Elasticity
Elasticity
Elasticity
The following table presents hypothetical data for the market demand
for a good. Complete the table:
Qd P AR TR
1.00 50.00 50.00 50.00
2.00 40.00 40.00 80.00
3.00 30.00 30.00 90.00
4.00 20.00 20.00 80.00
5.00 13.00 13.00 65.00
6.00 8.00 8.00 48.00
AR=TR/Q=P=Doanh thu trung bình=Average Revenue
MR=ΔTR/ΔQ=…=dTR/dQ=Doanh thu biên=Marginal Revenue
Ed=Ep=Edp=(%ΔQ/%ΔP)=(ΔQ/ΔP)*(P/Q)=[1/((ΔP/ΔQ)]*(P/Q)
Ed=Ep=Edp=(%ΔQ/%ΔP)=(dQ/dP)*(P/Q)=[1/(dP/dQ)]*(P/Q)
Ed= -1<=>Unitary Elastic
Ed< -1<=>Elastic (Co giãn nhiều)
Ed> -1<=>Inelastic (Co giãn ít)
Ed= 0<=>Perfectly Inelastic (HT kg co giãn)
Ed= -∞<=>Perfectly Elastic (HT co giãn)
Exercise 2:
Given: The demand equation is P=40-2Q => TR= 40Q - 2Q^2
a. What is the equation for MR? MR= dTR/dQ=
b. At what output is MR=0? MR=0 =>
c. At what output is TR maximum? TR max khi MR=0 hay Q=10.
d. Determine the price elasticity of demand at the output where TR is maximum
P TR MR
Exercise 3:
Suppose that the demand equation for a good is Q=20-2P
Complete the table:
Q P TR MR
0.00 10.00 0.00 10.00
1.00 9.50 9.50 9.00
2.00 9.00 18.00 8.00
3.00 8.50 25.50 7.00
4.00 8.00 32.00 6.00
5.00 7.50 37.50 5.00
6.00 7.00 42.00 4.00
7.00 6.50 45.50 3.00
8.00 6.00 48.00 2.00
9.00 5.50 49.50 1.00
10.00 5.00 50.00 0.00
11.00 4.50 49.50 -1.00
12.00 4.00 48.00 -2.00
13.00 3.50 45.50 -3.00
14.00 3.00 42.00 -4.00
15.00 2.50 37.50 -5.00
16.00 2.00 32.00 -6.00
17.00 1.50 25.50 -7.00
18.00 1.00 18.00 -8.00
19.00 0.50 9.50 -9.00
20.00 0.00 0.00 -10.00
Exercise 4:
Suppose that the demand equation for a good is Q=16+9P-2P2,
calculate the price elasticity of demand at a price of $4 and at a price $3
Q= 16 + 9
dQ/dP = 9+ -4
Khi P= 4 => Q=
=> Ed= -1.4
Khi P= 3 => Q=
=> Ed= -0.36
Exercise 5:
If the demand equation for an item is P=1000+3Q-4Q2
a. Determine price elasticity of demand at Q=10
b. Determine the equation for TR and MR
P= 1000 + 3
a.
Khi Q= 10 => P=
dP/dQ= 3+ -8
=> Ed= -0.0125074449
b.
TR= P*Q= 1000 *Q
MR= dTR/dQ= 1000 +
Exercise 6:
Given: The relationship between product A and product B is Qa=80Pb-0.5Pb2,
where Qa=Units of product A demanded by consumers each day and Pb=Selling
price of product B.
a. Determine the cross-elasticity coefficient for the two products when the price
of product B=$10
b. Are products A and B complements, subtitutes, or independent, and how "strong"
is the relationship?
a.
Khi Pb= 10 => Qa=
dQa/dPb= 80 + -1
Eab= =(dQa/dPb)*(Pb/Qa)
b.
A và B là 2 hàng hóa độc lập vì ứng với Pb khác nhau thì lượng cầu hàng hóa A có thể tăng hoặc giảm.
Và mối quan hệ này cũng phụ thuộc vào mức giá của hàng hóa B.
Exercise 7:
The Fairfax Apparel Company manufactures sports, shirts for men; during 1987
Fairfax sold an average of 23,000 sports shirts for $13 per shirt. In early January
1988, Fairfax's major competitor, Lafayyete Manufacturing Co., cut the price of
its sports shirts from $15 to $12. The orders Fairfax received for its own sports
shirts dropped sharly, from 23,000 per month to 13,000 per month for February
and March 1988.
a. Calculate the cross elasticity of demand between Fairfax's sports shirts and
Lafayette's sports shirts during February and March. Are the two companies'
sports shirts good or poor substitutes?
%ΔPb= %ΔQa=
%ΔPb(arc)= %ΔQa(arc)=
Eab=
Eab(arc)=
b. Suppose that the coeffient of the price elasticity of demand for Fairfax's
sports shirts is -2.0. Assuming that Lafayette keeps its price at $12, by how
much must Fairfax cut its price to build its sales of shirts back up to 23,000
per month? (Use the arc formula for price elasticity)
a.
%ΔPb= -20.00% %ΔQa= -43.48%
%ΔPb(arc)= -22.22% %ΔQa(arc)= -55.56%
Eab= 2.17
Eab(arc)= 2.50
b.
