Batakundi Sapphires
Batakundi Sapphires
Batakundi Sapphires
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Sapphires Reportedly from Batakundi/Basil area
A preliminary examination and a comparison with rubies and pink
sapphires from other deposits in Central Asia.
Vincent Pardieu, Kamolwan Thirangoon, Pantaree Lomthong, Sudarat
Saeseaw, Jitlapit Thanachakaphad, and Gary Du Toit
GIA Laboratory, Bangkok
Figure 1: Several rough and faceted purplish pink sapphires reported to have been mined from the Batakundi‐Basil area located in a
border area between Pakistan’s controlled Kashmir (Azad Kashmir) and Pakistan’s Northern Areas province. This remote deposit is
located not very far from the Nangimali ruby mining area located in Pakistan controlled Kashmir close to the “1972 cease fire line”
separating the Indian and Pakistan controlled Kashmir. Photo: V. Pardieu
Introduction:
Recently several unusual purple sapphires (Figure 1) were submitted to the GIA
Laboratory Bangkok for examination by Mr Zulfiqar Ali Abbas from “Kashmir Gems”
(pvt), Ltd (Pakistan). The stones were reported to have been mined in Kashmir near the
villages of Batakundi and Basil located in Pakistan controlled Kashmir (Figure 1
and Figure 2).
This study focuses on the gemological description of the “Batakundi” stones seen in
April 2009 (Figure 1) and their comparison with rubies and pink/purple sapphires from
known deposits in Central Asia. The study also relates some of the challenges presented
when attempting the origin determination of gemstones, particularly at a time when
rubies and sapphires are mined from many new, remote and relatively unknown
deposits.
“Kashmir, a complicated story but priceless brand name”: The Kashmir region (Figure 2)
hosts one of the world’s most famous sapphire deposits located near Sumjam village in
“Jammu and Kashmir”; a province controlled by India. This deposit, discovered at the
end of the 19th century, produced sapphires that became famous for their much loved
color and “sleepy” appearance. However, the remoteness and romance of the location
as related by the advancing army of rich British tourists to this “Princely State of Kashmir
and Jammu” when India was regarded as “the Jewel in the Crown” of the British Empire,
added to the stone’s lore.
Today the origin “Kashmir”, as associated with blue sapphires, is a strong selling tool:
“Kashmir sapphires” are viewed as being extremely rare gems that evoke the romance
and the glory of a lost empire to the extent that their market value is higher when
compared with stones of a similar appearance but coming from other origins. As market
value can be very different for stones of similar a similar appearance but from different
origins, gemological laboratories are commonly asked to state their opinion on a stone’s
country of origin; this being of particular importance for stones with a potential
“Kashmir origin”.
In 2006 one of the authors (VP) visited the Namak Mandi gem market in Peshawar
where the stones reported from Batakundi or Nangimali areas located in Pakistan
controlled Kashmir are commonly described as “Kashmir” rubies or sapphires based on
their color. Nevertheless these stones are quite different from the famous “Kashmir”
sapphires mined in the Indian controlled “Jammu and Kashmir” region.
Originally the description “Kashmir” was used only to refer to the Kashmir Valley, an
area located in the current Jammu and Kashmir province. However, as the Maharaja of
Kashmir extended his rule over many other regions outside of the Kashmir Valley, the
entire region under the rule of the Prince of Kashmir became known as “Kashmir”.
Subsequently the borders of the region were further confused by the Pakistan ‐ India
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and China territorial conflict (Figure 2). Thus “Kashmir” refers to a disputed region
composed of many different valleys, including the Kashmir Valley and these uncertain
political borders complicate the place‐naming of rubies and sapphires from area.
Figure 2: Map of the former Kashmir Province showing the complexity of the local situation regarding Country of Origin
Determination and the location of its ruby and sapphire deposits. The former Kashmir province is currently administrated by India,
China and Pakistan but the borders are the subject of a territorial dispute between them since the partition of India and Pakistan in
1947.
