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    STUDY DESIGNS-for PPT Use Only

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    Ericka Genove
    This document provides an overview of different study designs used in epidemiology, including descriptive, observational, and experimental designs. Descriptive designs like ecological, case studies, and cross-sectional studies examine disease patterns without inferring causation. Observational analytic designs like case-control and cohort studies evaluate associations between exposures and outcomes. Case-control studies compare exposures between cases and controls, while cohort studies follow exposed and unexposed groups over time. Experimental designs actively assign exposures to test treatments and preventions. Overall, the document outlines key epidemiological study types and their distinguishing characteristics.

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    STUDY DESIGNS-for PPT Use Only

    Uploaded by

    Ericka Genove
    102 views4 pages
    This document provides an overview of different study designs used in epidemiology, including descriptive, observational, and experimental designs. Descriptive designs like ecological, case studies, and cross-sectional studies examine disease patterns without inferring causation. Observational analytic designs like case-control and cohort studies evaluate associations between exposures and outcomes. Case-control studies compare exposures between cases and controls, while cohort studies follow exposed and unexposed groups over time. Experimental designs actively assign exposures to test treatments and preventions. Overall, the document outlines key epidemiological study types and their distinguishing characteristics.

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    This document provides an overview of different study designs used in epidemiology, including descriptive, observational, and experimental designs. Descriptive designs like ecological, case studies, and cross-sectional studies examine disease patterns without inferring causation. Observational analytic designs like case-control and cohort studies evaluate associations between exposures and outcomes. Case-control studies compare exposures between cases and controls, while cohort studies follow exposed and unexposed groups over time. Experimental designs actively assign exposures to test treatments and preventions. Overall, the document outlines key epidemiological study types and their distinguishing characteristics.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    102 views4 pages

    STUDY DESIGNS-for PPT Use Only

    Uploaded by

    Ericka Genove
    This document provides an overview of different study designs used in epidemiology, including descriptive, observational, and experimental designs. Descriptive designs like ecological, case studies, and cross-sectional studies examine disease patterns without inferring causation. Observational analytic designs like case-control and cohort studies evaluate associations between exposures and outcomes. Case-control studies compare exposures between cases and controls, while cohort studies follow exposed and unexposed groups over time. Experimental designs actively assign exposures to test treatments and preventions. Overall, the document outlines key epidemiological study types and their distinguishing characteristics.

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    You are on page 1of 4

    Study designs of epidemiological studies

    Main Types of Epidemiological Studies Essentials


    1. Experimental
    2. Observational
    3. Cohort
    4. Case–control
    5. Cross-sectional
    6. Ecological

    NEXT SLIDE-----------------

    Epidemiologic Descriptive Study Designs Merill


     Ecological
     Case study
     Cross-sectional

    Observational Analytic Study Designs


     Case-control
     Case-crossover
     Nested case-control
     Cohort

    Experimental Study Designs

    NEXT SLIDE-----------------

    Study Design Merill


    -Guides the researchers in studies and systemic collection, analyzation, interpretation of data
    - formal approach of scientific investigation
    - manage and analyze epidemiologic data, interpret study results, and apply the results in preventing
    and controlling disease and health-related events.

    NEXT SLIDE-----------------

    Descriptive Study Designs in Epidemiology Merill


    - Descriptive studies examine patterns of disease occurrence, with a focus on person, place, and time.
    - provide a means for obtaining descriptive statistics
    - include case reports and case series, cross-sectional surveys, and exploratory ecologic designs

    NEXT SLIDE------------------
    Ecological Study
    - Examines the relationship between exposure and disease with population-level rather than individual-
    level data Essentials
    - involves making comparisons between variables where the unit of analysis is aggregated data on the
    population level rather than on the individual level. Merill
    - A limitation of ecologic data, however, is that they are often unable to control for potential
    confounding factors that may explain some or all of the association. Merill
    - ecologic fallacy Merill
    - Ecologic studies are often appropriate in environmental settings. Merill

    NEXT SLIDE----------------

    Case Study
    - profile of a single individual; it includes qualitative descriptive research of the facts in chronological
    order. Merill
    - case series involves a small group of patients with a similar diagnosis. Merill

    NEXT SLIDE----------------

    Cross-sectional
    - Typically examines the relationship between exposure and disease prevalence in a defined population
    at a single point in time Essentials
    - Cross-sectional studies are carried out for public health planning and etiologic research.
    - Cross-sectional studies are fairly common in occupational settings using data from preemployment
    physical examinations and company health insurance plans.
    - Cross-sectional studies are also used to establish the prevalence of knowledge and attitudes about
    diseases and health-related states or events.

    NEXT SLIDE----------------

    Observational Analytic Studies


    - These studies can be exploratory or analytic.
    - study a variety of associations are examined.
    - evaluation of associations between exposure and outcome variables

    NEXT SLIDE----------------

    Case-control GORDIS REFERENCE


    - Comparison is an essential component of epidemiologic investigation and is well exemplified by the
    case-control study design. Gordis
    - Typically examines multiple exposures in relation to a disease; subjects are defined as cases and
    controls, and exposure histories are compared. Essentials
    - Selection of Cases Gordis and Merill
    - Selection of Controls: criteria
    - involves grouping people as cases (persons experiencing a health-related state or event) and controls
    and investigating whether the cases are more or less likely than the controls Merill
    - Methods for Sampling Controls
    - are commonly used in epidemiologic research

    NEXT SLIDE----------------

    Case-crossover
    - In a case-crossover study, each case serves as his or her own control, and the value of a time
    dependent exposure in the period just before the outcome occurred is compared with its value at one or
    more previous control periods of time.
    - a variant of the case–control study that was developed for settings in which the risk of the outcome is
    increased for only a brief time following the exposure.
    -HAZARD PERIOD Essentials of EPI

    NEXT SLIDE----------------

    Nested case-control
    -case-control study “nested” within a cohort study. Essentials of EPI
    - cases and controls are drawn from the population in a fully enumerated cohort. Usually, the
    exposure of interest is only measured among the cases and the selected controls. net
    - Usually, the exposure of interest is only measured among the cases and the selected controls.
    net

    NEXT SLIDE----------------

    Cohort Study
    - Cohort as a general term means a group or body of people Merill
    - Typically examines multiple health effects of an exposure; subjects are defined according to their
    exposure levels and followed for disease occurrence. Essentials of EPI
    - investigator selects a group of exposed individuals and a group of unexposed individuals and follows
    both groups over time to compare the incidence of disease in the two groups Gordis
    - Bias in Cohort Studies
    - Study Design: Prospective cohort, Retrospective cohort, Double cohort Merill

    NEXT SLIDE----------------

    Experimental Study Designs Essentials


    - Studies preventions and treatments for diseases; investigator actively manipulates which groups
    receive the agent under study.
    - Investigators conduct an experimental study when they wish to learn about a prevention or treatment
    for a disease.
    - The high degree of validity in an experimental study stems mainly from investigators’ ability to
    randomize subjects to: treatment group or the comparison group
    - makes use of a comparison group, which allows for testing of specific research hypotheses. Merill

    CONCLUSIONS—refer to merril

    1. RBCs suspended in saline can react ineffectively- can have a poorly or weak reaction.
    2. There may be fewer RBCs to tested in patients that are anemic.
    3. In the case of weak RBCs, reading the result in less than 2 minutes can give a false result
    4. Improper reagent: – Expired reagent? – Storage temperature out of range? – Contaminated
    reagent?

    1. In the case of drying of the slide, it may mimic agglutination.


    2. Inadequate amount of the anticoagulant
    3. Rule out the presence of microclots, and these may mimic agglutination.

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