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 INTRODUCTION:

Rural development has been the core focus of the Bangladesh economic policies since her
independence. The rural sector is pivotal to the country’s economic, social and political
development. The Constitution of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh makes firm commitment
for the development of majority and the under-privileged classes. As committed in the
constitution, the development of the local government bodies will be encouraged and there will
be representation of farmers, labourers and women in these bodies as far as possible. There
are promises to remove rural-urban disparity through the development of
agriculture, cottage and rural industries, rural electrification, development of transport
and communication and public health. There are also promises to improve nutritional level
and public health, and ensure equal opportunity for all and equitable distribution of resources.
So, According to the constitution on Republic of Bangladesh Rural Development is a necessary
issue. In recent times there are various development activities comes out in Bangladesh. It is
clear that Rural Development will aim at improving the quality of life of rural people, achieving
economic prosperity including generation of employment, attaining comprehensive
development of the villages and progressively removing the disparity in the standards of living
of rural and urban areas .Thus, Rural development can be understood as the unfolding of
capitalism in rural areas, and as that package of policy and project interventions that aim to
foster socio-economic change and human improvement in rural areas. ‘Rural development’
thus addresses general issues of agrarian change, peasant economy, and rural politics. Other
writing, more applied in focus, addresses project impacts on rural people and environments,
asking how these impacts might be improved and enhanced. We know that the economy of
Bangladesh largely depended on the rural sector performance in the early development stage
for agricultural input and output hence the country’s export earnings .The rural sector plays a
pivotal role in the country’s economic growth, social and political development.

Hence, rural development continues to be an important agenda to the country’s development

effort.

Keywords: Rural Development ,Poverty, Education ,Industry ,Technology, Agriculture Etc.

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 History of Rural Development of Bangladesh:

Before emerging as an independent state in 1971, Bangladesh had some forms of rural
development institutions e.g village-based governments whose origin can be traced back to
ancient times.

Bangladesh, since her birth, witnessed ceaseless experimentation with varied rural
development approaches. In the initial years after independence a number of voluntary and
public agencies worked to build up the war-torn economy and society primarily in the form of
relief and rehabilitation work. In 1972, the government activated the Integrated Rural
Development Programme (IRDP) to replicate and expand the Comilla Model in other parts of
the country. Later the programme was transformed into an institution called Bangladesh Rural
Development Board (BRDB). The BRDB eventually became the largest government organisation
involved in rural development. Its main activities include rural poverty alleviation and
production oriented schemes, expansion of the two-tier cooperatives, and target group
oriented projects such as the rural women project, rural poor project, and agricultural
development project. The Swanirvar (self-reliance) Movement, a government patronised rural
development scheme, was launched in 1975. Distinctive features of the movement were the
shift of focus of rural development intervention from thana to village level, formation of the
institution of Gram Sabha or village assembly consisting of adult members in the village, and
preparation of the participatory village plan of development activities. One major documented
scheme under the programme was the Ulashi-Jadunathpur Canal Digging Project in Jessore
district, which brought 18,000 acres of previously waterlogged land under cultivation by
excavating a 4.26km long irrigation canal.

BARD launched the Comprehensive Village Development Programme in 1975 with the principal
objective of ameliorating the socio-economic status of all groups of people in a village through
a common institutional framework. The BARD also sponsored another experimental
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programme, the Small Farmers Development Programme with the operational focus on small
farmers in 1993. Its broad objective was to organise the target farmers and landless labourers
by providing them with necessary inputs and services for production and institution building.
Other major governmental rural development projects include the Vulnerable Group
Development, Thana Resource Development and Employment Project, Rural Social Service
Programme, Community Development Programme, Self-reliance Programme for Rural Women,
and technologies for rural employment.

The government’s current rural development policy’s main emphasis is on employment

oriented growth, greater citizen participation in development activities, greater
cooperation between public and private sectors, specialised programmes for the
disadvantaged groups such as rural poor women, ethnic minorities, children, and the
elderly people. Alongside the public initiative, the voluntary and private organisations,
more popularly known as the non-governmental Organisations (NGO) cover an wide
range of rural development activities including those oriented towards development of
income and employment, health and sanitation, agriculture and rural craft, vocational
education, relief and rehabilitation, family planning, mother and childcare. There are
many NGOs in the country including 89 international ones. Many national NGOs were
born out of the relief and rehabilitation activities during the early 1970s. One
predominating approach to rural development by the NGOs involves poverty alleviation
through rendering small scale credit to the purposively organised groups of rural poor
and landless people, commonly coined as the ‘micro credit model’. A number of NGOs
have achieved national and international reputation through this approach, notably the
Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC), Grameen Bank, Proshika Manobik
Unnayan Kendra, ASA and Rangpur-Dinajpur Rural Service.

Another major governmental rural development projects include:

the Vulnerable Group Development,

Thana Resource Development and Employment Project,
Rural Social Service Programme,
Community Development Programme,
Self-reliance Programme for Rural Women,
technologies for rural employment,
employment oriented growth,
greater citizen participation in development activities,
specialized programmes for the disadvantaged groups such as rural poor
women, ethnic minorities ,children, and the elderly people.
Development of alternate occupations other than agriculture.
Investment in Human Capital in rural areas.
Development of Infrastructure in rural areas.
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 Objective of the study:

There are various objectives of report, so some important objectives are as follows:

1. To gather practical experience on the field of rural development sector in our country.
2. To get involved in real projects related with rural development activities.
3. To obtain more knowledge about the development sector in rural areas .
4. To find out the lackings of the process how to developed in the rural economy.

The main objective of this study is to analysis the rural development sectors ,policies ,their
workshops and find out the problems in those sector which doesn’t develop. According to
this study ,it also identifying where more or less investment require.

 Methodology:
Data are collected from two sources.

Primary data: is collected through

Making a formal questionnaire for the concerned branch

Questionnaire has been prepared are filed through individual
interviews.
Discussion with high officials.
Practical experience gained by studying and visiting.

Secondary data: is collected through.

Books, Journals, Newsletters, Research, Report, Budget of fiscal year etc.

Various report on rural development topics.
Bangladesh economics Review.
Websites.
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 Definition of Rural Development:

In 1994, the Secretary General of United Nations Mr. Boutros Ghail defined development, ‘as a
decisive factor in shaping our world and it will define relations among people, shaped the
behavior of nations and determine the ecological nature of the planet. Yet today development
is in crisis. First there is crisis of complexity; second, we have realized that development has no
single definition. No single strategy has been immune from failure. There is no certain path to
success.