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Sapphires reportedly from the Batakundi / Basil area in Pakistan Controlled Kashmir:
Batakundi was briefly described as a corundum locality by Garnier (Garnier, 2003) and
again by Quinn (Quinn, 2004). In mid June 2006, one of the authors (V.P.) was visiting
the Namak Mandi gem market 1 in Peshawar Pakistan to prepare for various expeditions
to ruby, emerald and spinel mines in the region. While there he examined several
parcels of rubies, purple and blue sapphires from the different mining areas in Central
Asia; The main material in the market at that time were stated to be from Jagdalek in
Afghanistan (Bowersox, 2000, Pardieu, 2006) a mining area known for several centuries
and Murgab in Tajikistan (Smith, 1998, Hughes, 2006, Pardieu, 2006, Pardieu, 2007)
which after a short activity in the 1990’s started to produce again at the end of 2005.
VP was surprised that no stones from the Hunza 2 ruby and spinel deposit seemed to be
available (Okrusch, et al., 1976, Gübelin, 1982, Piat, 1974). However, he did observe a
few parcels of dark red, purplish or bright red rubies ‐ all described as coming from
Kashmir. Local traders stated that the bright red stones were from Kel – Nangimali,
(Kane, 1997, Pecher, et al., 2002, Garnier, et al., 2004, Pardieu, 2006) a remote mining
area discovered in 1979 and located, on the Pakistan side, a few kilometers from the
1972 cease fire line separating Pakistan and India controlled Kashmir. The dark red,
purple, pink and blue stones were stated to be associated with the Batakundi deposit
(Clutterbuck, 2009). It appeared that there are in fact 2 deposits; The Batakundi ruby
deposit producing dark red rubies and the Batakundi Basil producing purplish pink
stones. As VP was planning to visit the Batakundi and the Nangimali areas in the
following weeks, it was decided not to buy these (expensive) samples but as several
stones displayed a strong and very unusual red color zoning he decided to
photographically record some of them (Figure 3).
Figure 3: Three purple sapphires as seen in Peshawar gem market in June 2006, the stones on the left got the author attention due
to its unusual strong hexagonal red color banding. Photos: V. Pardieu/AIGS‐ICA‐Gubelin, June 2006
1
The Namak Mandi gem market is Central Asia’s main gemstone trading centre.
2
The Hunza deposit is in the north of Pakistan and was discovered in 1970’s during the road works for the
Karakoram highway
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In August 2006 VP’s expedition to the ruby and sapphire mines in Nangimali and
Batakundi turned out to be very difficult, firstly as the area was still recovering from the
terrible earthquake which affected Kashmir in Oct 2005 (numerous landslides were
blocking the roads in the Neelam valley between Muzafarabad and Kel). This resulted in
the loss of several days on the way to the Nangimali mines and time was then too short
to visit the remote Batakundi area. Secondly, the collection of samples from these areas
turned out to be very difficult as the Nangimali mine was run by the Pakistan
Government who had strict rules concerning the way the gemstone production was
sold. Therefore, while VP was able, with the support of the Geologic Survey of Pakistan,
to visit the mines to study and document the rubies in the host rock as well as the mine
production at Nangimali, he was not allowed to collect any ruby samples at the mines.
Nevertheless he was able to obtain a few bright red Nangimali rubies and few dark red
Batakundi rubies from local traders, but he was not able (after returning to the Namak
Mandi gem market from Kashmir) to acquire any purple‐pink‐blue samples from
Batakundi.
To VP’s knowledge the only foreigner to have visited the Batakundi deposit so far is the
British gem dealer Guy Clutterbuck who confirmed that the area was producing some
dark red rubies of fine quality but mostly less than 1 carat in size and also some pink‐
purple‐blue sapphires. (Clutterbuck, 2009)
In summer of 2008, V.P., while still trying to obtain samples from the Batakundi/Basil
areas, was informed that “Kashmir sapphires” from this area (Figure 4) had become
more available in Peshawar. Nevertheless, this time again, arrangements could not be
made to acquire any study specimens as the owners were not willing to cut one or two
stones from their large parcel.
Figure 4: Sapphires reported from Batakundi as seen in Peshawar, Pakistan during summer 2008.
In April 2009, after studying the stones submitted to the GIA Laboratory Bangkok (Figure
1), Ken Scarratt found them to be similar to three samples in his reference collection
that were obtained in Bangkok market in 2007 with a reported origin of “Pakistan”
(Figure 5).
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Figure 5: Three purple sapphires from Ken Scarratt reference collection reported as from “Pakistan”, Photo: V.Pardieu
The three stones (Figure 5) were then added to this study for comparison as well as
many rubies and pink sapphires from other known deposits in Central Asia.
