Etiology: 1. Compare Lobar Pneumonia With Lobular Pneumonia On The List

Lung
Short answer
1. Compare lobar pneumonia with lobular pneumonia on the list
Answer
Comparison of lobar and lobular pneumonia
Pneumonia Lobar pneumonia Lobular pneumonia

Etiology More than 90% of all lobar The common organisms
pneumonias are caused by responsible for
Streptococcus pneumoniae, a bronchopneumonia are
lancet-shaped diplococcus staphylococci, streptococci,
pneumococci, Klebsiella
pneumoniae, Haemophilus
influenzae, and gram-negative
bacilli like Pseudomonas and
coliform bacteria.
Susceptible group Adults especially alcoholic Infants, elderly, sick
Position Lobar pneumonia is an acute Patchy distribution, a purulent
bacterial infection of a part of a inflammation that centered
lobe, the entire lobe, or even bronchioles
two lobes of one or both the
lungs.
inducement Cold, drunkenness, fatigue… Infectious diseases,
malnutrition, cachexia, coma
Type of Fibrinous inflammation Suppurative inflammation
inflammation
outcome complete healing Scar tissue repairing
Lesions Rusty sputum Mucus or pus sputum
x-ray Shape shadow Scattered foci of shadows
complication  Pneumonary  Respiratory failure
carnification  Heart failure
 Pleural hypertrophy  Pyohemia
and adhesion  Abscess
 Septicopyemia and  bronchiectasis
sepsis
 Infectious shock
Physiological changes It has four stages Patchy consolidation through
 congestion one lobe, more often multi
 Red Hepatization lobar and frequently bilateral
 Gray Hepatiation and basal
 resolution
2. What diseases does obstructive pulmonary disease include?
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or chronic obstructive airway disease

(COAD) are commonly used clinical terms for a group of pathological conditions in which
there is chronic, partial or complete, obstruction to the airflow at any level from trachea to
the smallest airways resulting in functional disability of the lungs i.e. they are diffuse lung
diseases. The following 4 entities are included in COPD:
I. Chronic bronchitis
Chronic bronchitis is long-term inflammation of the bronchi. It is common among
smokers. People with chronic bronchitis tend to get lung infections more easily.
These diseases can block air flow in the lungs and cause breathing problems
there are many known causes of chronic bronchitis, but the most important
causative factor is exposure to cigarette smoke either due to active smoking or
passive inhalation.
Many inhaled irritants to the respiratory tract such as smog, industrial pollutants,
and toxic chemicals can cause chronic bronchitis. Although bacterial and viral
infections usually cause acute bronchitis repeated exposure to infections can cause
chronic bronchitis
Early changes in chronic bronchitis on microscopic histology show hypersecretion
of mucus in large airways with hypertrophy of sub mucosal glands in the trachea
and bronchus. Later an increase in goblet cells in small airways contributes to
airway obstruction due to excessive mucous
II. Emphysema
Pulmonary Emphysema is a pathologic term that describes an abnormal distention of
airspaces beyond the terminal bronchioles and destruction of the walls of the alveoli.
Alveoli walls are weakened and broken down by increased protease activity that is a result
of chronic inflammation.
The increased protease activity causes the breakdown of elastin within the alveolar walls.
result in destruction of the alveolar walls, loss of elastic recoil within the alveoli,and a
decrease in the alveolar surface area.
There are two main types of emphysema: panlobular and centrilobular.
 In panlobular, there is destruction of the respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, and
alveolus.
 All spaces in the lobule are enlarged.
 In centrilobular, pathologic changes occur mainly in the center of the secondary lobule.
III. Bronchial asthma
Asthma is a disease of airways that is characterised by increased responsiveness of the
tracheobronchial tree to a variety of stimuli resulting in widespread spasmodic narrowing
of the air passages which may be relieved spontaneously or by therapy
V. Bronchiectasis
Bronchiectasis is defined as abnormal and irreversible dilatation of the bronchi and
bronchioles (greater than 2 mm in diameter) developing secondary to inflammatory
weakening of the bronchial walls. The most characteristic clinical manifestation of
bronchiectasis is persistent cough with expectoration of copious amounts of foul-
smelling, purulent sputum. Post-infectious cases commonly develop in childhood
and in early adult life.
The origin of inflammatory destructive process of bronchial walls is nearly always a
result of two basic mechanisms: endobronchial obstruction and
Infection.
Endobronchial obstruction by foreign body, neoplastic growth or
enlarged lymph nodes causes resorption of air distal to the obstruction with
consequent atelectasis and retention of secretions.
Infection may be secondary to local obstruction and impaired systemic defense
mechanism promoting bacterial growth, or infection may be a primary event i.e.
bronchiectasis developing in suppurative necrotizing pneumonia.
Choose
1. B
2. C
3. B
4. C
5. C
Name: Kassa Mengzemwork Kalayu
Student id: 185019011

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Lung

1. Compare lobar pneumonia with lobular pneumonia on the list

Pneumonia Lobar pneumonia Lobular pneumonia

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or chronic obstructive airway disease

Name: Kassa Mengzemwork Kalayu

Student id: 185019011

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