Generally speaking, probability can be defined as number of target outcomes Zaamber of total possible outcors Nearly all probability questions on the SAT veill involve tables of data, So for the PUrPOses of the SAT, probability can more narrowly Pe defined as rrumber in target grOUP ‘number in group under consideration EXAMPLE: [ "| Beef | Chicken | eee is | 7 | {concn | | 84 “The table above summarizes tve meat preferens of passengers on a particular Hight If a first class Bere ity Guat the passenger eosen Prefers passenger is chosen af random from this flight, what is the pr beet? 9 m2 go? ‘m2 : t ye we 95 M3 445, This is the group under consideration: ‘The number of he number of first class passengers i6 19 f is 18. This is the tan finst class passengers who prefer bee! number in target jannber in group uk answer [(B) | 24THE COLLEGE PANDA EXAMPLE 2: The manager of a lange assembly line uses the table below to keep track of the number of vehicles that are produced during different shifts in the day. Trucks | Total st shift 126 | 299 | | Second shift 143 | 325 | Third shift 109, | 274 | Total 378 | 898 {fa vehicle is selected at ranclom at the end of the day, which ofthe following is closest to the probability {hat the vehicle willbe either a car produced during, the first shift or a truck produced during the third shift? A)0193 BOTA -C)0.352 oad In this question, the group under consideration includes all the vehicles, a total of 898 at the end of the day. ‘The target group includes cars produced during the first shift and trucks produced during the third shift, a total of 173 + 109 = 282 vel ___number in target group 282 ‘number in group under consideration — 898 0314 Answer (8) (CHAPTER EXERCISE: Answers for this chapter start on page 308, A calculator is allowed on the following questions. Violation Type Speeding | Stop sign | Parking | Total Truck | 68 39 | 7 pa Car | 3 | 1 | 2% | 160 [towiT ast [90 | a3) 4 A distitpotce department records driving violations by type andl vehicle in the able above, Accotding tothe record which of he following is closest to the proportion of stop sign violations committed by tuck drivers? : ‘ A) 0137 B) 0.315, ©) 0433 D) 0567 25CHAPTER 24 PROBABILITY v Questions 2-3 refer to the following information. California with at least one year of experience in five different “The table below shows the number of workers in construction-telated occupations. ‘Years of Experience | | 7 Pp? [3,4 5+ || Tol Painter | 22,491 | 26973 ‘37,061 | 149.472 | Roofer | 25,908 34 39,718 || 156,338 27,062 42,680 || 169,240 | “45,376 || 183,885 43,922. || 169,409 esi? ES Based on the table, if a plumber in California is chosen at random, which of the following is closest to the probability thatthe plumber has at least four years of experience? A) 0.10 B) 022 © 025 D) 0.46 = — Ia worker with at least four years of experiences chosen at ran aio ering is closest to Ue probability that the person i plumber? A) 010 B) 0.22 ©) 025 D) 046 dom from those included in the table, which 216 eeRed | Blue 20% | 33% Color Black Percent A car manufacturer produces cars in red, blue, black, white, the percentage of cars it produces in each color. Ifa car from the probability that the car’s color is redo silver? A) 23% B) 33% ©) 37% D) 43% 10% THE COLLEGE PANDA White Silver 14% and silver. The incomplete table above shows the manufacturer is chosen at random, what is Won Underdog | 10 Favorite | 25 Total [35 The table above shows the results of a baseball team, categori favorite (expected to win) in the game or the underdog, (exps ‘Which the team was considered the underdog did the 2 AG B) °) D) 217 ized by whether the team was considered the ected to lose). What fraction of the games in team win?CHAPTER 24 PROBABILITY me - Wek | Week? | Wok 3 | Weck é | Toa | Boxsprings | 95 | 40 | | Mattresses | 7 | a | ® | | 8 Tota a [am | «= | 7 | 38 _A store manager summarizes thenuumber ofbox spring and mattress units sold over four weeks ata bed ding store in the incomplete table above, Weeks 2 and 3 accounted for what fraction of al box spring units sold? A) B) co D) Ie GIN gle gly reese Country | Gold | Silver usa | 46 | | | China 38 | 27 B Russia | 24 | 26 | 32 Great Britain | 29 | 17 | 19 | Germany | | 9 | 4 (Total [vs [18 | 383 ‘The table above shows the distribution of medals awarded at the 2012 London Summer Olympics. If an Olympic medalist is tobe chosen at random from one ofthe countries inthe table, which country gives the highest probability of selecting a Bronze medalist? A) USA B) Russi ©) Great Britain 1D) Germany 218- THE COLLEGE PANDA Number of Fish Species - ~ | Cartilaginous | Bony Philippines 400 800 New Caledonia | 300 | 1200 roreat Sn Be categorized a either cartilaginous or ory. The data inthe table above were produced by biologists study’ ing the fish species in the Philippines and New Caledonia. Assuming that each fish speci hasan equal chance of being caught, the probability of catching a cartilaginous fishin the Philippines is how ‘much greater than the probability of catching one in New Calecionia? 