Communication Warfare
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Freepik
Compass Navigation Inventions Communication Telephone

Invented 2,000 years First designed by Meucci

ago in China. It was in 1849 and finally patented
used to guide sailors. by Graham Bell in 1876.
Telephones have helped
Construction Media the world communicate
for a long time.

Nails Radio

The first wireless radio was

You have used one of them
presented by Nikola Tesla
to put a painting or photo
but a fire destroyed his laboratory
on the wall. They were
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in 1895. Later Marconi presented

invented by Egyptians
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a radio and is credited for

about 3400 B.C.
its creation.

Vocabulary

B.C.. before Christ - used

Which of the inventions from the graphic do you think has been to refer to the years that came
the most useful? Discuss it with a partner. before the birth of Jesus Christ
I think the most useful invention is A.D.. used to refer to the
years since the birth of Christ
because
patent. the exclusive right
granted by a government
to an inventor to manufacture,
What inventions are the most common in your community?
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use, or sell an invention

wireless. not using wires
to send and receive
electronic signals

7
 Lesson B

Communication and Cultural Awareness

Science

What can we find in outer space?

Culture
Latin American civilizations
like the Mayas had vast
knowledge about the stars
and planets. They created
a special accessory to help
observe the sky and develop
the calendar. The Incas,
on the other hand, were
a horizon-based culture.

Freepik
Their temples pointed to
specific astronomical points. View of the Milky Way
This was very important
for Incan agriculture. Beyond Our World
From our planet, outer space starts about 100 km above the surface.
Farther away, there are only isolated particles of gas and dust in the
emptiness of the universe. Some regions have planets and galaxies.
Some scientists say that there is radiation all around space, but we
cannot see it. Now, we have some powerful devices that help us see
what is out there. Humans have been curious about outer space since
they noticed there was something beyond our Earth.
Pixabay / PublicDomainImages

The study of the stars was the foundation of past cultures and
civilizations. Since the sky was always changing, it caused fascination
and curiosity. People noticed patterns in the sun and moon, also in
the stars and planets. Astronomy shaped their beliefs and mindsets.
Mayan calendar The Babylonians were one of the first civilizations to register the
movements of the moon and sun. A brilliant Persian astronomer
Vocabulary invented a giant device that accurately calculated the Earth’s axis.
isolated. separate from others Source: https://n9.cl/180f

emptiness. containing nothing

device. an object, machine,

or piece of equipment that • Talk to your classmates and teacher about the beliefs in your
has been made for some community related to the sun, moon, and stars. Do you have
special purpose any special celebrations related to them? Write them here.

shaped. a definite form

or arrangement of something

mindsets. a particular way • Investigate another culture’s relationship with the stars, planets,
of thinking, a person’s attitude sun, and moon. Write two interesting facts. Use your own words
or set of opinions about
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and complete sentences.

something

accurately. done in a way that

is free from mistakes or errors

8
 Oral Communication

How do we know what is in the universe?

Telescope
Do you know what we can use to see what is in outer space? Interesting Facts
Listen to the teacher’s lecture and complete the following activities.
Hubble Telescope
This telescope was named
in honor of Edward Hubble
who discovered thousands
of galaxies from an
observatory in California.
It is located 547 km from
the planet’s surface and can
travel the complete orbit
in 95 minutes. Since 1990,
Pixabay

Pixabay
Hubble has made more than
The Butterfly Nebula Hubble Space Telescope 1.3 million observations.
https://n9.cl/9id

Answer True (T) or False (F). If it is false, correct it to make it true.

a. Humans have always been interested in learning

about the sky.

b. The telescope has always been the same.

c. The first patented telescope in 1608 was used

to see the sky.

d. Galileo Galilei was the first person to see the moon

and its craters.

e. The first telescope was invented in 1694 by Christian Hygens.

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Home Telescope
f. Isaac Newton invented a smaller, portable telescope.

g. M51 is a star. What did you learn

about telescopes?
Write an interesting fact.
h. Giant telescopes were built in the XVIII century.

i. Radio telescopes were invented before giant telescopes.

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j. Space telescopes are the most powerful telescopes.

9
Reading
Social Studies

How did we start visiting outer space?

