University of Nueva Caceres

College of Engineering and Architecture

Week 1: Pipes

I. Introduction
The energy principle is applied to the solution of practical closed-conduit flow problems
in different branches of engineering practice. Flow of a real fluid is more complex than that of an
ideal fluid. Shear forces between fluid particles and the boundary walls and between the fluid
particles themselves result from the fluid's viscosity. The partial differential equations that
might evaluate the flow (Euler equations) have no general solution. Results of experimentation
and semi empirical methods must be used to solve flow problems.

Two types of steady flow of real fluids exist, which must be understood and considered.
They are laminar flow and turbulent flow. Different laws govern the two types of flow.

II. Objectives
After completion of the course the student should be able to:

1. Analyze pipes and its uses.

2. Generate different formula of pipe.

III. Fluid Flow in Pipes

Pipe – It is closed conduits (usually circular) which fluids (liquid or gases) flow fully.

Fluid FLow

Non-
Steady Unsteady Uniform
Uniform

Laminar Turbulent

Figure 1: Types of Fluid Flow

 Steady
flow It occurs when at any point; the velocity of successive fluid particles is
the same at successive periods of time. Thus, the velocity is constant with
𝜕𝑉
respect to time, or distance.
𝜕𝑡

HYDRAULICS V.1.0 BY: LOSARES

 University of Nueva Caceres
College of Engineering and Architecture

= 0, but it may vary at different points or with respect to

The fluid Characteristics like pressure, velocity, density, etc. at a point do
not change with time.

Laminar Flow
The path of individual fluid particles do not cross or intersect. Reynolds number is less than
2000.

  Reynolds number = between 2000 and 3000 = unstable

Turbulent Flow
The paths of individual fluid particles are irregular and continuously cross each other.
Reynolds number exceeds 3000.
 Unsteady
flow In which the fluid pressure, velocity, or density at a point changes with
respect to time.

 Uniform Flow
It occurs when the magnitude and direction of the velocity do not
∂V
change from point to point in the fluid, ∂/s
= 0.
or

 Non-Uniform Flow
It occurs when velocity, depth, pressure, etc., change from point to
∂V
point in the fluid flow, or ≠ 0
∂s

Critical Velocity

It is the velocity below which all turbulence is damped out by the viscosity of the fluid. It
is found that the upper limit of laminar flow of practical interest is represented by a Reynolds
number of about 2000.

Reynolds Number (Re)

It represents the ratio of inertia forces to viscous forces. It has no dimension.

For circular pipes flowing full:

𝑣𝐷𝜌𝑣𝐷
Re = 𝜇
= v

HYDRAULICS V.1.0 BY: LOSARES

 University of Nueva Caceres
College of Engineering and Architecture

𝜇
v=
𝜌
Where:

𝑣= mean velocity in m/s

𝐷=pipe diameter in meter
𝑚2
v = kinematic viscosity o the fluid in
𝑠
𝜇 = absolute or dynamic viscosity in Pa -s

For non-circular pipes, use D = 4R, then the formula becomes;

4𝑣𝑅𝜌4𝑣𝑅
Re = 𝜇
= v

𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠−𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓
𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒,𝐴
R=
𝑃𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟,𝑃
Where:

R = hydraulics radius

III. Head Losses in Pipe Flow

Major Head Loss (hf) - It is caused by pipe friction along straight sections of pipe of
uniform diameter and uniform roughness.

Minor Head Loss – It is caused by changes in velocity or directions of flow.

Major Head Loss (hf)

 Darcy-Weisbach Formula
It is basis for evaluating lost head for fluid flow in pipes and conduits.

𝑓𝑙 𝑣2
hf =
𝐷 2𝑔
HYDRAULICS V.1.0 BY: LOSARES
 Where;

HYDRAULICS V.1.0 BY: LOSARES

 University of Nueva Caceres
College of Engineering and Architecture

f = friction factor
L = length of pipe in meters or feet
D = pipe diameter in meter or feet
𝑚 𝑓𝑡
𝑣 = mean or average velocity of flow ( or )
𝑠 𝑠
Q = discharge
For circular Pipes;

0.0826𝑓𝑙𝑄2
(S.I Units)
hf =
𝐷5

For non-circular pipes, use D = 4R

Value of f:

For laminar Flow

64
f=
𝑅𝑒

 Manning Formula
It is one of the best-known open channel formulas and is commonly used in pipes.

