Cause of violence in India during 1919-1920:

1: Montague Chelmsford reforms:

 Self-Rule not granted even though they fought for British in WW-1.
 All major powers were given to Viceroy (He could pass any law if he thinks that they are
important for security of India, Provincial council dismissal, Provincial minister’s
appointment).
2: Rowlatt Act 1919:

 Defense of India Act made permanent. Arrest without warrant, jail without trial ( These
points were against the human rights)
3: Amritsar Massacre 1920:

 More than 300 people. racist (equal)

 Hunter commission (No punishment for General Dyre) lost trust on British
4: Arya Samajh + Hindu Mahasabha ( 1920s 1922-1923) Communal violence
5: Self Rule Congress Non cooperation 1920 : Banned the British product services (30000)
1923-1924 ( Chura-Churi Incident and Moplahs Incident)
Evaluation: according to my point of view, the rowlatt act was the main reason of violence in
India bcz the laws were

Khilafat Movement 1920-1924:

Introduction:

 Muslims of India
 1919-1924
 To save rule of Khalifa and Ottoman Empire
 It ends as a failure.
Reasons for formation of Khilafat Movement:
1: British policies towards Muslims in India

 Montague Chelmsford reforms + Rowlatt Act 1919

 Due to these policies Muslims lost trust on British for the protection of their rights.
2: British were trying to create Hindu fear among Muslims to gain their support

 Muslims were concerned and forced to start the movement.

3: Western countries behavior towards Afghanistan and Persia

 These nations were influenced by western countries and their opinion was not given any
due importance.
 Muslims were worried that same will happen with Muslims in India.
4: Treatment of allies towards Ottoman Empire after the WW-1
WW-1 (1914)
Allies: Britain, France, India Muslims
Axis: Germany, Turkey (Ottoman Empire), Austria

 Muslims of India wanted to remind the British of their promise which they made before
the war that British will not harm the Muslim empire and Khilafat system
5: To safe the rule of Khalifa:
6: Scared places which were important for Muslims:
7: Arrest of many Muslims and their leaders during the war.
Events during Khilafat Movement:
Protecting the Khalifa:
Reasons:
1: Linked to religion Islam. The protection of khalifa was protection of religion.
2: The western countries will dominate the rule of ottoman empire and Muslims will be treated
as slaves.
3: Religious value as it was also a symbol of unity for all Muslims.
According to my point of view, the protection of Khilafat system was the most important reason
for Muslims to start Khilafat movement. It was because for Muslims religion Islam has the most
value than another factor. The protection of Khalifa meant the protection of religion Islam for
them. They didn’t want the western countries to dominate the Islamic empire as it was a symbol
of unity for them.
Gandhi, Congress Swraj Movement (Self-rule)
A movement to get self-rule from British.
Describe about the 1st Khilafat Conference

 November 1919.
 Ali brothers (Molana Muhammad Ali Johar + Molana Shaukat Ali), Molana Abul Kalam
Azad and Gandhi.
 Send a group/delegation to England (British PM) to talk about not destroying Khilafat
system and about strength of Muslim feelings.
What was Swaraj Movement?[4]

 Started by Gandhi.
 It was started to demand Self-rule from British.
 Gandhi wanted the Muslims to also participate in Swaraj Movement.
 Gandhi joined Khilafat Movement to support Swaraj Movement.
 It was ended in 1922.
 What was Stayaghara? [4]

 A form of protest
 Introduced by Gandhi
 It was a non-violent form of protest.
 According to it, we should not submit in front of tyrant but sacrifice our whole soul to
protest against him.
 Examples are sit-down strike, hunger strike, petitions.
2nd khilafat Conference:

 Held at Amritsar Dec 1919

 Muslim League + Congress (Supporting)
1st Khilafat Conference (Nov 1919)/ send a delegation to England (Molana Muhammad Ali
Johar)
2nd Khilafat Conference (Dec 1919)
3rd a delegation was to Viceroy (Jan 1920)/ Fair treatment with Turkey.
4th Another delegation to Britain (Feb 1920)/British announced the treaty of Serves concerning
Turkey.
What was treaty of Serves? [4]
Announced in Feb 1920.
The wining nations of WW-1 (allies)
It was concerning Turkey/Ottoman Empire
According to it they decided to split turkey into different part.
Reaction of Indians:

 March 1920
 They started the Non-cooperation movement (boycott)
 Gandhi
Reasons for Failure of Khilafat Movement:
1: Hijrat Movement:

 Led to economic decline for Muslims and they were indulged in solving their own
problems which reduced the popular support for Khilafat.
 People lost trust on the Khilafat leaders which also dispirited the Muslims and they
stopped participating.
2: 3rd Khilafat Conference:

 The leaders of the movement were arrested and there was no one left to run the
movement or guide about further steps. When popular figures were not there to
lead , It made the movement less effective.
3: Violent incidences:

 Moplahs Incident:
Muslims and Hindus were divided due to increase communal rivalry which led to lack of
support from Hindus for the movement.
 Churi Chura Incident:
4: Gandhi’s Support for movement:
When aim became unclear , it led to decline of the movement.
5: Mustafa Kamal
Khilafat Movement (1919) Self-rule Movement/Swraj Movement
Muslims of India Gandhi and Hindus
Talk to British to save Caliph To fight against British to get Self-rule
Merge these movements (Khilafat + Swraj movement)
Non-cooperation Movement (1920) (Non-voilent)
Anti-British Movement
Diverted from your main aim