Interesting Facts
Space Race
It began in 1955 with the
USA and USSR after World
War II. It was the Cold War,

Mineduc
which meant competition
in every area, including Laika, Russian cosmonaut dog, 1957
space. Soviets launched
the first artificial satellite,
Sputnik I in 1957, Sputnik What do you know about the first astronaut?
II with the first living thing
in space, and then Sputnik
III. Even though the US Laika
was trying to send a rocket
During the era of the Space Race between the USA and USSR, the
with a man to orbit the
Soviet Union launched the first living thing into space. It was a dog
planet quickly, the Soviets
named Laika. The objective of the trip was to prove that space travel
had already done it in 1961,
for humans was safe but technology hadn’t advanced enough to bring
sending Yuri Gagarin,
ships back yet. Laika was a street dog that became an astronaut because
the first man to enter
of her size and calmness. After some training, she was ready to go into
the Earth’s orbit.
space. Her ship called Sputnik 2 was launched on November 3, 1957.
https://n9.cl/a8bs Laika was supposed to orbit the planet some days and the first reports
from Russian space programs said so. However, in 1993, some Russian
space program scientists revealed that Laika died soon after leaving the
Vocabulary planet’s atmosphere because of stress and overheating. Many people
race. a contest or competition in the world were in great sorrow because of her death. Since then, her
in which different people story has spread around the world and has inspired many tales, songs,
or teams try to win something and poems. Some of them say that Laika became a star in the sky.
or to do something first
Source: https://bit.ly/3dnjY2H
launch. to send or shoot
(something, such as a rocket)
into the air or water or into
outer space Answer the following questions based on what you read.
overheating. to cause • Why has Laika’s story been so famous around the world?
(something) to become
too hot
• Why did the Soviet Union and the United States want to get
sorrow. a feeling of sadness to space first?
or grief caused especially
by the loss of someone
or something • How many ships had the Soviets sent to space before the first
man went?
tale. an exciting story that
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may not be completely true

• What really happened to Laika?

10
 Writing

What have we learned?

Summarizing

Tip
• Choose any of the topics we have studied during lessons A and B
and summarize it.
Writing Process
• Work on the writing process in your notebook and write the final
product here. Summarizing is analyzing
information and determining
Title
what is important to mention
First and what is not.
Main idea It reduces the original
text to a few sentences
Next or a short paragraph
Four important details in your own words.
1.
Then
Steps to summarize:
2.
1. Read the passage.
3.
Finally 2. Determine the most
4.
important idea
of the passage.
Summary
3. Highlight important
details.
4. Find keywords and
use them to write
the topic sentence.
It is also a good idea
to answer some questions
in order to complete
the idea:
“Who did what, where,
and when?”
“What is the main idea
of the text?”
Answer the following questions “What are the
supporting points?”
1. Why did you choose that topic? I chose that topic because...
https://n9.cl/t5mf
https://n9.cl/79wg
https://n9.cl/x8g
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2. What is summarizing?

11
Language Through the Arts
Language

Can we do art through writing?

Poems
People write poems to express their feelings about an experience, Vocabulary
to communicate to the reader, and to get an emotional response.
utter. to say something
Language used in poems is a bit different from the language we use or make a sound, usually
with difficulty
to talk about facts and scientific information.
no matter. short form
https://n9.cl/c8p5textiles/9382382
of “it doesn’t matter”,
it’s not important

perish. die
Analyze the phrases of the poem and discuss their meanings with
your class. In this poem, there may be a lot of words you don’t
recognize. Underline them. First, try to use context to help you
understand them. If the context doesn’t help, use a dictionary.
Write down their meaning in the margin.

Wikimedia
Laika
by: Adnana Zeljkovic
Laika

Never have I seen in space,

sadder eyes than Laika’s, how insane!
never so lost a look! After in her mind, Answer the following
like a prayer, questions in groups of three.
Paddling with her soft paws
in inimical vacuum, wishing farewell 1. What words and
expressions does the writer
(nothing to draw you to stray dogs and stray cats
use to describe Laika’s
to your bosom of Moscow streets, possible feelings?
like Mother Earth’s gravitation) to her beloved four
herself soft snowflake, leg fellow,
opening her soundless mouth she probably thought
trying to utter either I shall surely perish,
cry or sigh, but my spirit will bellow
just a tiny, tiniest cry, of man’s cruelty - 2. What do you think the
no matter if no one hears… Vast universe will echo… writer expresses? Is she
happy, is she sad, is she
But as in a dream, Never, never have I seen upset? What makes you
her efforts were in vain. sadder eyes than Laika’s. think this?
To send a dog up there Retrieved from: https://n9.cl/085
to be first living creature
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12
 Oral Communication

Would you like to walk on the moon?