1 21 (S.I Unit)
𝑣= 𝑛 𝑅 3𝑠 2
Where;
n = roughness coefficient
R = hydraulic radius
S = slope of the energy grade line

22
6.35𝑛 𝐿𝑣
ℎ𝑓 = 4 (S.I Unit)

𝐷3

HYDRAULICS V.1.0 BY: LOSARES

 For Circular Pipes;
2 2
ℎ = 10.29𝑛16𝐿𝑄
𝑓 (S.I Unit)
𝐷3
For non-circular pipes, use D = 4R

 Hazen Williams Formula

It is widely used in waterworks industry.

For Circular Pipes;

10.67𝐿𝑄 1.85
ℎ =𝑓𝐶1.85𝐷4.87
1
Where;

C1 = Hazen Williams coefficient

D = pipe diameter in
R = hydraulic radius
S= slope of the EGL

Minor Head Loss

 Sudden Enlargement

(𝑣1− 𝑣2)2
ℎ𝐿 =
2𝑔
Where;

𝑣1 = velocity before enlargement (m/s)

𝑣2 = velocity after enlargement (m/s)

 Gradual Enlargement

ℎ= 𝐾(𝑣 −12𝑣 )2
𝐿 2𝑔
  Sudden Contraction

𝑣2
ℎ=
𝐿 𝐾 𝑐 2𝑔

Where;

Kc = the coefficient of sudden contraction

Example 1

Determine the critical velocity for the following;

(a) Gasoline at 20°C flowing through a 20-mm pipe given that kinematic viscosity is 6.48 × 10–7
m2/s;

Solution:

For laminar flow, the maximum value of Reynolds number is 2000.

𝑣𝐷𝜌 𝑣𝑐𝐷
Re = 𝜇
= v

20
𝑣𝑐 (1000)
2000 =
6.48 × 10−7

𝑣𝑐= 0.102 m/s

(b) Water at 20°C flowing in the 20-mm pipe given that v = 1.02 × 10 –6 m2/s.

𝑣𝐷𝜌 𝑣𝑐𝐷
Re = 𝜇
= v

20
𝑣𝑐 (1000)
2000 =
1.02 × 10−6

𝑣𝑐 = 0.102 m/s
Example 2
Determine the type of flow occurring in a 12″ pipe when;

(a) Water at 60°F flows at a velocity of 3.50 ft/sec

𝑣𝐷
Re = v
(3.50)(1)
Re =
l.217 × 10−5

Re =288,000 > 2000 ∴ The flow is turbulent.

(b) Heavy fuel oil at 60°F flows at the same velocity.

𝑣𝐷
Re = v
(3.50)(1)
Re =
221 × 10−5

Re = 1580 < 2000 ∴ The flow is laminar.

Example 3

Oil of absolute viscosity 0.101 N·s/m2 and sp gr 0.850 flows through 3000 m of 300-mm cast
iron pipe at the rate of 0.0444 m3/s. What is the lost head in the pipe?

Solution
𝑄
V=
𝐴
0.0444
V=1
𝜋( 300 2
4 1000)

V = 0.628 m/s

Re = 𝑣𝐷𝜌 = 𝑣𝐷𝛾
𝜇 𝜇𝑔

(0.628)(300/1000)(0.850×9.79×1000)
Re = (0.101)(9.81)

Re = 1582 ∴ The flow is laminar

64
f= = 0.0405
𝑅𝑒
 2
hf = 𝑓𝑙 𝑣
𝐷 2𝑔
0.0405(3000 0.6282
) = 8.14 m
hf = 2(9.81)
0.300

Example 4

Fluid flows through a 20 mm diameter pipe, 150 m long at a Reynolds number of 1750. Calculate
the discharge if the head lost is 175 m.