Gemological description of the Batakundi sapphire material
Gemological studies on 9 unheated faceted purple sapphires and several rough
specimens (Figure 1) sent to the GIA Laboratory Bangkok by “Kashmir gems Co. Ltd.”
were performed by the authors. The unheated nature of the stones was confirmed by
microscopic examination and spectroscopy.
The material used for the study was from light pink to purplish pink and to pinkish
purple. The stones were transparent to milky and some stones were displaying some
strong red color banding. Generally speaking the visual appearance of these pink and
purple sapphires was reminiscent of some Pink to purple sapphires from Antsirabe area
(Ambohimandroso) in Madagascar or from Guinea.
Chemistry
The chemistry of the purple sapphires from the Batakundi area was analyzed using
EDXRF (Energy Dispersive X‐ray fluorescence). The instrument employed was the
Quant’x by Thermo Electron, using fundamental parameters (Theoretical) and in‐
corundum elemental standards. Only Ti, V, Cr, Fe, and Ga were analyzed.
The quantitative data obtained provides some insight on their source type and helps
regarding the origin determination of these sapphires. Their chemistry is characterized
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by medium levels of iron, vanadium, gallium and titanium. Tables 1 to 11 set out the
results for each of the samples.
Table 1: Stone number 1: Pinkish purple sapphire, 0.200cts
Units Ti V Cr Fe Ga
oxide wt % 0.054 0.016 0.074 0.128 0.008
elemental ppmw 325 87 504 994 59
elemental ppma 138 35 197 363 17
Table 2 Stone number 2: Pinkish purple sapphire, 0.296cts
Units Ti V Cr Fe Ga
oxide wt % 0.025 0.024 0.129 0.157 0.010
elemental ppmw 149 134 882 1219 72
elemental ppma 63 53 345 445 21
Table 3: Stone number 3: Pinkish purple sapphire, 0.382cts
Units Ti V Cr Fe Ga
oxide wt % 0.044 0.011 0.026 0.099 0.007
elemental ppmw 261 59 174 772 49
elemental ppma 111 23 68 281 14
Table 4 Stone number 4: Light Pink sapphire, 0.465 cts
units Ti V Cr Fe Ga
oxide wt % 0.063 0.014 0.041 0.121 0.008
elemental ppmw 375 76 283 937 57
elemental ppma 159 30 111 342 16
Table 5 Stone number 5: Pinkish purple sapphire, 0.303cts
Units Ti V Cr Fe Ga
oxide wt % 0.052 0.032 0.037 0.098 0.009
elemental ppmw 309 180 252 759 67
elemental ppma 131 72 98 277 19
Table 6 Stone number 6: Pinkish purple sapphire, 0.508 cts
Units Ti V Cr Fe Ga
oxide wt % 0.036 0.050 0.124 0.128 0.012
elemental ppmw 217 279 849 994 92
elemental ppma 92 111 333 363 27
Table 7: Stone number 7: Milky Pinkish purple sapphire, 0.698 cts
units Ti V Cr Fe Ga
oxide wt % 0.129 0.023 0.080 0.187 0.011
elemental ppmw 774 128 549 1454 84
elemental ppma 329 51 215 531 24
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Table 8 Stone number 8: Pinkish purple sapphire, 0.863cts
Units Ti V Cr Fe Ga
oxide wt % 0.063 0.024 0.052 0.164 0.011
elemental ppmw 379 131 355 1274 78.