The Moon
Vocabulary

concern. a feeling
of worry usually shared
by many people

threaten. saying someone

will be harmed if you
do not do what someone

Wikimedia Commons/NASA Neil A. Armstrong

wants you to do

step. a movement
made by lifting your
foot and putting it down
in a different place

manned. done by a person

claim. to say that something

is true when some people
may say it is not true
First Man on the Moon

Interesting Facts
Listen to a person talk about space travel. Complete the timeline The Dark Side of the Moon
with all the events and years until man stepped on the moon.
Have you ever looked at the
moon? Did you know there
is one side that we cannot see?
People call this the “dark side
of the moon” or the “far side
of the moon”. It is the part that
is not lit by the sun. In 1959,
a small spaceship called Luna 3
brought pictures of it to Earth.
In 1968, the astronauts
of Apollo 8 were the first
humans to see it. China
is now investigating this
part of the moon.
source: https://n9.cl/emwz
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1969 First man stepped on the moon

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The Moon

13
Assessment

Achievement Level - Listening

Individual activity

1 Listen to the story of astronaut Story Musgrave.

Underline the correct statements.
1. What is not true about Story Musgrave?
b. He finished school with honors.
c. He never went to space.
d. He repaired the Hubble telescope.
2. What did Story Musgrove do?
c. He was the pilot of many different aircrafts.
d. He went to the moon.
e. He went parachute jumping.
3. What hasn’t Musgrave done?
d. Been in a war.
e. Traveled in space.
f. Lived in Europe.

Achievement Level - Reading

Individual activity

2 Read the following passage.

Ohio, ‘Birthplace of Aviation”

NASA has had about 355 astronauts. famous astronaut, participated in four
Becoming an astronaut is not easy. spaceflight missions but the most
It is important to know how to repair famous was Apollo 13, known for
spaceships, you have to be a laboratory suffering an explosion in space but
scientist and also stay in good shape. returning safely to Earth. However,
not all astronauts came back. Judith
The state of Ohio has produced the Resnick, the second woman to go
most American astronauts in history. to space sadly died in 1986 in the
In the same state, the Wright Brothers Challenger mission that exploded 78
built and piloted the first powered seconds after launch.
airplane. Some famous astronauts
such as John Glenn, the first American Many astronauts have also helped
to orbit the Earth in 1962 and Neil their communities by sharing their
Armstrong, the first man who stepped knowledge with young people
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on the moon in 1969, were both and preparing the next generation
from Ohio, too. Jim Lovell, another of scientists and explorers.

14
 Assessment How much have we advanced?

3 Answer the following questions based on the reading.

1. What is TRUE about Ohio astronauts?
Circle or highlight the correct answer.
b. NASA has 355 astronauts from Ohio.
c. 38 astronauts are on space missions now.
d. A great number of astronauts come from Ohio.
2. What is NOT true about Ohio astronauts?
Circle or highlight all possible answers.
c. John Glenn was the first man who stepped on the moon.
d. Apollo 13 had a small explosion in space.
e. Challenger came back to Earth safely.
3. What did the Wright Brothers do? Answer in complete sentences.

Achievement Level - Writing

Individual activity

4 Use the following words to write a complete sentence.

a. Nowadays
b. Sorrow
c. Concern
d. Acquire

I’m completing this self-evaluation based on what I learned in the module.

Self-evaluation I check (√) the box that most applies to me

I do it I can’t do it
Topics I do it very well I can improve
somewhat well without help
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Read and understand scientific information

Identify and use present, past, and present perfect

Write a short opinion paragraph

15
 Project 1
Materials:

• One empty soda bottle (big)

• Bright cardboard for the

cone and fins

• 4 pencils, popsicle sticks,

or any sticks you find around
that are the same size

• A cork or something that

can be used as a cap

• Vinegar and 2 teaspoons

of baking soda

Wikimedia / NASA
• A paper napkin

• Tape

Rocket into outer space

How do rockets work?