The 1975 Dag Hammarskjold report states that:

‘Development is a total comprehensive process ,informed by a value loaded vision and shaped
around five pillars; Satisfaction of human needs both material and political Self reliance
,Endogenous growth, Harmony with the environment, Structural transformation in the
economy, society and polity.

But,

There is no universally accepted definition of rural development. Various scholars have defined
it variously. As a concept, it connotes overall development of rural areas with a view to improve
the quality of life rural people. As a phenomenon, it is the result of various physical,
technological, economic, socio-cultural and institutional factors. As a discipline, it is multi-
disciplinary in nature representing an intersection of agricultural, social, behavioral and
management of sciences .Some scholars understand rural development as the development of
agricultural sector. But this concept of rural development is not comprehensive enough to
define rural development completely. On the other hand, rural development is understood as
being a multi-dimensional or multi-faceted concept.

According to World Bank:

“Rural development is a growth strategy for a particular target population-the rural poor. It
involves extending of benefits of development to these whose future lies in the pursuit of
livelihood in rural areas. These include small farmers, landless and women”.

so, Rural development is the betterment in the totality of life for rural people.
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 The Objectives of Rural Development:

The objectives encompass improved productivity, increased employment and thus

higher incomes and health. A national programme of rural development should include
a mix of activities, including to projects to raise agricultural output, create new
employment, improve health and education, expand communications and improve
housing. Also some objectives must be include .These are

To improve productivity and the wages of rural people.

To guarantee increased and quick employment possibilities.
To demolish unemployment and a notable decline in underemployment.
To guarantee to increase the standard of living of the underprivileged
population.
To provide the basic needs – elementary education, health care, clean
drinking water, and, rural roads, etc.

 Indicators of Rural Development:

Changes in agricultural productivity.

Changes in rural employment, unemployment andunderemployment
Changes in income of different income groupsiv.
Changes in the distribution of power,
influence andparticipation in decision Changes in the degree of mobility,
in the allocation of position and removalof barriers to access public facilities.
Changes in literacy, schooling, literacy rate and lifeexpectancy
Changes in values, believes and attitudes of members of state agencies as well as
the rural population making.
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 Specific Targets of Rural Development:

Specific targets of rural development in today's Bangladesh include the rural poor, especially
the more disadvantaged groups of women and children. Rural development aims at building
the capacity of these target groups to control their surrounding environment accompanied by
wider distribution of benefits resulting from such control.

The key elements of rural development: The key elements of rural development in Bangladesh
are:

(a) poverty alleviation and raising the living standards of the rural poor;

(b) equitable distribution of income and wealth;

(c) wider employment opportunities;

(d) participation of the local people in planning, decision-making, implementation process,

benefit sharing, evaluation of rural development programmes, and

(e) 'empowerment' or more economic and political power to the rural masses to control the
use and distribution of scarce resources.

 Dimensions of Rural Development:

The rural areas of Bangladesh face multifarious problems. Unless the problems are attacked
from all dimensions no improvement of rural Bangladesh can be expected. The matter deserves
most serious thought by all and requires to draw up a dynamic programme and action plan to
achieve rural development a success. Rural development is linked to infrastructural
development, commercialization of agriculture, proper utilization and mobilization of
resources, food security, creating opportunities, inclusive social development in the rural
community and modernization of overall society. However, achievements of rural development
efforts in Bangladesh are not satisfactory because of imposed development, unstable political
situation, absence of people's participation, lack of research and political commitment.So,these
sectors should be improved.
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 Rural development through Agriculture:

Agriculture is an important sector of the economy of Bangladesh. The contribution of
Agricultural sector to the overall GDP of the country is almost 19%. Food security for
the huge population of Bangladesh is directly related to the development of farmers and
agricultural sector. So the government of Bangladesh has been giving priority to agricultural
development with a view to ensure food security and nutrition, poverty eradication and
employment generation. It has been possible to remain an average GDP growth of 6.3 in last
five fiscal years for agriculture friendly programmes of the government and inclusive growth
strategy of Bangladesh Bank. Agriculture has also an important role in increasing the
domestic demand. For this reason Bangladesh could face the world recession
comparatively in a better manner than the other countries. At present, almost 70% of
total populations of Bangladesh live in the rural areas. They are mainly dependent on
agricultural and rural income generating activities for their livelihood. So, through
development of agricultural sector, it is possible to create employment opportunity, ensure
food & nutrition security for such a huge population and by this way we could make our
national economy more sustainable and stronger.

GDP growth rate of 7.3% has been set up for the FY 2014-15 in the national budget. In order to
achieve this target as well as to ful fill the Millennium Developmental Goal (MDG), it is
important to increase the domestic food grain production. National economy becomes
strong and healthy as the agricultural production becomes well. On the other hand poor
agricultural production results in poverty and hunger. It has already been proved that,
international market is not always a reliable source to depend on during the food and
food-grain crisis in domestic market. For this reason ,enhancement of domestic agricultural
production is very important. Achieving expected food/agricultural production by utilizing
the limited land efficiently is one of the prime-movers for the economic stability and
development of Bangladesh.

Development of Modern Agriculture

Bangladesh agriculture has achieved momentous structural changes with many problems and
constraints a quiet agricultural revolution has taken place which is still evolving in response to
natural calamities, sociopolitical changes, population growth, urbanization, new technology in
agriculture and new opportunities in rural non-agriculture sector, commercialization and
changes in macro policy and sector policy reforms including market and trade liberalization and
substantial reduction in public sector. From largely a peasant based subsistence activity,
agriculture today is more of a commercial entrepreneurial activity than ever before.
We see various development project taken by the Govt. of Bangladesh.
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#Ten thousand farmers are getting E-

Village project training to build digital
Bangladesh.

Expected irrigation
Primitive Irrigation Modern irrigation

Here ,Government of Bangladesh taken

such policy to develop rural irrigation
system. Undertaking Integrated Water and
Land-Use Planning, Managing cross-border
Goal of E-village
flows ,Government policy for solar irrigation
 Reduce digital divide
 Provide management support to pump are such examples of govt. projects.
farmers during the crop cultivation
Human Resource Development:
period.
 Increase yield and reduce input "A vast proportion of rural workforces in
cost.
Bangladesh are illiterate, untrained and
unskilled. Bangladesh Government also take
Development of Agriculture in rural sector
Consists of some matter like as: several projects to trained rural untrained
people.
Seeds and Planting Materials:
Fishery: the fisheries sector, which is
important in terms of nutrition, income,
Seed is the main production input in the
employment and earning of foreign
agriculture sector. The availability and
exchange. There are tremendous
quality of which are the means of
development seen at Fisheries sector of
sustainable agricultural production. The GO,
rural areas in Bangladesh.
NGOs and some private companies have
started producing, importing, storing and Technological Development:
marketing of quality seeds of hybrid rice,
maize and vegetables at a limited scale.