elemental ppma 161 52 139 465 22
Table 9 Stone number 9: Pinkish purple sapphire, 2.31cts
Units Ti V Cr Fe Ga
oxide wt % 0.061 0.032 0.120 0.214 0.013
elemental ppmw 365 181 820 1663 96
elemental ppma 155 72 321 607 28
Table 10: Rough Stone number 1: Pinkish purple sapphire, 5.273 cts
Units Ti V Cr Fe Ga
oxide wt % 0.050 0.024 0.140 0.173 0.011
elemental ppmw 301 132 958 1343 83
elemental ppma 128 52 375 490 24
Table 11: Rough Stone number 2: Pinkish purple sapphire, 2.721cts
Units Ti V Cr Fe Ga
oxide wt % 0.196 0.027 0.232 0.140 0.007
elemental ppmw 1174 155 1590 1095 55
elemental ppma 499 62 623 400 16
A limited comparison of the chemical data in Tables 1 to 11 with several ruby and
sapphire reference stones from Pakistan and other deposits in Central Asia is shown
in Figure 6. The comparison stones were; eighteen from Nangimali collected by Kane
(1995) while visiting Kashmir, twenty nine faceted stones collected by Pardieu (2006)
while visiting Pakistan (three dark red samples possibly from “Kashmir ‐ Batakundi”,
three bright red stones probably from Nangimali, eight pinkish red stones probably from
Jagdalek (Afghanistan), and fifteen pinkish red stones probably from Murgab
(Tajikistan)), three pink‐purple sapphires from Pakistan acquired by Ken Scarratt (2007)
in Bangkok from a reliable source (Figure 5), thirty pink to red stones from Tajikistan
acquired by Ken Scarratt from reliable sources and one ruby reported from Hunza,
Pakistan acquired by Ken Scarratt during the 1990’s in Tucson from a reliable source 3 .
It is interesting to see from the Ga/Fe population fields (Figure 6) that the chemistry of
the material reportedly from Batakundi (Figure 1) is quite different from what is
commonly found from rubies and pink sapphires from known deposits is Central Asia,
except possibly for some stones from Jagdalek (Afghanistan). The other interesting thing
is that these stones match perfectly with the three samples reportedly from Pakistan
and from the reference collection of Ken Scarratt’s.
3
Regarding the use of the words “possibly”, “probably” and “reliable sources” see (Annex A, 1.3).
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Figure 6: Comparison between rubies, pink and purple sapphires from Central Asian deposits based on chemistry using EDXRF
UV Fluorescence
The nine faceted sapphires and the rough specimens (Figure 1) were observed under
both short wave and long wave ultra violet light using a UVP, UVLS‐28 EL series, 8 watt,
UV lamp with both 365 and 254nm radiation. Their reaction (Table 12) was found to be
intermediate compared to the strong reaction commonly found in iron poor rubies like
those from Nangimali but stronger than what is found in iron rich rubies from
Thailand/Cambodia or some African ruby deposits like Winza ion Tanzania.
Table 12:
SWUV (253nm) weak red to orangy‐red
LWUV (365nm) moderate to strong red to orangy‐red
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UV‐Vis‐NIR Spectrometry
The UV/visible spectra were collected on all the nine faceted and two rough samples
using a Perkin Elmer Lambda 950 UV/Vis Spectrometer and its appropriate accessories.
The spectra collected are dominated by Chromium and Iron absorptions with Cr3+
absorption bands around 405–410 and 560 nm together with a contribution of Fe3+
bands at around 377/388 nm and 465/480 nm (Emmett, 2009). In addition, the spectra
generally displayed a strong “background absorption” starting around 600 nm and
increasing toward the UV edge (Figure 7).
Figure 7: A typical UV‐Vis spectrum of a purple sapphire reported from Batakundi.
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Infrared spectroscopy
Infrared spectra were collected using a Thermo Nicolet 6700 FTIR 4 and appropriate
accessories. All the eleven stones (Figure 1) we studied and several interesting features
were recorded.
All the samples studied recorded a broad band around 3200‐3600cm‐1 commonly
associated with the presence of molecular water. Peaks were also recorded at 3084,
3317cm‐1 and attributed to boehmite (Figure 8). Three out of nine sapphires we studied
presented very distinct boehmite spectra and one stone also recorded peaks between
2527 ‐ 2600cm‐1 and between 2855 ‐ 2920cm‐1 which may be attributed to the presence of
calcite.
Figure 8: FTIR spectrum of a purple sapphire probably from Batakundi with clear Boehmite (associated probably with twinning)
The presence of boehmite, calcite and water related IR spectra are good indicators that
the stones have not been heated. Calcite is likely related to crystal inclusions while
boehmite is usually associated with twinning. These are common features in rubies and
4
FTIR: Fourier Transformed Infra‐red spectrometry
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sapphires from many different deposits around the world including those from Central
Asia.