"To achieve great things,

two things are needed: a plan Let’s make our space rocket!
and not quite enough time." Have you ever thought about how a space rocket is made?
Now it’s your turn to make your own!
- Leonard Bernstein

Tip

Instructions Draw your rocket launch. Did it work? Useful expressions:

1. Cut the cardboard to make
1. The materials are…
a cone and two triangles
for the fins. 2. First we…
3. Then… Next…
2. Tape the cone and fins 4. Finally
to the bottle.

3. Tape the four sticks to the

bottle to make the stand.

4. Pour the vinegar

in the bottle.

5. Put the baking soda

on the napkin and
then fold it carefully.

6. Put it inside the bottle

and put the cork in it.
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7. Put the bottle upside

down on the stand.

8. Watch it launch!

16
 Let's Review

Communication and Cultural Awareness Reading

We have learned about inventions in ancient We have read information and academic texts.
cultures and their influence in later creations.
We can find specific information and recognize
What ancient invention do you think influenced when events happened. We can understand some
modern inventions the most? Why? words in context.
How are academic texts different from blogs
or social media posts?

Writing Language Through the Arts

We have learned how to summarize. We can order We have used our imagination to draw future
and structure sentences in present, past, present inventions. We learned how great inventors
perfect, and past perfect. drew their ideas before they became real.
We have learned that language changes
Can you write a sentence about inventions using in poetry and how it touches our heart
each one of the tenses above? by understanding someone else’s feelings.
Why do you think poems could be considered “art”?

Oral Communication Project

We are learning to understand what others say in We learned how to make a rocket with similar
every day conversations as well as scientific facts. principles to real rockets.
We have learned to identify specific information
when people speak. Did you like your project? Did it work? What did
you enjoy the most about the project?
Talk to your classmates about why you think some
inventions are successful and others are not.
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17
 Lesson C

Communication and Cultural Awareness

Social Studies

Do you know how our ancestors communicated?

Communication in Ancient Cultures

Culture Language has shaped cultures around the world. Since spoken
messages do not stay the same when they are transmitted through many
Many ancient civilizations
people, written language was created so that messages arrived the way
such as Egypt, Assyria,
they were sent.
Persia, Rome, and China
had postal systems that were Written language also served as a means to transport messages
used to deliver messages in an easy way. As we know, Egyptians first created papyrus which
to part of their empires; was light, so messages could travel much faster. The Persian Empire
and Incas used special had a successful mail system which permitted them to take messages
roads to deliver packages as far as 3,200 km in only ten days.
and information. Ancient
written communications At the beginning, the speed of communication only depended
found by archeologists on the speed of people. Some animals were used to help speed
allowed us to know a lot up communication such as horses and then domesticated pigeons
about those times. in the 11th century.
Source: https://bit.ly/3drsEou | https://bit.ly/3agmF3U
Adapted from:https://bit.ly/2UXWKYq
Freepik

Vocabulary Freepik

deliver. to take (something)

to a person or place
Papyrus
roads. a hard, flat surface
for vehicles, people, and
animals to travel on
Answer the following questions.
means. through the
use of (something) 1. How did people communicate in the past?
successful. having the
correct or desired result,
ending in success 2. Ask your parents, grandparents or any elder in your community
how they communicated long-distance in the past.
pigeons. a gray bird that
is common in cities and that
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has a fat body and short legs

elder. a person who has

authority because of age
and experience

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 Oral Communication

What does “communication” mean to you?

Different Kinds of Communication

Interesting Facts

As a class, think of all of the forms of communication that exist. During World War II,
Which are the most effective? the United States Marines
used the Navajo language,
one of the most difficult
languages in the world,
Listen to facts about other means of communication. to codify communication
Circle the correct answers. among military units. It was
Mazateco whistle language very hard for the enemies
to understand messages.
1. What is true about the Mazateco whistle language?

a. Everybody can use it to communicate.

b. All sounds are very similar.

c. Whistles represent phrases and words that express

the same as spoken language.

d. The Mazatecos are an indigenous group of people

that lives in Guatemala.

Smoke signals in native North American tribes

2. What is not true about Native American smoke signals?

a. Only Native Americans used the language.

b. They used smoke signals to send messages fast.

c. Others could see the smoke from short distances.