Since Re = 1750 < 2000, the flow is laminar

64
f = = 64
𝑅𝑒
1750
f = 0.0366
0.0826𝑓𝑙𝑄2
hf =
𝐷5
0.0826(0.0366)(150)𝑄2
175
= (0.02)5

Q = 0.00111 m3/s

Q = 1.11 Lit/sec.

Example 5

A new cast iron pipe must carry 1.2 𝑚^3/𝑠 at a head loss of 5m per km length of pipe. Compute the
diameter of the pipe using:
a) Hazen Williams Formula with C=120
b) Mannings Formula with n= 0.012
c) Darcy Weishback Formula with = 0.021

Solution:
a)
10.67𝐿𝑄1.85
ℎ𝑓 =
𝐶1.85
1 𝐷
4.87

10.67(1000)(1.2)1.85
5= (120)1.85𝐷4.87
𝐷=0.839 𝑚
b)
 2 2
ℎ𝑓 = 10.29𝑛16𝐿𝑄
𝐷3
10.29(0.012)2(1000)(1.2)2
5 16
= 𝐷3
𝐷 = 0.853 m
Other solution:
From:
Q = AV
2 1
𝑣 = 1 𝑅3𝑠2
𝑛
1.2 1 2 5 1
𝜋 2 = (𝐷)3( )2
𝐷 1000
0.012 4
4

8
3 1.2
D=
√𝜋( 1 2 1
)(1 )3( 5 )2
4 0.012 4 1000
𝐷=0.853 𝑚
c)
0.0826𝑓𝑙𝑄2
h f=
𝐷5
0.0826(0.021)(1000)(1.2)2
5= 𝐷5
D = 0.870 m
Other solution:
𝑓𝑙 𝑣 2
hf = 𝐷 2𝑔
1.2
( )2
(0.021)(1000) 4𝜋(𝐷)2
5= 𝐷 2(9.81)

5
1 .2
( 𝜋 )2
D= √
(0.021)(1000)
5 4
2(9.81)

D = 0.870 m

Example 6

A 1 meter diameter new cast iron pipe 845 m long and has a head loss of 1.11 m
a) Find the discharge capacity for this pipe using Hazen Williams formula with C=130
b) Find the discharge capacity using Mannings formula with n = 0.013
c) Find the discharge capacity using Hazen Williams with f= 0.021
Solution:
a)
10.67𝐿𝑄1.85
ℎ𝑓 =
𝐶1.85
1 𝐷
4.87

10.67(845)𝑄1.85
1.11= (130)1.85(1)4.87

𝐐 = 1.001 𝒎𝟑/𝒔

b)
10.29𝑛2𝐿𝑄2
ℎ𝑓 = 16
𝐷3

10.29(0.013)2(845)𝑄2
1.11= 16
(1) 3

𝑸 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟖 𝒎𝟑/𝒔

c)

hf = 0.0826𝑓𝑙𝑄2
𝐷5

0.0826(0.021)(845)𝑄2
1.11=
(1)5

𝑄 = 0.870 𝑚3/𝑠

Example 7

What commercial size (in mm) of new cast iron pipe shall be used to carry 4490 gpm with a lost of head
of 10.56 feet per mile. Assume f= 0.019

0.0826𝑓𝑙𝑄2
hf =
𝐷5

Q = 4490 𝑔𝑎𝑙 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛

3.79 𝑙𝑖𝑡
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑥 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑥
𝑔𝑎𝑙

Q = 284 lit/sec
Q = 0.284 𝑚3/𝑠
5280 𝑓𝑡
HYDRAULICS V.1.0 BY: LOSARES
1𝑚
L = 1 mile 𝑥 𝑥
University of Nueva
𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒 Caceres
3.28 𝑓𝑡

College of Engineering andm Architecture

L = 1609.76
1𝑚
hf = 10.56 ft 𝑥
3.28 𝑓𝑡

HYDRAULICS V.1.0 BY: LOSARES

 University of Nueva Caceres
College of Engineering and Architecture

hf = 3.22 m
0.0826𝑓𝑙𝑄2
hf =
𝐷5

0.0826(0.019)(1609.76)(0.284)2
3.22=
𝐷5

D = 0.576 m = 576 mm

HYDRAULICS V.1.0 BY: LOSARES