Fertilizer:Fertilizer input is another critical

factor of production. The expansion of
modern agricultural practices together with
intensified cultivation has led to an
increasing demand for fertilizers.

Minor Irrigation:
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Better technology gives more opportunity areas.

to development of agriculture in rural

 Digital villages for digital Bangladesh:

Present age is often referred to as information age and the society is called information society.
The key to information age and information society is the use of digital technology, that is,
information and communication technology (ICT), to the needs of the society. There exists huge
digital gap, popularly known as digital divide, between Bangladesh, and other middle-income
and high-income countries of the world. Also there exists a huge digital divide between the
rural Bangladesh and its cities and towns. Reduction or elimination of the divide will accelerate
the process of Vision 2021, that is, to achieve middle-income status of Bangladesh. The target
should be per capita income/GNP of 2000 US Dollar in 2021 from little over1000 US Dollar in
2013. We hope that the socio-economic status of the country will improve further soon and
Bangladesh will come out of the category of LDC (least developed country) into the level of
developing countries like India, Pakistan and India. How can this be achieved?

Bangladesh is mostly a rural country with about 80% of its people living in villages. Although
there has been significant development in rural economy in the past few years, it is the irony of
the fate that we could not develop the villages inline with the development of the digital
technology. Global indices to ICT and ICT services indicate poor performance of Bangladesh in
comparison to other nations of the world. Digitization of lifestyle in villages can accelerate our
national development pushing up our global ranking and achieving Vision 2021.

A digital village is a village with adequate developments of technological infrastructure, online

services, and development of human capital. Each of our dream villages must have an ICT
information and service centre, with up-to-date facilities for access to information through the
Internet. This centre will be responsible for providing all possible facilities for online services
and training for village human capital. All villages, bazaars and academic institutions, and rural
centres must be hotspots of ICT activities for the villagers. Vis-à-vis the union information
centres and similar rural centres should be equipped and upgraded as hotspots of ICT activities
with high speed Internet access.

Only mobile Internet services are not sufficient. The ongoing process of connecting all upozilla
centres through fiber optic cable is a positive step towards delivery of digital services to the
rural population. With this, all the union headquarters need robust ICT information service
centers. In the next step, all the union information service centers should be wired with fiber
optic cables.

The Government of Bangladesh implementing those project to bring digitalization in rural areas.
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 Population and Family Welfare:

The unprecedented population growth of Bangladesh is one of the most serious national
problems we are facing ate the moment All our problems centered round the population
problem.Fertility rate and its implication for economic growth have become increasingly
important in our predominantly agrarian economy because our development plans aim at
increasing per capita income, and standard of living of the majority of the people of the villages.
The problem of population growth in relation to economic development involves a series of
consideration of:

a. the size of population

b. the rate of population growth; and

c. the age distribution pattern of the existing population of the country.

In 2012 the government of Bangladesh adopted a comprehensive population policy which

accords high priority to population control programme.These policy also includes Urban Health
Care, Adolescent Welfare Program, Empowerment of Women and Equal Partnership of Men
and Women, Human Resources Development, Discourage Urban Migration and Introduce
Planned Urbanization etc.

 Youth Development :
The major programs of the government for youth development include:- rural youth
development, skill development training, sell-employment program and community
development program. The youth development program is now being expanded through
increased training and credit facilities. This programme has included young women and men for
raising consciousness about women’s issues in rural development.

 Rural development through credit programme:

How rural banks can engineer rural development Banking organizations have a key
role to play in removing the hurdles the rural economy of Bangladesh faces in achieving
a better income distribution. To fulfil this role, banks have demanded a strong and
efficient institutional framework for rural development. How do banks promote rural
development? First, banks can finance self-employment schemes in rural areas. The rural
poor have been kept out of institutional credit, mainly by institutional rigidities. Institutional
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lending for rural activities and agriculture is directed and coordinated by Bangladesh
Bank and channelled through five specialized banks.

 The Role of NGO’s in Rural Development:

NGOs play a vital role in the rural development of Bangladesh. It is doubtless to say that NGOs
with their effective efforts have been promoting development strategic by creating unique
changes in the field of economic progress in Bangladesh since her independence. The NGO have
taken some significant initiatives to handle the poverty situation in Bangladesh considering
certain aspects stated below:

a) Speedier economic growth achievement process

b) Human Resource development

c) Specific target setting for poor

 In the following section, as a follow up/ part of this combined strategies some key
activities already commenced by NGOs are discussed.

Employment Generation :In order to encourage the rural poor to participate in different
economic activities and to increase their income through employment generation, several
policies, methods and strategies of the NGOs have attracted the attention of some foreign
development experts.

Micro Credit : Micro Credit :Overall economic development is essential for poverty eradication
at the rural level. Besides employment generation, per head income and scheme to increase
savings is required so that a sustainable development and poverty reduction can be seen for
the poor. The identification of loan as a significant necessity for sustainable economic
development for the poor as well as developing an effective method for meeting the demand
for loan is a competent model of poverty eradication.

Targeting Poor Rural Women as Beneficiary :Although half the population of Bangladesh is
women still they are leading a much backward life. The NGOs of Bangladesh have consciously
targeted the fallen behind poor women folks as their beneficiaries.

Health, Nutrition and Hygiene: In Bangladesh, Health and nutrition status of the rural populace
is very poor. Majority is deprived from even minimal health and nutrition facilities. For this
reason, a significant part of the active NGOs of Bangladesh are providing training and education
service in the field of health and nutrition.
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Informal and Non-formal Education :The NGOs are highly active in the sector of informal and
non-formal education. The best way to develop human resource is through appropriate
education. Illiterates created due to lack of education is one major obstacle for socio economic
development hence also for poverty eradication.