Freepik
d. Blankets covered the fire to produce smoke.
Native American’s smoking signals
https://bit.ly/3bNNwoi

Vocabulary

whistle. a high and loud

• Do you think whistling or smoke signals would work sound made by forcing air
as communication in your community? Why or why not? through your lips or teeth

blanket. a covering made

of cloth that is used especially
on a bed to keep you warm

among. in or through
• Can you think of a new and creative way to communicate? (a group of people or things)

enemy. person or group

of people who are against you
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wet. covered or soaked with

water or another liquid, not dry

19
Reading

How did people communicate across long distances?

Have you ever heard about letters and post cards?

What do you know about them?

Evolution of the Postal Service and Courier

Interesting Facts The postal service has made the exchange of letters possible
The U.S. postal service for years. It has helped people communicate around the world.
delivers more that 44% The history of postal service goes back to the invention of writing
of the world’s cards and the need for communication. Some evidence shows that an
and letters. The service organized postal service existed in Egypt with papyrus from 255 B.C.
delivers about 212 billion It seems that pharaohs had used some kind of courier system to send
(212,000,000,000) pieces a decree throughout the empire by 2400 B.C. Some ancient cultures
of mail each year. There such as Persia, China, India, and Rome had created postal systems
are over 40,000 post before we thought.
offices in the country and
its territories. The postal The letters we know are sent in an envelope, but at the beginning
service delivers the mail there were no envelopes at all to protect the letters. Paper envelopes
rain or shine, using different were first invented in China, but before then Babylonians had already
methods of transport from invented something to protect messages: hollow, clay spheres.
planes to mules.
Stamps have been an important part of the postal service; they were
https://bit.ly/3af4pIo created in 1837 by an English man named Rowland Hill. They established
the first systematic prices based on weight. Now we continue to use the
system, but the prices have definitely increased!
Vocabulary
Source: https://bit.ly/2xYtKYF
pharaoh. a ruler
of ancient Egypt

decree. an official order For each of the sentences below, decide which happened first and
given by a person with which happened second. Write “first” and “second”. Pay attention
power or by a government to the verb forms to help you.
throughout. in or to every 1. Ancient cultures had invented writing before the first postal service.
part of (something)
b.  The postal system was invented.
hollow. having nothing
inside, not solid c.  Ancient cultures invented writing.
clay. a heavy, sticky material 2. Before Egyptians had an organized postal system, pharaohs
from the earth that is made had used a kind of courier system.
into different shapes and
that becomes hard when c.  Pharaohs used a kind of courier.
it is baked or dried
d.  Egyptians had an organized postal service.
spheres. a round, 3D object
3. Persia, China, and Rome had created a postal system. We started
stamps. a small piece of paper using a more modern postal system.
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that you buy and then stick

d.  Persia, China, and Rome created a postal system.
to an envelope or package
to pay the cost of mailing it e.  We started using a more modern postal system.

20
 Writing

What inventions made communications faster?

Informational Paragraph

Grammar Note
Rewrite the following sentences to form one sentence using past Past perfect
perfect and simple past. Use words such as after or before.
The past perfect is used
a. Samuel F.B. Morse transmitted his first message in 1844. to talk about an action that
b. Long before transmission, people used signal systems such happened in the past before
as flags or lights.
another action that
1. is normally expressed using
the simple past.

a. Morse created the system of dots and dashes (Morse Code) in 1835. Some inventors had created
b. Morse first demonstrated the use of telegraph to his friends in 1837. visual telegraphs before
Morse invented the
2. electrical telegraph.
Some inventors
a. In 1849, Reuters started using a telegraphic press service. had not (hadn’t) created
b. In 1856, Western Union became the dominant telegraph company visual telegraphs before
in the United States. Morse invented the
3. electrical telegraph.
Had some inventors created
visual telegraphs before
Morse invented the
electrical telegraph?
Step 1.  Ask your parents, grandparents, or an older person how
they communicated before. Take notes on what they say.

Step 2.  Write a paragraph (50-60 words) about how things were
different before compared to now. Be sure to use at least
three different verbs in the past perfect.

Ex. My grandmother had sent letters before e-mail was invented.

Freepik

Morse Telegraph (1837)

Vocabulary

dot. a small round mark

dash. a punctuation mark —

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that is used especially to show

a break in thought or in the
structure of a sentence

21
Language Through the Arts

How can we use codes to communicate?