Examination of the purple sapphires probably from “Batakundi / Basil” area and
comparison with rubies from other deposits in central Asia
Figure 10: Purple sapphire crystal, reportedly from Batakundi/Basil area, covered with a greenish rock (verdite probably) and a
graphite crust. Photos: V. Pardieu
The aspect of these crystals (Figure 9 and Figure 10) differs from the appearance of
crystals noted by VP while visiting ruby deposits in Central Asia during summer 2006. In
Jagdalek (Afghanistan), Nangimali (Kashmir) and Murgab (Tajikistan) rubies were also
commonly found with a bipyramidal habit, none were noted to have a graphite crust.
Rubies from Central Asia have a lot in common. They are found in marbles and were
formed along faults and thrusts resulting from the Himalayan Orogeny when the Indian
plate collided with the Asia. Fuchsite and graphite which are found associated with the
sapphires reportedly from Batakundi are also commonly found in association with
rubies from Nangimali, Jagdalek or Murgab deposits, but graphite usually occurs as tiny
flakes in marbles near the ruby crystals, not as a thick crust covering them. Finally pyrite
which is commonly associated with Nangimali rubies, and sometimes also with Jagdalek
stones, was not thus far found associated with sapphires reportedly from Batakundi.
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Figure 11: Rubies associated with marble, graphite and phlogopite mica as seen on site at the Jagdalek ruby mines. Photo: V. Pardieu
Figure 12: Rubies associated with marble, green mica and graphite seen on site at Snijnie mine near Murgab, Tajikistan. Photo: V.
Pardieu
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Figure 13: Ruby crystal associated with massive pyrite crystals seen at the Chittakatta ruby mines, Nangimali area, Pakistan
controlled Kashmir. Photo: V. Pardieu
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Microscopic examination of purple sapphire reportedly from Batakundi
Microscopic examination was performed using using various GIA Gemolite microscopes
at between 10 and 65x magnifications. The inclusion photos presented in this study
were done using a Nikon Coolpix 4500 digital camera adapted on the GIA Gemolite
microscope.
Apart from having similar chemistry, the purple sapphires reportedly from Batakundi
(Figure 1) were found to be very similar in their inclusions to three stones from Pakistan
seen in (Figure 5). The following pages, part 1 presents the inclusions recorded in the
eleven stones submitted (Figure 1) and in (part 2) the 3 stones in (Figure 5). A first
general observation is that these stones often present a strong red hexagonal color
zoning (Figure 14, Figure 15, Figure 16, and Figure 18), which is quite an unusual
inclusion scene in corundum. This inclusion scene was nevertheless very similar with the
features seen and documented by VP in Peshawar in 2006 (Figure 3). In one case (Figure
17) some unusual wave like structures, similar to the “roiled effect” commonly seen in
rubies from Mogok, (Burma) were seen perpendicular to the red growth lines.
Blue color zoning was not found while studying these 11 stones, although it was
reported in other stones believed to have been mined from the same area (Figure 4). In
the following photos the blue areas seen in Figure 14, Figure 16, Figure 24 and Figure 25
are in fact dark areas which became blue on the digital photos (an effect common to
pink/purplish stones when using cross polars or dark field illumination and a digital
Nikon Coolpix 4500). When photos are taken using the same camera under bright field
conditions, the stones then display only red and colorless bands (Figure 15).
Tiny needles were found in several stones as low density clouds (Figure 19). Low density
bands of minute particles were common giving the stone a turbid aspect (Figure 18).
Using fiber optic illumination, several stones had a milky bluish purple appearance as it
is sometimes the case with some rubies from Tajikistan (Figure 18 and Figure 19).
Healed fissures were common in all stones studied including in association with negative
crystals forming either planes (Figure 25) or stringers (Figure 26). Nevertheless except in
one case surrounding a dark opaque crystal (Figure 21), these healed fissures associated
with negative crystals were not presenting the equatorial “rosette” like structure
common in blue sapphires from Sumjam (Kashmir) or in rubies from Tajikistan (Table
15).
The most common crystal inclusions found was massive black, opaque graphite (Figure
20). These graphite crystals are often related to colorless areas (Figure 30). Other
mineral inclusions identified using Raman were isolated zircons (Figure 28) and calcite
crystals. Twinning was also commonly found in several directions (Figure 16) and often
in association with intersection tubes filled with boehmite (Figure 27).