Chapter 8: (1927-1939)
1909: (Morley Minto reforms/ Indian Councils Act of 1909)
1919: (Montague-Chelmsford/ Indian Councils Act of 1919)
1927: Conservative (Harsh) was ruling Britain.
That in next elections they will not be able win and instead Labour party (kind) will form
government.
If labour party will win, in the constitution, they will grant Self-rule.
So, they decided to present the new constitution sooner then the date was decided.
A commission was formed to present new constitution. (1927)
Q: Why Indians were opposed to Simon Commission?
1. No Indian representation.
2. Simon was also not in favour of giving Indians a lot of power.
3. Because they knew that these members will not grant Self-rule to Indians as these are
stalling tactics of Brtish.
Indian reaction: Protest, boycott , All parties will work together
British reaction: Simon commission arrived, and they kept on working
1928: They decided to present the new constitution on their own.
Nehru Report: September 1928:
1: India to be a Federation. (A group of states with one central government)
2: India to be a dominion status (a state within British Empire but free in its external and Internal
matters. ( self-rule/ Self-government)
3: A formation of a parliament with two houses. Upper house and lower house.
(Parliament is an institution to make laws)
4: for lower house and provincial assemblies, there will be universal suffrage.
(All adults allowed to vote)
5: No reserved seats and separate electorates for Muslims.
6: Hindi to be official language.

Jinnah’s Proposals to reach on a compromise over Nehru report:

Why Nehru Report was rejected by Muslim League? [7]
1: Separate Electorates
2: Seats and Language
3: Bengal and Punjab given the right of adult suffrage.
Residuary powers:
Federation:
1:1

Central /Federal

Bengal
Punjab/Provincia
/provincial KPK Balochistan Gilgit Baltistan
l Government
Government
Two governments:
1: Central government:

 Viceroy/Governor General: (council/advicer)

 Parliament

2: Provincial government
1: Provincial power: Education, Health
2: Central/Federal: Defense, Foreign Affairs, Trade
3: Residuary power: The powers which are left out and not part of state or provincial power.
Why Jinnah wanted residuary powers to be given to provinces?
1927-1929: What was everyone working on?
Constitution making:
British: Simon Commission
Hindus: Nehru report
Muslims: Jinnah’s 14 points

Jinnah’s 14 points:

 1929
 Demand for Muslim rights.
Q: Why Jinnah presented the 14 points? [7]
1: demands for future negotiations
2: separate paths of Hindu Muslims
3: led to Pakistan movement

Legislate (making law) , Legislature ( The person who makes laws)

Legislative Assembly/Institute/council: The organization which makes laws

Round Table Conferences: (1930-1932)

Q: Why these conferences were held?
1: to discuss the proposals of Simon commission to present the new constitution.
Which conference was most successful?
How successful?

Successes Failures

1st RTC: 1St RTC:

 1: Federal System introduction. 1: Congress refused to participate.
2: Representative government in provinces.

2nd RTC: 2nd RTC:

1: NWFP and Sindh were given the status of 1: Gandhi’s stubborn attitude.
provinces. 2: Change of government in England.
2: Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed

Government of India Act 1935:

Elections 1937:

 Fought based on 1935 constitution.

 Muslim League and Congress were opposing to it but sending message across India
through election campaign was a major benefit.
 Both parties had different Manifesto/Agenda
  Muslim League: protection of minorities and Self-rule.
 Congress: One undivided India.
Election result:
Success of Muslim League:
1: Helped Muslim league to unite after internal split of 1920s.Support in Muslim minority area.
2: Muslim league had an image problem and they also learnt to organize the campaign.Jinnah
worked for reorganization of party.
Success of Congress:
1: won in majority provinces

Chapter-9
Problems of India: (1940-1947)
Hindus and Muslims were not ready to cooperate
Muslims thinking of separation
Congress and Hindus were trying to dominate Muslims
Indians were trying to get independence
Muslims demanded their to right to consider as equals
Second World War : 1939-1945
Celebration of Day of Deliverance was justified or not?
Justified:
1: Wardha Scheme
2: Band-e-Matram
3: Congress tyranny
4: Congress ready to include ML members in their government
Not-Justified:
1: No future cooperation between Muslims and Hindus
2:

August offer:
1940
British presented to Muslim league
To gain support for WW-II
Viceroy Executive Council (Advisory council) will be expanded by adding more new Indian
members.
Form a War/Defense council (Muslims demanded more members in defense council)
Indians will frame their own constitution.

Cripps Mission: 1942

A proposal by British government send through Mr Stafford Cripps
It was to gain the support for British war effort.
According to the proposal, British government agreed to grant Self-rule to Indians
They decided to allow Indians to form their own constitution through constituent Assembly.
Indians rejected it: Why? [7]
1: Muslims rejected because there was no idea of Pakistan movement.
2: Hindus rejected because they wanted immediate control of India with British leaving it.
3: The idea of opting out from Union was disliked by Congress as they wanted “one undivided
India” and no division at all they were ready to allow. This could also further weaken their grip
on Indian Empire once British would leave.
Result of Cripps Mission:
It led forward to Pakistan movement?
Yes! The idea of opting for provinces which was presented by British showed that they realize
the importance of the minorities living in India. It gave a chance to Muslims to think that
separate homeland is a possibility by joining Muslim provinces.
It led Indians towards Independence?
Yes! The proposal shows that British were at a weak position and Indians especially Congress
was ready to use it for their advantage. They were not ready to compromise anything less than
independence. This shows the strength of Indians in opposing British.

Quit India Movement: 1942

Started by Congress and Gandhi.
It was started to gain control from British so they could leave India as soon as possible.
It was a violent noncooperation campaign due to which many Congress leaders were arrested.
British used force to gain back the control.

Gandhi Jinnah Talks: 1944

Negotiations which were held between Gandhi and Jinnah about the future of India.
Held in Bombay
The talks failed:`