Morse Code
Vocabulary Samuel Morse invented the Morse Code. It is a code that has dashes
complex. not easy and dots. Letters commonly used such as “E” have a simple code, and
to understand or explain, those that were not frequently used, for example “Q”, have longer and
not simple more complex codes.
https://bit.ly/33Gqv3X | https://bit.ly/3boENJl

Morse code letters

and numbers Is it easy to communicate using codes? Discuss your opinions
as a class.
A
B
C
D Let’s have some fun sending messages using Morse Code.
E
Write a message to your teacher, family, and classmates using
F
Morse Code. Then, show them to your classmates and teacher.
G Do the same with your family. First write the message in your
H notebook and check grammar and spelling. Be sure to write
I nice messages and not something offensive.
J
1. To my teacher:
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
2. To my family:
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z

1
2
3. To my classmates:
3
4
5
6
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7
8
9
0

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 Oral Communication
Social Studies

How did people start communicating faster?

The Invention that Rings

Talk about the images below. Which ones have you seen?

Interesting Facts
The New York Telephone
Company had 6,000 female
telephone operators by 1910.
When Alexander Graham
Bell died in 1922, all
telephones stopped ringing
for one full minute

Freepik
as a tribute to the creator.
Telephone’s evolution. The first transatlantic
telephone cable was used
in 1956. The cable runs
across the Atlantic Ocean
Listen to the story about the invention of the telephone. Decide if each
from Canada to Scotland.
sentence is True (T) or False (F). If it is false, correct it to make it true.

1. Alexander Graham Bell did not invent the telephone. There are about 150 million
telephone lines in the world
and the number increases
2. The telephone had been invented before the telegraph. by thousands daily.
The phone continues
3. The telephone turns electricity into voice.
to evolve today. Now we
have much more advanced
features like caller ID,
4. The first phone call was from Graham Bell to the Queen. texting, mobile video, safe
caller ID, internet, and
many more features. Phones
5. Most operators were young boys. connect people, facilitate
business, and even save lives.

6. Telephone calls have always been automatic. https://bit.ly/39aWXwn

Vocabulary
features. an interesting
or important part, quality,
Ask your classmates how they communicate. Do they use a landline ability, etc.
phone? Talk to at least three classmates and write their answers here.
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23
Communcation and Cultural Awareness

How has technology changed our culture?

Technology Changes Cultures Worldwide

Interesting Facts Culture is always evolving; each time a new material item appears,
Sociologist William F. nonmaterial culture modifies. It changes when something new adjusts
Ogburn created the term ways of living. Adopting new ways of facing everyday situations
“culture lag” to define by using new inventions can change cultural values. In addition, people
the time that passes need new norms for new situations. When society changes quickly
by between the introduction and culture is influenced by new inventions, it can cause generation
of a new item or device gaps. Sometimes a new device can take only months to become part
and its recognition as of a group of young people but it might take long time to be accepted
a part of everyday life. It can by older generations.
cause misunderstandings One clear example of cultural change is the process of globalization.
between generations. It has brought international cultures to all homes through the television
or internet. It has caused changes in values and lifestyles, and it shows
https://bit.ly/2V0o4Fl
how ideas from one culture are introduced into another and reshape it.
https://bit.ly/2x1V88b
Vocabulary

nonmaterial. not physical

values. a strong belief about

what is valuable, important,
or acceptable

gap. a space between two

people or things

lifestyle. a particular way

of living, the way a person
or a group of people live

shape. to influence the

development of something Freepik

Two different generations using technology

Discuss in class.

• Do you think technology Circle the correct answer.

affects culture positively 1. Cultural lag is:
or negatively? Explain.
b. Difference in age of people

c. The time it takes for people to accept new items

d. Older people that cannot use new devices

2. The fact that we find McDonald’s in our country is an example of:

• Are there any examples
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of cultural lag in your life? c. Culture lag

d. Globalization

e. Generation gap

24
 Oral Communication
Social Studies

How would society be different without television?

Tip

Think about movies or sitcoms, TV shows and

other programs. Which ones are your favorite?
Have you ever imagined life without all the
images we watch on TV?