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(PART 1) An inclusion study of the 9 stones in Figure 1 reportedly from Battakundi
Figure 14: Hexagonal red colorless growth color zoning is a common and unusual feature seen in sapphires reportedly from
Batakundi. Photo: V. Pardieu
Figure 15: Red hexagonal color zoning associated with twinning planes under bright field, diffused lighting illumination. Photo: V.
Pardieu
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Figure 16: Red hexagonal color zoning associated with twinning planes as seen under cross polars illumination. Photo: V. Pardieu
Figure 17: Besides hexagonal red color banding, syrupy growth lines reminding roiled structures of Mogok rubies can also be found
perpendicular to the red growth lines. Dark field illumination. Photo: V. Pardieu
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Figure 18: Red color zoning commonly alternate with colorless bands of minute particle giving the stone a milky turbid aspect. Fiber
optics illumination. Photo: V. Pardieu
Figure 19: Minute particles in low density bands associated with tiny orientated needles are common features in sapphires
reportedly from Batakundi. Fiber optics illumination. Photo: V. Pardieu
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Figure 20: Graphite inclusions here associated with healed fissures and twinning are common in sapphires reportedly from
Batakundi. Cross polars illumination. Photo: V. Pardieu
Figure 21: Dark opaque unknown crystal associated with equatorial reflective planar healed fissure. Dark field illumination. Photo: V.
Pardieu
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Figure 22: Healed fissures associated commonly with small black graphite inclusions. Dark field illumination. Photo: V. Pardieu
Figure 23: Details on a complicated healed fissure network associated with black opaque graphite inclusions. Dark field illumination.
Photo: V. Pardieu
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Figure 24: A crystal associated with healed fissures, red color zoning, minute particles forming low density milky bands. Fiber optics
illumination. Photo: V. Pardieu
Figure 25: A plane of tabular negative crystals associated with healed fissures. Fiber optics illumination. Photo: V. Pardieu
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Figure 26: String of negative crystals associated with healed fissures. Fiber optics illumination. Photo: V. Pardieu
Figure 27: Orientated tube like inclusions associated with twinning planes and interestingly on the left part of the photo with a cloud
of particles reminding the “comet tail” structures associated with some crystals. The crystal at the origin of the comet tail is not
anymore present as the stone was faceted. But this cloud is very similar to what is visible in Figure 32. Photo: V. Pardieu
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Figure 28: Isolated zircon crystals associated with twinning plane. Cross polars illumination. Photo: V. Pardieu
Figure 29: A colorful photo showing dark opaque graphite associated with zircon crystals and red hexagonal banding. Dark field
illumination. Photo: V. Pardieu
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(Part 2) Inclusion study of the three stones in Figure 5
Figure 30: Strong hexagonal red zoning is well visible here as well as black opaque graphite inclusions associated with colorless
turbid areas as seen in a stone reportedly from Pakistan from Ken Scarratt Reference collection. The similarities with the material
submitted are clear. Fiber Optics illumination. Photo: V. Pardieu
Figure 31: An artistic association of healed fissures and color zoning in a sapphire reportedly from Pakistan from Ken Scarrat
collection. Bright diffused lighting illumination. Photo: V. Pardieu
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Figure 32: Dark opaque crystal associated with a comet tail like structure perpendicular to the growth lines and the red color bands
as seen in one of the 3 stones from ken Scarratt reference collection. Fiber optics illumination. Photo: V. Pardieu
(Part 3) A rapid comparison with inlcusions seen in rubies and pink sapphires from
Central Asia:
Inclusions in rubies from Jagdalek (Afghanistan), Murgab (Tajikistan), and Nangimali
(Pakistan) share a lot of similar features probably due to the fact that these 3 deposits
are related to marbles which are associated with fault structures (Garnier, et al., 2006)
and result from the same geological event: The Himalayan Orogeny.
Very common inclusions in rubies from all these deposits (including the stones
reportedly from Batakundi) are multiple twinning planes (associated commonly with
intersection tubes and filled with boehmite), well developed healed fissures, clouds and
stingers of composed of minute particles and colorless rounded carbonate crystals. Blue
color zoning is very common stones from Jagdalek (Bowersox, 2000) and Tajikistan
(Smith, 1998, Pardieu, 2006) but is rare in rubies from Nangimali. On the other hand
pyrite inclusions are very common in Nangimali rubies and rare (but still not
uncommon) in stones from Jagdalek. Finally, negative crystals associated with flat
equatorial reflective structures seem to be very common in Tajikistan rubies but very
rare in rubies from either Jagdalek or Nangimali.