 Rural development and But,

Education: In recent times Bangladesh’s Education

changes. The Government of Bangladesh
Education is the basic need for socio- has been taken some Projects to
economic transformation and advancement strengthen management, enhance quality,
of a country. It is the prime ingredient of and improve equity and access to secondary
human resources development. In our education.
society educational development was not
adequately geared to meet this human
need. Without educating people it is
impossible to achieve rural as well as
national development. Various programmes
have undertaken by the government to
improve the quality of primary education.
To increase enrolment in primary schools
and reduce dropout of students in rural
areas, Food for Education Programme and
secondary education
stipends have been introduced. NGOs are Primary
Primary Education
Education Model Education system
Model Education system level

also involved in formal and non-formal

education in the country. Bangladesh has made significant progress in
achieving some goals of Education for All
Majority of Bangladeshi people still lives in but it needs to focus on the quality of
villages and so the topic of rural education education and early childhood
Bangladesh is of utmost importance. A development, said Olav Seim, director of
survey, shows that even though the number the EFA International Coordination Team,
of rural students attending schools is rising, Unesco.
but more than half of the students in fifth
grade are unable to read a second grade "The country has managed to increase
text book and are not able to solve simple enrolment rate at primary level to almost
mathematical problems. 90 percent which is a big achievement," he
said.
As why, there is a difference between city
and village student not in terms of brain or About 77% of primary school-aged children
development but their initial environment, were enrolled in high school and less than
skills, learning ability, availability of 30% of the children aged 11-12 qualify the
infrastructure, and access to different criteria for basic education (Chowdhury et
facilities. al., 1999). Although the enrolment rate was
higher for boys than girls in recent past, the
 P a g e | 14

gender gap has been reduced recently. The concerned. It is vital that this period runs as
gross enrolment ratio of girls is higher than smoothly as possible, enabling the students,
that of boys in some areas. whatever their futures, to choose well and
to settle quickly and easily in their new
Enrolment rate at secondary level is less school system, thereby enhancing their
than primary level. About two-thirds of opportunities of success in secondary
secondary school-aged children do not go school. Success in secondary school has
to school. In 1993 the Government started obvious implications for a developing
the Female Secondary Stipend Programme country like Bangladesh.
for girls to popularise secondary education
among them. A World Bank (2003) study Rural Development through
shows that this policy has encouraged rural
girls to enrol and remain in high schools. ICT program: Information and
However, even though high school Communication Technology abbreviated as
education is free for girls, low income and ICT consist of Information technology,
poor household parents are not interested enterprise software, audio-visual system,
in some cases to send their children to high middleware using which user can access,
school because of direct cost plus store, transmit and modify information as
opportunity costs e.g. helping the family at required.
home in farming, household work and other
income-generating activities. Nevertheless, ICT Programs enhance those situation.
Bangladesh has made good progress in
recent years on various indicators Empowering citizens:One of the objectives
(enrolment, completion and attendance under this project is to ensure that by 2011
rate and gender gap in enrolment) of all Bangladeshis will have access to ICT and
primary education. It has improved the girl- the skills to use them.
boy ratio from 40:60 to 49:51 over the last
20 years. Although the two important Finally, with the objective of ensuring that,
MDGs of 100 percent net enrolment rate by 2013, all children will have access to ICT,
(NER) of primary school aged children and the roadmap plans to see secondary schools
100% primary school completion rate many having ICT labs with access to all the
not be achieved by 2015. What is also curriculum materials with proper teacher
unclear is how far pupils from nonformal training and support.
schools are successful when they make the
transition into formal secondary school. The Transforming public resources: To
transition process is fundamental to the transform the government, we have to have
continuity of education. Whilst never losing e-readiness. There have to be citizen-centric
sight of the importance of progression e-services, and a high demand for them
within a student’s educational career, we (through a rich mix of channels -- including
must ensure that the progression occurs mobile phones, web, kiosks and service
with the minimum of disruption to the centres). This will contribute to economic
student. The transition from Grade-V development, poverty reduction, and better
(primary school) to Grade-VI (secondary and more transparent governance. Every
school) is an important time for all students
 P a g e | 15

ministry must develop and deliver plans for the roadmap, and effective structures and
e-service investments. processes must be in place. A full-time
"chief digital advisor" reporting directly to
Another important part of the work-stream the taskforce and the chief advisor,
is to develop a comprehensive e- supported by a small ICT Roadmap Program
government inter-operability framework, to Management Office, should be there to
be fully adopted by all ministries and their strengthen the governance.
ICT suppliers, ensuring that e-services can
be integrated efficiently and effectively By training ICT programs rural people can
around citizens' needs and that there is no could developed their life.
waste or duplication in the government's
ICT investments. Entrepreneurship as an
Broadening the ICT sector: The issues economic force in rural
impeding the growth of the hardware and development:
software sectors should be resolved to
broaden the ICT sector. International ICT
trade and investment campaign must be
undertaken to develop a globally-
recognised brand for Bangladesh as a
centre for ICT investment, outsourcing and
Village Entrepreneur Women Entrepreneur
exports, which will help the Bangladesh ICT
sector to increase its levels of exports,
turnover and FDI by at least 50% each year Rural development is more than ever
between now and 2013. before linked to entrepreneurship.
Institutions and individuals promoting rural
Enabling the market:Legal barriers to e- development now see entrepreneurship as
commerce must be removed and the a strategic development intervention that
necessary business changes put in place in could accelerate the rural development
the public and private sectors to take process. Furthermore, institutions and
advantage of the new opportunities. The individuals seem to agree on the urgent
ICT roadmap plans to deliver this by need to promote rural enterprises:
establishing a certified authority to oversee development agencies see rural
the provision of digital certificates enabled entrepreneurship as an enormous
by the ICT Act 2006, and development of a employment potential; politicians see it as
partnership with the banks to establish the the key strategy to prevent rural unrest;
business and technical infrastructure farmers see it as an instrument for
needed to make e-commerce and e- improving farm earnings; and women see it
government transactions a reality. as an employment possibility near their
homes which provides autonomy,
Leadership and governance: Accountability independence and a reduced need for
for delivering all aspects of the roadmap social support. To all these groups,
and associated elements must be clear to however, entrepreneurship stands as a
all stakeholders for successful delivery of vehicle to improve the quality of life for
 P a g e | 16

individuals, families and communities and Rural areas are specialised more in
to sustain a healthy economy and agriculture while Industries are located
environment. mostly at urban location giving a weak
rural-urban linkage which ultimately
The entrepreneurial orientation to rural results in lower pace of development in
development accepts entrepreneurship as rural area.
the central force of economic growth and
development, without it other factors of Now a days, Bangladesh has been improved
development will be wasted or frittered in so much way.
away. However, the acceptance of
entrepreneurship as a central development
force by itself will not lead to rural
development and the advancement of rural Development of transportation
enterprises. systems:
 Development of rural areas
through industries:

Bangladesh is known as agricultural as

well as rural based economy. However,
rural society is traditional, conservative
and detached from the sources of village transportation
Roads transport
innovation. In industrialized nations where
local economies are integrated components Bangladesh has developed a transport
of the national economy and national network that includes roads, railways,
policies reach citizens in all parts of the inland waterways, two maritime ports and
nation, it is reasonable to ask weather civil airports catering to both domestic and
specific attention should be paid to rural international traffic. Road transport has
areas, rather than simply relying upon traditionally been the centre of the
national programs. To reduce the migration government's attention in this sector.
rate we need to have a sustainable solution Feeder roads connect Upazila headquarter
like providing employment opportunities and growth centres with arterial road
to rural public. Industrial development system and represent 34% of the total road
has greater potential in expansion of network. Rural roads represent the largest
economic activities and it will eventually part of the Bangladesh road system,
help in development of rural assets along constituting 61% of the total road network.
with income generation, development of Roads & Highway under the Ministry of
infrastructure, raising standard of living and Communications looks after national,
per capita income for rural people. regional and some of feeder roads whereas
Industrialization act as an instrument major feeder roads and rural roads are
both of the creating capacity to absorb looked after by LGED under the Ministry of
excess labour power and of catering for the Local Government Rural Development and
diversification of the market required at the Cooperatives.
higher stages of economic development. The government's transport strategy aims
 P a g e | 17

to support economic development by

expanding linkages in the internal transport
system and promote local market
integration, specially in rural areas. There is
sizable public investment (through
development budget, ADP and revenue
budget) in road construction (1.8% of
GDP).For achieving economic development
objectives as well as regional connectivity
planned development of transport sector is
need of the hour.
 P a g e | 18

Here , I can represent some rural projects which shows development at micro level.

Local Government and Rural Development Sector MYPIP Database, FY 2017-2018 Taka in Lakh

Project Duration
Actual Cumulative ADP 17-18 Expected FY 18-19 FY 19-20 FY 20-21
Projects Name Total Cost
expenditure up to June Allocation Start Date Completion Date Completion (Projected) (Projected) (Projected)
(FY 2016-17)** date
Rural Development and Cooperative Division (RDCD) 1,078,842 450,190 140,437 225,488 222,458 12,161
Small Farmers Development Foundation (SFDF) 6,409 2,167 3,700 542 0 0
Assistance to Small Farmers Development Foundation (2nd
6,409 2,167 3,700 1-Jan-16 31-Dec-18 31-Dec-19 542 0 0
Phase) (01/01/2016- 31/12/2018)
Bangladesh Rural Development Board (BRDB) 81,530 34,116 16,291 20,788 4,633 5,701
Integrated Employment Support Program for Poor Women
15,734 12,927 2,800 1-Jan-12 30-Jun-18 30-Jun-19 7 0 0
(Revised) (01/01/2012-30/06/2018)
Rural Livelihood Project (RLP) (2nd Phase) (01/07/2012-
33,142 14,094 4,991 1-Jul-12 30-Jun-17 30-Jun-19 14,057 0 0
30/06/2017)

Employment Guarantee Scheme for the Poor of

9,487 4,896 2,500 1-Apr-14 31-Mar-19 31-Mar-19 2,091 0 0
Northern Region (2nd Phase) (01/04/2014-31/03/2019)

Participatory Rural Development Project -III (PRDP Phase-III)

23,167 2,199 6,000 1-Jul-15 30-Jun-20 30-Jun-21 4,633 4,633 5,701
(01/07/2015-30/06/2020)
Palli Deirdre Bimochon Foundation (PDBF) 43,496 28,940 7,715 2,410 2,410 1,917
Extension of Palli Daridro Bimochon Foundation (PDBF)
Activities for Poverty Alleviation and Self Employment 33,429 27,760 5,565 1-Jul-12 30-Jun-18 30-Jun-17 0 0 0
(01/07/2012-30/06/2018)
Bangbandhu Poverty Alleviation and Rural Development
32,684 17,466 8,000 0 0
Academy (BAPARD)

Expansion, Renovation and Modernization of Bangabandhu

Poverty Alleviation Training Complex (at present BAPARD), 32,684 17,466 8,000 1-Mar-10 30-Jun-18 30-Jun-19 7,218 0 0
Kotalipara Gopalgonj (Revised) (01/03/2010-30/06/2018)

Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development (BARD) 3,439 250 1,000 1,032 1,157 0
Capacity building of BARD Physical facilities (01/01/2017-
3,439 250 1,000 1-Jan-17 31-Dec-19 31-Dec-19 1,032 1,157 0
31/12/2019)
Rural Development Academy (RDA), Bogra 73,338 18,897 17,319 13,229 1,480
Modernization of RDA Farm and Laboratory School
3,420 2,601 819 1-Jan-14 31-Dec-17 31-Dec-17 0 0 0
and College Project (01/01/2014-31/12/2017)

Local Government and Rural Development Sector MYPIP Database, FY 2017-2018 Taka in Lakh
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Project Duration
Actual Cumulative ADP 17-18 Expected FY 18-19 FY 19-20 FY 20-21
Projects Name Total Cost
expenditure up to Allocation Start Date Completion Date Completion (Projected) (Projected) (Projected)
June (FY 2016-17)** date
Greater Faridpur Rural Infrastructure Development (2nd
171,000 114,304 30,000 1-Jul-09 30-Jun-19 30-Jun-20 13,680 13,016 0
Revised) (01/07/2009-30/06/2019)
Greater Barisal District Rural Communication & Market
Development Project (Barisal, Pirojpur, Bhola & Jhalokati 47,171 46,794 6,181 1-Jul-09 31-Dec-17 31-Dec-17 0 0 0
District (01/07/2009-30/06/2016)
Sylhet Division Rural Infrastructure Development (01/07/2011-
49,147 48,995 1 1-Jul-11 30-Jun-17 30-Jun-19 151 0 0
30/06/2017)

Naria Upazila, Shariatpur District Rural Infrastructure

2,284 2,078 1 1-Jul-15 30-Jun-17 30-Jun-19 205 0 0
Development (01/07/2015-30/06/2017)