Freepik
Young girl watching TV
Listen again and circle or highlight all the correct
statements according to the story.
Invention of Television
• The first televisions were mechanical.
Listen to the conversation between a teenager and
an elder who talks about the invention of television. • The first TV transmission was the image
For each year you see, write what happened. of the dollar sign.
• WRGB TV station has been operating
continuously since 1926.
• At the beginning, programs were commercial-free.
1926
• Remote controls were invented before color TVs.
• By the time color TVs were sold, all programs
were recorded in color, too.

1938 • The first 3D flat screen appeared in 2005.

Have you ever seen a very old TV? Does your

1941 family have a TV? Do you think TVs are common
in most homes in your country? Discuss these
questions in groups of three and take notes
on what it is said.

1954

1955

1966
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2005
Freepik

25
Reading

What is the most important contribution to technology?

Do you know what a transistor is? Have you ever heard about its use?
Discuss it as a class.

The Transistor: A New Era

Interesting Facts The transistor is an underappreciated invention that changed
Bardeen, Brattain, and the world forever. Believe it or not, it is the crucial component of an
Shockley won the Nobel electronic device. Our televisions, radios, cell phones, and computers
Prize for Chemistry in 1956 work with them. Televisions used to work with some tubes that were
for inventing the transistor. slow and used a lot of energy before transistors were used.

A transistor is like a Three people invented the transistor: William Shockley, John
miniature on-off switch Bardeen and Walter Brattain. Shockley started working in 1936
that allows a computer on the transistor. Although he could successfully work out the
to process information. theory, he could not build a working model in eight years. Bardeen
and Brattain helped him develop the model. Sometime later, Texas
A computer can’t operate Instruments of Dallas first started commercial production of some
without an integrated transistors for portable radios in 1954. The Sony Company of Japan
circuit (chip), and a chip soon acquired the right to produce transistors and dominated the
can’t operate without market. In the 1960’s, Sony began to manufacture television sets using
a transistor. transistors instead of tubes. Afterwards, vacuum tube technology
became obsolete.
The first Intel computer
chip had 2,300 transistors, https://bit.ly/2X9SIyS
while the latest one has
820 million.
https://bit.ly/3aD10TQ Decide if each sentence is True (T) or False (F). If it is false,
correct it to make it true.

Vocabulary 1. Televisions have always worked with transistors.

underappreciated. not
appreciated or valued enough
2. Transistors are the key piece in every single electronic device.
work out. to achieve
by resolving difficulties
3. William Shockley invented a working transistor.
acquired. to get (something):
to come to own (something)

afterwards. at a later time, 4. Transistors were first used in portable radios.

after something has happened

vacuum. an empty space

in which there is no air 5. The first company that created a device using transistors
or other gas was Sony.
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26
 Writing
Language

How has our life changed due to technology?

Cause and Effect Paragraph

How has our society changed due to the inventions that we Tip
have studied?
A cause and effect paragraph
explains the consequences
You are going to write a cause and effect paragraph about the effects of an action, event, decision,
technology has had on society. These can be positive and negative effects.
etc. A cause and effect
First, brainstorm some ideas. In what aspects of society has technology paragraph can be organized
changed the way we do things? in different ways. It can be
Next, write some ideas in the graphic organizer below. Determine what organized chronologically
the cause is and what effect is the result. or based on the importance
of the events. It is useful
Then, put your paragraph together. Start with a topic sentence to introduce
the main idea. Then present your information from the graphic organizer. to complete the entire writing
process in order to write
Finally, finish with a concluding sentence that is similar to your topic a correct paragraph.
sentence. Your paragraph should be 50-60 words.

Cause Effect
Grammar Note

Some useful expressions

for cause and effect are:
Because of …
As a result of …
As a consequence of …
…resulting from ….
Effect
… is due to …
… is because of …
Some useful expressions
to express effect are:
The first effect of … is …
Another result of … is …
As a result, …
Effect
As a consequence, …
Consequently …
Therefore, …
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… is the reason for …

https://bit.ly/347djoW

27
Language Through the Arts

Are all programs appropriate for all ages?

Let’s Make a Television Set!

Materials

• Carboard boxes any sizes, a little one

if you want to make a remote control

• Any useful material you find in your community

• Paintings

• Scissors or box cutter

Freepik
• Carboard of many different colors

Modern television

Instructions

• Cut the carboard box in the shape • Describe the television according to its
you want your television to have. characteristics. (flat screen, old television, etc.)