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Inclusions in rubies from Nangimali (Pakistan controlled Kashmir):
Table 13: Typical inclusions in Nangimali rubies: Pyrite and carbonate crystals are commonly seen in association with healed fissures, minute
particles in bands or stringers, clouds of tiny needles, twinning planes commonly intersecting forming tubes eventually filled with boehmite.
Blue color zoning is rare but was found in some rare cases. Photos: V. Pardieu
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Inclusions in rubies from Jagdalek (Afghanistan)
Table 14: Typical inclusions commonly found in Jagdalek rubies: Colorless rounded carbonate crystals, minute particles forming
bands, stringers or whitish flakes, healed fissures, blue color zoning, twinning planes intersecting each other associated with
intersection tubes commonly filled with boehmite. In some rare cases opaque dark crystals eventually associated with healed
equatorial disk can be found. Photos: V. Pardieu
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Inclusions in rubies from Murgab (Tajikistan)
Table 15: Typical inclusions found in Tajik rubies: Planes of tabular negative crystals associated with “rosette” like reflective
equatorial healed fissures, blue color zoning, colorless rounded carbonate inclusions, healed fissures, minute particles or tiny
needles forming stringers, bands or flake like structures. The stones commonly display a turbid milky blue aspect using fiber optics.
Photos: V. Pardieu
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Conclusions:
The gemological analysis performed at the GIA Laboratory Bangkok in April 2009 on the
submitted pink‐purple sapphires with a reported origin of “Batakundi – Basil” area in
Pakistan controlled Kashmir reveal that this material is different in many aspects with
what is known from the other ruby and sapphire mining areas in Central Asia. The
gemological properties of this material is matching perfectly with the three stones
in Figure 5 that were obtained from an independent source and reported to have been
mined in Pakistan.
Sadly, as the VP was not able to visit the Batakundi mining area in 2006 and then failed
to collect reference samples on site which could fit with the GIA’s 99% Certainly Rules. It
is not possible to confirm that such material was indeed mined at Batakundi,
nevertheless the result of our gemological studies and the information we have from
several independent sources point to Batakundi as the most probable origin for these
stones.
This study besides the description of an unusual sapphire material reflects the
difficulties commonly encountered by gemological laboratories regarding origin
determination of gemstones. With the multiplication of ruby and sapphire mining areas
in Africa and Asia in the past decades and the fact that many of these sources are
located in areas difficult to access, many of these deposits were not studied or even
described. This is particularly true for those which have only a very small production like
the Batakundi deposit in Pakistan controlled Kashmir. Stones from such deposits can be
a true challenge form gemological laboratories due to the lack of data.
As a result it is an important first step to document carefully any unusual gem material
for research purposes. Such preliminary work will be useful to Lab and Field Gemologists
facing similar material. In the near future, hopefully, a GIA field gemological team will
visit again Central Asia and possibly will succeed to visit the Batakundi area, collect
samples at the source which will enable the completion of this preliminary study.
Building, studying and updating an origin related gemstone reference collection is
nevertheless a long term project, possibly a never ending project. But stone after stone
we advance in knowledge and day after day we will be able to provide a better service.
Acknowledgements:
Special Thanks are due to Mr Zulfiqar Ali Abbas from Kashmir Gems CPVT Ltd, Pakistan,
Guy Clutterbuck and friends from Namak Mandi market in Peshawar for their support.
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References:
Bowersox, F., Laurs, Shigley, Smith. (2000) Ruby and Sapphire from Jagdalek,
Afghanistan. Gems & Gemology. 36 No2. Summer 2000. 110 ‐ 126.
Clutterbuck, G. (2009) Pers. Comm.
Emmett, J. (2009) Pers. Comm.
Garnier, V.(2003) Les gisements de rubis associes aux marbres de l'Asie Centrale et du
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Annex 1: Introduction to GIA’s sample collecting protocols.
Gemology has become over the years more scientific and technical, it is then logical that
a special care is taken regarding the way reference samples are collected. Collecting
samples should be also performed following a strict scientific methodology, meaning
that the whole process should be fully and properly documented.