Sadar and Hosenpur Upazila, Kishorganj District Important

2,490 2,487 1 1-Jun-15 30-Jun-17 30-Jun-19 2 0 0
Rural Infrastructure Development (01/06/2015-30/06/2017)

Union Parishod Connecting Road Development Project:

Patuakhali and Barguna (2nd Phase) District (2nd Revised) 36,224 31,559 1 7/1/20o8 30-Jun-17 30-Jun-19 4,664 0 0
(01/07/2008-30/06/2017)

Union Connecting Road and infrastructure

Development Project: Greater Chittagong (Chittagong 40,800 31,465 9,252 1-Mar-10 30-Jun-18 30-Jun-19 83 0 0
and Cox's Bazar) District (2nd Revised) (01/03/2010-
30/06/2018)
Rural Infrastructure Development of South-West Region (1st
168,795 157,154 6,000 1-Jan-10 31-Dec-17 31-Dec-18 5,641 0 0
Revised) (01/01/2010-31/12/2017)

Union Infrastructure Development project ( khulna,

35,987 25,297 9,000 1-Jul-10 30-Jun-18 30-Jun-19 1,690 0 0
Bagerhat, Satkhira Districts) (2nd Revised) (01/07/2010-
30/06/2018)

Greater Rangpur, Dinajpur District Rural Communication and

Others Infrastructure Development (2nd Revised) 63,395 49,932 12,462 1-Apr-10 30-Jun-18 30-Jun-19 1,001 0 0
(01/04/2010-30/06/2018)

Greater Faridpur Rural Infrastructure Development2md

149,000 97,786 30,000 1-Jul-10 30-Jun-19 30-Jun-19 21,214 0 0
phase) (2nd Revised) (01/07/2010-30/06/2019)

Rural Infrastructure Development Project: Greater Dhaka,

Tangail and Kishoregonj District (2nd Revised) (01/03/2011- 57,634 37,912 10,000 1-Mar-11 30-Jun-17 30-Jun-17 9,722 0 0
30/06/2017)
Greater Jessore District Infrastructure Development
(Jessore, 51,125 25,927 12,553 1-Mar-11 30-Jun-18 30-Jun-19 12,645 0 0
Jhinaidah, Magura and Narail District)( 1st Revised)
(01/03/2011-30/06/2018)

Local Government and Rural Development Sector MYPIP Database, FY 2017-2018 Taka in Lakh
 P a g e | 20

Project Duration
Actual Cumulative ADP 17-18 Expected FY 18-19 FY 19-20 FY 20-21
Projects Name Total Cost
expenditure up to Allocation Start Date Completion Date Completion (Projected) (Projected) (Projected)
June (FY 2016-17)** date
Sustainable Rural Infrastructure Improvement project (SRIIP)
98,973 95,582 3,400 1-Jan-11 30-Jun-17 30-Jun-18 0 0 0
(01/01/2011-30/6/2017)

Expansion of Upazila Complex (01/04/2011-30/06/2017) 143,000 55,355 30,000 1-Apr-11 30-Jun-17 30-Jun-19 42,900 14,745 0

Improvement of Bhangura-Naogaon GCM Road under

10,836 8,779 2,000 1-Jul-11 30-Jun-17 30-Jun-18 0 0 0
Bhangura Upazila of Pabna District (01/07/2011-30/06/2018)

Construction of Union Parished Bhaban Complex (2nd Phase)

85,770 51,601 8,000 1-Jul-11 30-Jun-18 30-Jun-19 26,169 0 0
(01/07/2011-30/06/2018)
Greater Kustia District Infrastructure Development Project
(Kustia, Chuadanga and Meherpur District) (01/01/2012- 37,685 24,018 8,000 1-Jan-12 30-Jun-18 30-Jun-19 5,667 0 0
30/06/2018)
Development of Important Rural Infrastructure Project
61,547 35,731 6,000 1-Jul-12 30-Jun-18 30-Jun-20 9,232 10,584 0
(01/07/2012-30/06/2018)
Haor Infrastructure and Livelihood Improvement
107,632 60,285 21,000 1-Jul-12 30-Jun-19 30-Jun-19 26,347 0 0
Project (01/07/2012-30/06/2019)
Rural Transport Improvement Project-II (RTIP-II) (01/07/2012-
334,305 190,545 80,000 1-Jul-12 30-Jun-17 30-Jun-19 63,760 0 0
30/06/2017)
Costal Climate Resilient Infrastructure Improvement Project
123,000 68,782 26,000 1-Jul-12 31-Dec-18 31-Dec-19 28,218 0 0
(01/07/2012-31/12/2018)
Northern Bangladesh Integrated Development Project
270,594 73,049 44,000 1-Jul-13 30-Jun-19 30-Jun-20 81,178 72,367 0
(01/07/2013-30/06/2019)
Rural Employment and Road Maintenance Programme-2
108,500 80,850 20,000 1-Jul-13 30-Jun-17 30-Jun-19 7,650 0 0
(RERMP-2) (01/07/2013-30/06/2018)
Barisal Division Rural Infrastructure Development Project
63,800 34,367 12,500 1-Jul-13 30-Jun-18 30-Jun-19 16,933 0 0
(01/07/2013-30/06/2018)
Construction of 950m PC Guarder Bridge over Dharla
River at Fulbari Upazila of Kurigram District( revised) 22,719 18,775 3,670 1-Jul-13 30-Jun-17 30-Jun-19 274 0 0
(01/07/2013-
30/06/2017)
Construction of a 668 Long Pre-Stressed girder Bridge over
Baro Baliatali Ahdhermanik river on Kalapara-Baliatali-
12,541 1,673 4,000 1-Jul-13 30-Jun-18 30-Jun-20 4,389 2,479 0
Gangamati Road under Kalapara Upazila of Patuakhali District
(01/07/2013-30/06/2018)

Local Government and Rural Development Sector MYPIP Database, FY 2017-2018 Taka in Lakh
 P a g e | 21

Project Duration
Expected
Completion
Actual Cumulative ADP 17-18 FY 18-19 FY 19-20 FY 20-21
Projects Name Total Cost
expenditure up to Allocation Start Date Completion Date (Projected) (Projected) (Projected)
June (FY 2016-17)** date
Rangpur Divisional Rural Infrastructure Development Project
70,000 46,100 18,000 1-Jul-13 30-Jun-18 30-Jun-19 5,900 0 0
(01/07/2013-30/06/2018)