• Add any decorations you would like

to have on a TV set.

• Paint it with any color you want.

• List the kinds of programs children and

adolescents should watch and share
it with classmates.

Vocabulary
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cutter. a tool that cuts something

Mineduc

Cardboard televisions

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 Oral Communication

What has technology brought us?

Computers and Cellphones

What do you think about the latest electronic devices? • Discuss the positive and
Are they useful? Do you like them? negative aspects of the use
of technology with the class.
Is it affecting you? How?
Dr. Lisa P. Wayne is going to tell some students about changes
due to technological advances and how they have affected our society
positively and negatively. Listen to the class and complete the activities.

• Discuss the use of social

networks. Are they
appropriate for every
person? Is it good that little
kids have access to social
networks? Why or why not?
Freepik

Teenagers using electronic devices

Circle or highlight the statements expressed in the audio.

1. Technology has changed the world in a very profound way.

2. Technology is very important in our daily activities.

3. Life was easier before the invention of cellphones and computers.

4. Cellphones help us stay away from society. Vocabulary

5. We cannot find all information on the internet. appropriate. right or suited for
6. Technology helps people to be around others. some purpose or situation
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7. Kids and adolescents are always expecting the approval

of others on social networks.

8. It is good to be contacted by strange people.

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Assessment

Achievement Level - Listening

Individual activity

1 Listen to the person talking about the history of computers.

Decide if each statement is True (T) or False (F).
a. Charles Babbage created two different models of early computers.
b. All computers have been the same since the beginning.
c. The first computer was used for math calculations.
d. Old computers had punched films or cards to calculate.
e. Vacuum tubes made computers become faster and more accurate.
f. Old computers were exact in math calculations.
g. Cellphones are little computers.
h. The first electric computers were very little.
i. Microprocessors changed the size of computers.
j. Some computers were used in war.

2 What do you think is the most important invention

that changed technology in computers?

Achievement Level - Writing

Individual activity

3 Write a short cause and effect paragraph (60-70 words) about changes
in society because of computers. Use your notebook for the writing process.
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30
 Assessment How much¿Xxxxxxx?
have we advanced?

Achievement Level - Reading

Individual activity

4 Read the following article and complete the activities as indicated.

Social networking is a topic that divides opinion - some people think it’s an
amazing tool but others are worried about the impact it has on people’s lives.
Some people decided to find out the benefits - and potential risks - of using
social networks. Here are some of their conclusions as to the main benefits
and drawbacks of social media.
Not everyone may think about the negative effects of having social
networking accounts - but simple things like not setting your privacy properly
or liking someone’s photo can have bad results.
Social networking has a lot of good points. You can express yourself, post
your favorite songs or your latest picture with friends. It is a lot easier to do it
over the internet than in person. You can keep in touch with your friends and
relatives around the world.
Taken and adapted from: https://bbc.in/3aT2VUF

5 Answer the following questions:

a. What do you think is the most important negative aspect about
social networks?

b. Why should we be careful with strangers on social networks?

c. List the positive points that you consider the most important
about social networks.

I’m completing this self-evaluation based on what I learned in the module.

Self-evaluation I check the box that most applies to me

I do it I can’t do it
Topics I do it very well I can improve
somewhat well without help
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Use simple past and past perfect correctly

Understand conversations and identify details

Write a cause and effect paragraph

31
 Project 2

Research Project
This is a research project and through it you are going to practice
Objectives and keep learning. You are going to apply some basic statistics
and share the results with classmates.
• To find out how students
of BGU are using
social networks.

• To identify what social

networks they use.

• To establish if their
“friends” or “followers”
are people students know
or are strangers.

• To guide students
in the correct and safe
use of social networks.

Notes

Freepik
Social networks

Step 1

Identify the group you are going to investigate.

Step 2

Using the objectives listed on the left side of the page, create 5-6
questions to ask your classmates. You should mix yes/no questions
and wh- questions to get the most information. When your survey
is ready, ask all of your classmates, and if possible, students from
2nd and 3rd BGU, too.

Step 3

Present the results using percentages when you can.

Did the results surprise you?

Step 4

Do some research on the internet about social networks and teenagers.

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Be sure to only use internet sites that are serious.

Step 5

Present a brief guide about security on social networks to your classmates.

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