2 az 1 Bt 3 95 1 D5 zz ne East Africa { _ 6 7 South Africa 30 | | Total 135 20 - | sae, incomplete table above summarizes the number of wire that occurred into regions of Africa in 2014 by cause, Based on the table, what fraction of all wildfires in East Africa in 2014 were human-caused? 1 Na B z B 4 yt 8) ° 219CHAPTER 24 PROBABILITY ‘Assembly Line B Total Defective | Not defective | ‘Total ‘Assembly Line A | 300 | 5,700 6,000 se ae u —. 3500 th 920 | 10, ‘A manufacturer uses two assembly lines to produce air conditioners. The results of each assembly lines ‘quality contolare shown inthe table above. Ifa refrigerator from the manufacturer turns out tobe defective, ‘what is the probability that the refrigerator was produced by Assembly Line A? A) 5% B) 975% ©) 6% D) 625% ow Family members | Apartment | Duplex | Single residence | Total [a _ wo | 2 | 3 | 2% 2 20 2 2B 45 3 | 8 8 “12 2B | 4ormore ; 8 4 | 6 | 9 [Toa ef 8 of living situations for residences in a neighborhood. If a ‘The table above summarizes the distribution ‘what is the probability that the residence is duplex in the neighborhood is to be inspected at random, occupied by no more than 2 family members? 2 3B 6 B a) og W D5 A) B) aTHE COLLEGE PANDA oe ercen es | Number of soil samples re «of samp! with Chemical A Area A | 400 8% AreaB | 550 [| & ‘The data in the table above were produced by ecologists who collected soil samples from two areas to determine whether they were contaminated with Chemical A. Based on the table, what proportion of the soil samples were contaminated with Chemical A? A) 0.067 B) 0.069 ©) 0.070 D) 0.072 | Total | Flas virus 400 Does not have virus 600 Total 580 420 | 1,000 | ‘The table above shows the results of a test that is designed to give a positive indicator when patients are infected with a certain virus and a negative indicator when they are not infected. According to the results, what is the probability thatthe test gives the incorrect inclicator? A) 5% B) 8% © 10% D) 12% 221CHAPTER 24 PROBABILITY Cured | Not cured Drug 90 2 Suger Pill TThe incomplete table above shows the results of a study in which doctons gave patients experiencing back pain either a drug or a sugar pill. Three times as many patients were cured froin the drag than from the Sugar pill. Forevery 2 patients cured by the sugar pil, 5 patients were not cured by Uve sugar pill. According: to the results, ifa patient is given a stigar pill, what is the probability that the person will be cured of back pain? aee In gle SIN a g ' equipment | Computers | Total Juniors | 240 300__| S40 Seniors | 160 Total_| 460 “The principal ofa school is deciding whether to spend a budget surplus onnew gym equipment or computers, ‘The incomplete table above summarizes the preferences among junior and senior class students, Ifa senior H from the school is chosen at random, the probability that the student prefers gym equipment is } How many seniors are at the school? i 222CHAD 28. ANSWERS TO THE EXERCISES Chapter 24: Probability CHAPTER EXERCISE: 11€l Stop sign violations committe by truck drivers Siop sign woltions 2 (0) Plumbers with atleast 4 years of experience _ 40,089 445,376 «4 4g “Allplumbers 763, 885 3. (8) 40,083 + 45,376 * 782,410 + 208,757 Plumbers with at least 4 yea 4, [D] The percentage of silver cars is 100 ~ 20 ~ 38 = 10 - 14 = 23. Red and silver make up 20 + 23 = 43 ppetcent of the cars. 5.[€] Games won as underdogs _ 10 _ 2 Games played as underdogs ~ 45 ~ 9 6, [C] iting inthe tbe, | Week] Week? | PS Ts te [paar 35 | 40 5 | 150 1 attesses | 198 | [Tota [x | Box spring units sold = weeks 2 and : 40420 2 ‘All box spring unils sold 0S 2 7. [B]For the USA, the probability is 5, ~ 0.28. For Russa, the probability is 5 © 0.39. For Great Britain, the probate 1 = 029, Hor Gamany he probity i M052, Te cunt with he hight probability is Russia, : . 8. [4] “ies in New Caledonia 308,9 10, n. 2. 13. u 15. THE COLLEGE PANDA Citing in the table, Lightuing-coused fires | Human-caused fires Fast Africa South Africa ‘Total © 1 Fires in Bast Africa 12024 Human-caused fires in East Africa (5) Defective from Assembly Line A Defective Duplex with 2 family members or less _22+12 17 Duplex ~ ae 8 8 The total number of samples contaminated with Chemical A is (450 x 0.08) + (850 x 0.06) = 68. Contaminated samples _ 69 _ Allsamples 1,009 ~ 96? JB] Mhe testis incorrect when it gives positive indicators for patients who don’t have the virus and negative indicators for patients who do, a total of 30-+ 50 = 80 occurrences 0 8 gy, i000 ~ i100 [B] The mumber of patients cured by the sugar pill is 90 + 330. The number of patients who weren't cured by the sugar pills 30 x 3 = 75. = | Cured | Not cured ] Drug %0 3 Sugar Pill | 30 | 75 Given a sugar pill and cured 2 Given asugarpill 30475 7 [240] Let the number of seniors who prefer gym equipment be x. x 4 54160 ~3 Cross multiplying, Sr x+160 2 = 160 x= 80 ‘There are 80 + 160 = 240 seniors at the school. 309