Construction of 1490m Long Pre-stressed Concrete Girder

Bridge over Tista River at Pachpir Bazar-Chilmari Upazila HQ
Road of Sundargonj Upazila under Gaibandha District
Project(revised) (01/07/2013-30/06/2019)
73,085 1,670 7,500 1-Jul-13 30-Jun-19 30-Jun-22 7,309 29,234 21,926
Greater Mymensingh Rural Infrastructure Development
48,864 26,844 11,800 1-Jan-14 30-Jun-19 30-Jun-19 10,220 0 0
Project (01/01/2014-30/06/2019)

Construction of 4 Bridges in Bakshigonj and

Dewangonj Upazila of Jamalpur District (01/01/2014-
31/12/2017) 15,179 9,786 5,017 1-Jan-14 31-Dec-17 30-Jun-18 0 0 0
Flood Management and Livelihood Increment in Hoar
Region 88,001 18,292 11,500 1-Jul-15 30-Jun-22 30-Jun-22 19,403 19,403 19,403
(01/07/2015-30/06/2022)
Rural Infrastructure Development (Comilla, Chandpur &
56,411 20,998 1,700 1-Jul-15 30-Jun-19 30-Jun-20 16,923 16,790 0
B- Baria) (01/07/2015-30/06/2019)
Constriction of 9 Nos. Important Bridge (01/07/2015-
31,214 10,019 9,000 1-Jul-15 31-Dec-18 30-Jun-20 6,243 5,952 0
31/12/2018)
Construction of Multipurpose Disaster Shelter (01/01/2015-
293,500 23,858 30,137 1-Jul-15 30-Jun-20 31-Dec-23 58,700 58,700 58,700
30/06/2020)

Important Rural Infrastructure Development Project

on Priority Basis-2 (IRIDP-2) (01/07/2015-
30/06/2019) 607,644 191,197 150,000 1-Jul-15 30-Jun-19 30-Jun-20 182,293 84,154 0

Rural Infrastructure Development Project: Chittagong Hill

Tracts - 2nd Phase (01/03/2015-31/12/2017)
38,000 4,325 6,000 1-Mar-15 31-Dec-17 30-Jun-20 11,400 16,275 0
Greater Chittagong District Rural Infrastructure Development
Project (Chittagong & Cox's Bazar District) (01/07/2015-
30/06/2019)
36,600 6,001 8,000 1-Jul-15 30-Jun-19 30-Jun-20 10,980 11,619 0
Greater Pabna & Bogra District Rural
46,809 5,399 15,000 1-Jul-15 30-Jun-19 30-Jun-19 14,043 12,367 0
Infrastructure Development Project (01/07/2015-
30/06/2019)

Improvements of Rural Infrastructure in Akkelpur, Kalai and

Khetlal Upazila of Joypurhat District (01/07/2015-
30/06/2018) 2,030 1,022 1,008 1-Jul-15 30-Jun-18 30-Jun-18 0 0 0
Rural Infrastructure Development Projects: Bauphal Upazila,
2,193 810 1,367 1-Jan-16 31-Dec-17 31-Dec-18 16 0 0
Patuakhali (01/01/2016-31/12/2017)
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Local Government and Rural Development Sector MYPIP Database, FY 2017-2018 Taka in Lakh

Project Duration
Actual Cumulative ADP 17-18 Expected FY 18-19 FY 19-20 FY 20-21
Projects Name Total Cost
expenditure up to Allocation Start Date Completion Date Completion (Projected) (Projected) (Projected)
June (FY 2016-17)** date

Rural Infrastructure Development Project at Mollahat

2,294 800 1,027 1-Jan-16 31-Dec-17 31-Dec-18 467 0 0
Upazila under Bagherhat District (01/01/2016-31/12/2017)

Rural Infrastructure Development Project at Fakirhat Upazila

2,298 900 1,283 1-Jan-16 31-Dec-17 31-Dec-18 115 0 0
under Bagerhat District (01/01/2016-31/12/2017)

Faridpur District Important Rural Infrastructure

2,495 1,620 675 1-Jan-16 31-Dec-17 30-Jun-19 200 0 0
Development Project (FDIRIDP) (01/01/2016-31/12/2017)

Development of Rural Infrastructure of Kuliarchar and

2,422 1,205 400 1-Jan-16 31-Dec-17 30-Jun-19 817 0 0
Bhairab Upazila under Kishoregonj District (01/01/2016-
31/12/2017)
Kushtia Sadar Upazula Rural Road Development Project
2,396 1,005 1,171 1-Jan-16 31-Dec-17 30-Jun-19 220 0 0
(01/01/2016-31/12/2017)

Gopalgonj District Important Rural Infrastructure

61,484 5,100 12,500 1-Jan-16 30-Jun-19 30-Jun-20 18,445 25,439 0
improvement Project (GDIRIIP) (01/01/2016-30/06/2019)

Rural Infrastructure Development Project of Panchagarh,

Kurigram & Lalmonirhat District (Erstwhile Enclaves) 18,059 4,100 8,000 1-Dec-15 30-Jun-18 30-Jun-19 5,959 0 0
(01/12/2015-30/06/2018)
Greater Rajshahi District Rural Infrastructure Development
39,852 5,020 8,000 1-Jan-16 30-Jun-19 30-Jun-20 11,956 14,876 0
Project (01/01/2016-30/06/2019)
Rural Access Road Improvement Project in Sylhet Division
28,704 157 7,000 1-Jul-15 30-Jun-19 30-Jun-21 8,611 8,611 4,325
(01/07/2015-30/06/2019)

Rural road development of Golachipa and Doshmina

2,173 500 1,673 1-Jan-16 30-Jun-17 30-Jun-17 0 0 0
upazila under Patuakhali District(01/01/2016-31/06/2017)

Development of Rural Infrastructure and

2,361 685 1,451 1-Jan-16 31-Dec-17 31-Dec-18 225 0 0
communication system of Baufal Upazila( 1/1/2016-
31/12/2017
Important Rural Infrastructure Development of
34,724 3,000 10,000 1-Jan-16 31-Dec-17 31-Dec-19 10,417 11,307 0
Kishoregonj District( 01/01/2016-31/12/2017)
Rural Infrastructure Development of Bakshigonj
and Dewangonj Upazila of Jamalpur District 1,170 500 450 1-Jan-16 31-Dec-17 30-Jun-19 220 0 0
(01/01/2016-
31/12/2017)
Rural Infrastructure Development project in Laksham,
Monohorgonj and Barura Upazilla under Comilla 1,987 600 1,387 1-Jul-16 30-Jun-18 30-Jun-19 0 0 0
District( 01/07/2016-30/06/2018)
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Local Government and Rural Development Sector MYPIP Database, FY 2017-2018 Taka in Lakh