Độ co dãn của cầu theo giá Ed(a)= -2
Để làm tăng số lượng lại 23000 thì : %ΔQa(arc)=
=> %ΔPa(arc)=
=> P=
Để giữ mức sản lượng tại Q=23000 thì công ty Fairfax phải cắt giảm tổng cộng là:
Exercise 8:
Find the price elasticity of demand (Ed) for the curvilinear demand function
of the form Q=aP-b
Exercise 9:
Suppose that two prices and their corresponding quantities (Table 9) are
observed in the market for commodity X. Find the price elasticity of demand
for commodity X between point A and point B (Moving from A to B, from
B to A, and Midway between A and B)
Point Px Qx
A 6.10 32,180.00
B 5.70 41,230.00
Độ co dãn của cầu theo giá cho hàng hóa X theo phương pháp trung bình:
%ΔP= 6.78%
%ΔQ= -24.66%
=> Ed= %ΔQ/%ΔP = -3.64
Exercise 10:
Find the cross elasticity of demand between hot dogs (X) and hamburgers (Y)
and between hot dogs (X) and mustard (Z) (Exz) for the data in Table 10
Commodity Before After
P Q P
Hamburgers (Y) 3.00 30.00 2.00
Hot dogs (X) 1.00 15.00 1.00
Mustard (Z) 1.50 10.00 2.00
Hot dogs (X) 1.00 15.00 1.00
%ΔPy= -40.00%
%ΔQx= -40.00%
=> Exy= %ΔQx/%ΔPy = 1.00
%ΔPz= 28.57%
%ΔQx= -22.22%
=> Exz= %ΔQx/%ΔPz = -0.78
Exercise 11:
From the supply schedule in Table 11, find arc elasticity for a movement
a. From poit A to point C
b. From poit C to point A
c. Midway between A and C
d. At point B
Point A B C
Px 6.00 5.00 4.00
Qx 6,000.00 5,500.00 4,500.00
a.
%ΔP= -33.33%
%ΔQ= -25.00%
=> E(A->C)= %ΔQ/%ΔP = 0.75
b.
%ΔP= 50.00%
%ΔQ= 33.33%
=> E(C->A)= %ΔQ/%ΔP = 0.67
c.
%ΔP= 40.00%
%ΔQ= 28.57%
=> Ed= %ΔQ/%ΔP = 0.71
d.
Q= -2,000.00 + 1,450.00
dQ/dP= 1,450.00
E(B)= (dQ/dP)*P/Q= 1.32
Exercise 13:
We have:
%∆Q= 10.00%
%∆TR= 6.00%
Find:
%∆P= -3.64%
Ed= -2.75
Exercise 14:
We have:
%∆P= 12.00%
%∆TR= 8.00%
Find:
%∆Q= -3.57%
Ed= -0.30
Exercise 15:
We have:
%∆Q= 20.00%
%∆P= -4.00%
Find:
%∆TR= 15.20%
Ed= -5.00
Exercise 16:
We have:
%∆Q= 8.00%
Ed= -4.00
Find:
%∆P= -2.00%
%∆TR= 5.84%
Exercise 17:
At the equilibrium point we have:
Pe= 100.00
Qe= 200.00
Es= 4.00
Ed= -2.00
Find:
Demand function and Supply function:
Q=a+bP and P=c+dQ
Phương trình cung:
Es= (dQ/dP)*(P/Q) => dQ/dP=
ta có: Q=a+8P =>a=
=> pt cung: Q= -600
P= 75
Phương trình cầu:
Ed= (dQ/dP)*(P/Q) => dQ/dP=
ta có: Q=c-4P =>c=
=> pt cầu: Q= 600
P= 150
Exercise 18:
B C
ta có E= 1/(dP/dQ)*(P/Q)
Từ sơ đồ trên :
P(A)>P(B)=P(C)
Q(A)=Q(B)<Q(C)
=> E(A)>E(B)>E(C).
Exercise 19:
B C
Exercise 20:
B C
30.00 -2.00 CG
10.00 -1.00 CGDV
-10.00 -0.50 KCG
-15.00 -0.37 KCG
-17.00 -0.27 KCG
= 40 - 4Q
Q= 10 P= 40
0 hay Q=10.
R is maximum Co dãn đơn vị
Ed Type of Demand
#DIV/0! HTCG
-19.00 CG
-9.00 CG
-5.67 CG
-4.00 CG
-3.00 CG
-2.33 CG
-1.86 CG
-1.50 CG
-1.22 CG
-1.00 CGDV
-0.82 KCG
-0.67 KCG
-0.54 KCG
-0.43 KCG
-0.33 KCG
-0.25 KCG
-0.18 KCG
-0.11 KCG
-0.05 KCG
0.00 HTKCG
hệ giữa P, TR và MR
MR
Ed Type of Demand
#DIV/0! HTCG
-19.00 CG
-9.00 CG
-5.67 CG
-4.00 CG
-3.00 CG
-2.33 CG
-1.86 CG
-1.50 CG
-1.22 CG
-1.00 CGDV
-0.82 KCG
-0.67 KCG
-0.54 KCG
-0.43 KCG
-0.33 KCG
-0.25 KCG
-0.18 KCG
-0.11 KCG
-0.05 KCG
0.00 HTKCG
*P + -2 *P^2
*P
20
25
*Q + -4 *Q^2
630
*Q
+ 3 *Q^2 + -4
6 *Q + -12 Q^2
80Pb-0.5Pb2,
and Pb=Selling
750
*Pb
0.933333333333333
n; during 1987
n early January
ut the price of
ts own sports
h for February
=ΔQ/Qtb=(Q2-Q1)/[(Q1+Q2)/2]
55.56%
-27.78%
9.83
iảm tổng cộng là: 226073.170731707
of demand
D E
3.00 2.00
3,000.00 0.00
*P
8
-600
+ 8 *P
+ 0.125 *Q
-4
600
+ -4 *P
+ -0.25 *Q
ràng, nên ta không thể kết luận E(A) và E(B)