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Module 6 Methods of Research

The document discusses the qualities of a good research instrument, including validity, reliability, practicability, justness and morality, and honesty. It defines each quality and provides examples to demonstrate validity, such as content validity and predictive validity. The document also describes methods for testing the reliability of an instrument, such as the test-retest method and split-half method.

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Grace Anne Marie Marasigan
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515 views

Module 6 Methods of Research

The document discusses the qualities of a good research instrument, including validity, reliability, practicability, justness and morality, and honesty. It defines each quality and provides examples to demonstrate validity, such as content validity and predictive validity. The document also describes methods for testing the reliability of an instrument, such as the test-retest method and split-half method.

Uploaded by

Grace Anne Marie Marasigan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Handout in

METHODS OF RESEARCH

Objectives:

1. Differentiate the qualities of good research instrument;


2. Determine how each quality of research instrument can be shown or demonstrated in an
academic paper;

The qualities of a good research instrument are: (1) validity; (2) reliability; (3) practicability; (4)
justness and morality; (5) honesty.

Validity

This is the degree to which a test measures what it intends to measure or the truthfulness of the
response. The validity of a test concerns what the test measures and how well it does so. For
instance, to determine the validity of the teacher-made test as a research instrument, it is
necessary to consider what it is supposed to measure and how well it serves its purpose.

Types of Validity

1. Content validity – this means that the content or topic is truly the representative of the
course. It involves the systematic administration of the test content to determine if it
covers the representative sample of the behavior domain to be measured.
2. Concurrent validity – It is the degree to which the test agrees or correlates with a criterion
set-up as an acceptable measure. The criterion always available at the time of testing. It
is applicable to the test employed for diagnosis of existing status rather than prediction
of outcome.
3. Predictive validity – This validity is determined by showing how well predictions made
from the test are proven by data or facts collected at some succeeding time. The criterion
measure against this type of validity is important because the outcome of the subject is
predicted.
4. Construct validity – This is the extent to which the test measures a theoretical trait. This
involves tests on understanding, appreciation, and interpretation of data.

Reliability

Another quality of a good research instrument which means the extent to which a test is
consistent and dependable. In other words, it agrees with itself. It is concerned with the
consistency of responses from moment to moment. Even if a student takes the same test twice,
the test will yield the same results. However, a reliable test may not always be valid.

Methods in Testing Reliability

(1) Test-retest method – The same test is administered twice to the same group of students
and the correlation coefficient is determined.
(2) Parallel forms method – Test is administered to a group and the paired observation is
correlated. In constructing parallel forms, the two forms of the test must be constructed
so that the content, type of test item, difficulty and construction of administration are
similar but not identical.
(3) Split-half method – test items are divided into two. The common procedure is to divide
the test into odd and even items. The two halves of the test must be similar but not
identical. The scores obtained in the two halves are correlated.
(4) Internal consistency method – used in psychological tests that consist of dichotomous
scored items. The examinee either passes or fails in an item. A rating of 1 (one) is assigned
for correct answer and 0 (zero) for incorrect response.

Practicability

Practicability means the test can be satisfactorily used by other researchers without undue
expenditure of time, money and effort. In other words, predictability means usability.

Factors that Determine Practicability

The factors that determine practicability are:

(1) Ease of administration – to facilitate this, instructions should be complete and precise
(2) Ease of scoring – this depends on the following: (a) construction of the test is objective
type; (b) answer keys are adequately prepared; and (c) scoring directions are fully
understood
(3) Ease of interpretation and application – results of the tests are easy to interpret and apply
if tables are presented
(4) Proper mechanical make-up – a good test must be printed clearly in an appropriate font
size and for intended reader

Justness and Morality

It is the degree fairness in assigning grades or scores. The score that would be obtained in the
item fits what was measured. On the other hand, Morality is the degree of secrecy of the results.
In other words, results should be confidential so as not to compromise the respondent.
Honesty

The research must be honest in constructing the research instrument and in writing the academic
paper. Some people resort to plagiarizing or copying verbatim the contents of a particular
academic writing without acknowledging the author. This constitutes malicious intent.

Individual Activity

How do you account the statement, “A valid test is always valid.” Explain your answer and cite
examples.

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