Project Duration
Actual Cumulative ADP 17-18 Expected FY 18-19 FY 19-20 FY 20-21
Projects Name Total Cost
expenditure up to Allocation Start Date Completion Date Completion (Projected) (Projected) (Projected)
June (FY 2016-17)** date

Construction & Improvement of Road & Drainage System

to improve Communication facilities and mitigate 2,220 1,038 930 1-Jul-15 30-Jun-17 30-Jun-19 252 0 0
Waterlogging Problem in Patuakhali Pourashava(
01/07/2015-30/06/2017)
Road Improvement works in Jamalpur and Madargonj
2,490 507 1,500 1-Jan-16 30-Jun-18 30-Jun-19 483 0 0
Pourashava 01/01/2016-30/06/2018)
Urban regeneration and Cultural Hub Development in
12,660 520 2,000 1-Mar-16 28-Feb-19 28-Feb-20 5,064 5,076 0
jamalpur Town( 01/03/2016-28/02/2019)
Gopalgonj Pourashava Drainage improvement( 01/01/2016-
2,425 750 1,675 1-Jan-16 31-Dec-17 31-Dec-17 0 0 0
31/12/2017)
Gouranodi Paurashava infrastructure improvement under
2,265 501 1,764 1-Jan-16 31-Dec-17 31-Dec-17 0 0 0
Barisal District( 01/01/2016-31/12/2017)

Baufal Paurashava Road network and Physical Infrastructure

2,267 501 1,766 1-Jan-16 31-Dec-17 31-Dec-17 0 0 0
Improvement (01/01/2016-31/12/2017)

Bagha Pourashava Infrastructure Development

(01/02/2016- 2,461 300 2,161 1-Feb-16 31-Dec-17 31-Dec-17 0 0 0
31/12/2017)
Post Flood Infrastructure Improvement of Choumuhoni
2,388 200 2,080 1-Jul-16 30-Jun-18 30-Jun-19 108 0 0
pourashava( 01/07/2016-30/06/2018)
Ghagot Lake Development of Gaibandha Pourashava(
1,555 100 755 1-Jul-16 30-Jun-18 30-Jun-19 700 0 0
01/07/2016-30/6/2018
Infrastructure Development of Nangolkot Pourashava(
4,126 400 1,500 1-Jan-17 31-Dec-18 31-Dec-19 1,650 576 0
01/01/2017-31/12/2018)
Infrastructure Development of Charfashion Pourashava(
1,441 100 1,340 1-Jan-16 30-Jun-18 30-Jun-19 1 0 0
01/11/2016-30/06/2018)
Infrastructure Development of Lalmohon Pourashava(
2,301 100 700 1-Jan-17 31-Dec-18 31-Dec-19 920 581 0
01/01/2017-31/12/2018)
Development and Butification of Katakhal of Shirajganj
2,253 0 100 1-Jan-17 30-Jun-19 30-Jun-21 901 901 351
Paurashava (01/01/2017-30/06/2019)

Construction and development od Urban infrastructure

1,639 0 100 1-Jan-17 30-Jun-19 30-Jun-21 656 656 228
at Kajirpur Paurashava (01/01/2017-30/06/2019)
Local Government Division (LGD) 982,587 56,493 146,844 196,517 261,142 232,945

Income Support for the Poorest (01/4/2015-30/06/2020) 237,781 3,628 16,700 1-Apr-15 30-Jun-20 30-Jun-20 47,556 95,112 74,784
 P a g e | 24

Local Government and Rural Development Sector MYPIP Database, FY 2017-2018 Taka in Lakh

Project Duration
Actual Cumulative ADP 17-18 Expected FY 18-19 FY 19-20 FY 20-21
Projects Name Total Cost
expenditure up to Allocation Start Date Completion Date Completion (Projected) (Projected) (Projected)
June (FY 2016-17)** date
Socio-economic development for the disadvantaged people
of the Chittagong Hill Tracts by roads connecting with the
2,498 500 1,998 1-Jul-16 30-Jun-18 30-Jun-19 0 0 0
Khagrachari Sadar Upazila to the district remote regions (
01/07/2016- 30/6/2018)
Construction of Rural Infrastructure for Development of
Communication System with Upazila HQs in Rangamati Hill 3,200 394 1,381 1-Jul-16 30-Jun-19 30-Jun-19 1,425 0 0
District( 01/07/2016- 30/06/2019)
Development of Rural Infrastructures for Bandarban
4,898 495 1,188 1-Oct-16 30-Jun-21 30-Jun-20 1,469 1,469
Hill Districts( 1/10/2016- 30/6/2021)
Construction of rural Infrastructure for building road network
connecting remote area to Upazilla Sadar of Khagrachari 4,871 200 2,000 1-Jan-17 30-Jun-19 30-Jun-20 1,461 1,210 0
District( 01/01/2017- 30/6/2019)
Construction of hill tracks Complex at Baily Road,
12,092 1,000 10,000 1-Jan-16 30-Jun-18 30-Jun-19 1,092 0 0
Dhaka (01/01/2016-30/06/2018)
Mixed Fruit Cultivation at Remote Areas of Chittaging
3,681 1,590 1,266 1-Jul-15 30-Jun-20 30-Jun-19 825 0 0
Hill Tracts( 01/07/2015-30/06/2020)
Cultivation of High yielding Bamboo as a livelihood for
2,378 0 428 1-Jul-16 30-Jun-21 30-Jun-21 713 713 523
the poor citizen of CHT (01/07/2016-30/06/2021)
109,763 95,310 0 14,453 14,453 0

Ministry of chittagong Hill Tracks Affairs( MoCHTA) 109,763 95,310 0 0 14,453 0

Promotion of Development and Confidence Building in
the Chittagong Hill tracts(01/04/2003-30/09/2016) 109,763 95,310 0 1-Apr-03 30-Sep-16 30-Sep-16 0 14,453 0

The Actual Cumulative Expenditure up to June has been Calculated using the information available in the ADP 2017-18. Thus cumulative
expenditure contains the information up to February 2017.

(Source:LGRD)