The 3 main rules regarding the way samples are collected followed by GIA Field
Gemologists are:
1) Collect samples as close a possible from the source: An “A type” sample is better
than a “B type” sample, etc…
2) Collect samples from at least 3 reliable and independent sources: Even an “A
type” sample should get confirmed by other samples collected from other
independent and reliable sources.
3) To document fully and honestly all the process regarding the way samples are
collected (movies, photos, GPS data, notes…)
Two separate databases to store both Origin‐Specific and Origin‐Opinion data are in
development at GIA: The database of origin‐specific stones shall only contain stones in
which the degree of certainty on their country of origin is 99% or better. All data from
stones with a less than 99% certainty shall be stored in the origin‐opinion database.
The 99% origin‐certainty rule:
Stones with 99% origin‐certainty are those that have been retrieved in‐situ or have been
retrieved from an operating jig, or other type of mechanical or primitive washing plant,
as part of a mine run by the Field Gemologist (Type A or B of GIA’s Cataloguing
classification).
Another situation were a stone may pass the 99% origin‐certainty rule is when a stone
or stones are purchased from a miner at the location of the mine, e.g., what is stated to
be the results of several days mining (Type C); and following detailed laboratory
examination they are found to match, in every aspect, material from 2 other trustable
and independent sources that has been retrieved in‐situ or from an operating jig as part
of a mine run from the same area.
In the case of stones present in GIA’s old collection (any type) this rule may not be
relaxed with the exception of the involvement of the Field Gemologist. If stones in the
old collection were obtained from traders away from the mining area concerned but
who gave exact origin locations that can be fully demonstrated, e.g., where the
properties of a stones match (well within the outer markers) in every way (optical,
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chemical and inclusions) material that fulfills the 99% rule for the stated origin, these
and only these would be acceptable as stones with 99% certainty of origin.
The 3 independent‐sources:
Regarding building an Origin Specific Gemstone Reference Collection, the first difficulty
is that only God and the miner know where a gemstone is really from: God does not
speak to gemologists and gemologists should not trust all what the miner could say…
In gemological laboratories, one of the rules of proper gem identification is to confirm
the results provided by an instrument with at least another instrument. Collecting
samples in the field should follow the same wise laboratory methodology:
Thus the best way to collect samples is to always collect samples from at least 3
different and independent sources.
Possible / probable samples:
When mining areas are very difficult to access and thus when samples complying with
the 99% origin‐certainty rule cannot be obtained, the “3 independent sources” rule is
even more important: Stones collected from a single reliable source (type E or F of the
GIA cataloguing system) should be tagged as “possible”.
“Possible” samples can become “probable” if we can find at least 2 other independent
and trustable sources providing stones matching in every way (optical, chemical and
inclusions) that possible material and of course if the information about the samples
provided by the 3 independent and trustable sources are matching.
The Verification Committee:
“Probable” samples which match in every way with material that fulfills with the 99%
origin‐certainty rule might then be acceptable as stone with 99% certainty of origin if
they are accepted by the “verification committee”. For the stone to be accepted all the
members of the committee shall be confident in the integrity of the specimen and the
data collected before agreeing to its inclusion in the origin‐specific database.
A simplified version of GIA’s cataloguing classifications:
Stones complying with the 99% Origin Certainty rule:
‐ “A Type Stone”: The stone was mined by a GIA Field Gemologist.
‐ “B Type Stone”: The stone was collected on site at the mine from the miners
and a GIA Field Gemologist witnessed the mining process.
Stones collected at the mines but not in accordance with the 99% Origin certainly rules:
‐ “C Type Stone”: A GIA Field Gemologist collected the stone from miners, at the
mine but without witnessing the mining process.
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“Possible” and “probable” samples not collected at the mines:
‐ “D Type Stone”: A GIA Field Gemologist collected the stones from the miner,
but not at the mines”.
‐ “E Type Stone”: A GIA Field Gemologist collected the stones from a secondary
trustable source close to the mines (like a local gem market)
‐ “F Type Stone”: A GIA Gemologist collected the stones from a secondary
trustable source in the international market (trade show, etc...)
Stones with no trustable information available:
‐ “Z Type Stone”: No information about the conditions the stone was collected or
stone collected from a poorly trustable source.
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