Republic of the Philippines

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Region I
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE I PANGASINAN
LABRADOR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Labrador,Pangasinan

MODULE IN PRE CALCULUS GRADE 11

SECOND QUARTER , WEEK 6 to WEEK 8

MELC: 1. Determine whether an equation is an identity or a

conditional equation
2.Apply trigonometric identities to find other
trigonometric values
3.Solve situational problems involving trigonometric
Identities
4. Illustrate the domain and range of the inverse
trigonometric functions.
5.Evaluate an inverse trigonometric expression.
6.Solve trigonometric equations.
Learning Competency
K to 12 BEC CG:
 STEM_PC11T-IIe-1
 STEM_PC11T-IIg-2
 STEM_PC11T-IIh-1
 STEM_PC11T-IIh-2
 STEM_PC11T-IIh-i-1

Prepared by:

CANOTO ALLAN J. QUIMSON

Teacher III

1
Precalculus
Quarter 2 – Module 2
Trigonometric Identities

𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = 1

1
sin 𝑥 =
csc 𝑥

2
 What I Know (Pre-Test)
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which of the following is NOT an identity?

a) sin2 a+cos2 a = 1 c) 1 + cot2 a = csc2 a
b) sin a = tan a * cos a d) 1 - sec2 a = tan2 a
2. Which of the following is an identity?
a) sin (a) cos (a) = (1/2) sin(2 a) c) sin(-a) = sin a
b) sin a + cos a = 1 d) tan a = cos a / sin a
3. Which of the following is NOT an identity?
a) tan(2 t) = 2 tan (t) c) sin(-t) = - sin(t)
b) sin2 a = 1 - cos2 a d) sec(-t) = sec(t)
4. Which of the following is an identity?
a) sin2 u = 1 + cos2 u c) sin2 u = 1 - 1 / sec2 u
b) cot u = sin u * cos u d) cos(-u) = - cos u
csc 𝑥−1
5. Where defined, sin 𝑥−1 = _________.

a) sin x b. − sin 𝑥 c) csc 𝑥 d. − csc 𝑥

1
6. Simplify (csc 𝑥) (tan 𝑥 + cot 𝑥)

a. sin 𝑥 b. sec 𝑥 c. tan 𝑥 d. cos 𝑥

(sin 𝑦−cos 𝑦)2
7. To which of the following is equal?
cos 𝑦

a. sec 𝑦 b. sec 𝑦 − 2 sin 𝑦 c. sec 𝑦 − 2 tan 𝑦 d. −2 sin 𝑦

1 1
8. Simplify cot 𝑥 (sec 𝑥 + csc 𝑥) =
cot 𝑥 2cot 𝑥
a. c. sec 𝑥 +csc 𝑥
sec 𝑥 csc 𝑥

cot 𝑥 cot 𝑥 sec 𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 csc 𝑥

b. d.
sec 𝑥 +csc 𝑥 sec 𝑥 csc 𝑥

9. Which of the following is equivalent to sin(𝐴 + 30° + cos(𝐴 + 60°)

a. sin 𝐴 b. cos 𝐴 c.√3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 + cos 𝐴 d. √3 cos 𝐴

10. Which of the following is equivalent to sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) + sin( 𝛼 − 𝛽)?
a. sin 2𝛼 b.sin(𝛼 2 − 𝛽 2 ) c. 2 sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽 d. 2 sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽
cos 2𝑥
11. Which of the following is NOT equal to ?
cos 𝑥

a. cos 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 c. 2 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥

2 sin 𝑥
b. sec 𝑥 − d. sec 𝑥 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
cot 𝑥

3
 4 3𝜋
12. If cos 𝑥 = 5 and ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋, then tan 2𝑥 = ______.
2

24 7 24 7
a. − 25 b. − 24 c. − d. 25
7

1−cos 𝜃 √3
13. If = , then 𝜃 = ___.
sin 𝜃 3

a. 15° b. 30° c. 45° d. 60°

𝜃 𝜃
14. 𝑡𝑎𝑛 + cot 2 =
2

1
a. cot 𝜃 b. −2 csc 𝜃 c. 2 cot 𝜃 d. 2 csc 𝜃
2

15. Which of the following is NOT equivalent to sin 40°?

a. √1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 40° c. 2 sin 20° cos 20°

1+cos 80° 1−cos 80°

b. √ d. √
2 2
𝜋
16. If 2 sin 2𝑥 = 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 and 0 ≤ 2𝑥 ≤ 2 , then x= ___.

a. 0.25 b. 0.39 c. 0.49 d. 0.52

17. If 4 sin 𝑥 + 3 = 0 on 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋, then x= ___.

a. 5.43 b. 0.848 c. 3.990 or 5.435 d. 0.848 or 5.435

18. Solve the equation sin 15𝑥 + cos 15𝑥 = 0. What is the sum of the three
smallest positive solutions?
7𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 21𝜋
a. b. 20 c. 3 d.
20 4

19. For all positive angles less than 360°, if csc(2𝑥 + 30°) = cos(3𝑦 − 15°), the
sum of x and y is

a. 5° b. 30° c. 95° d. 185°

20. Given that cos 35° = 𝛼, express sin 2015° in terms of 𝛼. Please see figure at
the right.

√1−𝛼2
a. 1+𝛼2

b. 1 − 𝛼 2
c. 1 + 𝛼 2

d. −√1 − 𝛼 2

4
LESSON Fundamental
1 Trigonometric Identities

What I Need to Know

Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to:

 determine whether an equation is an identity or a conditional equation;

and
 apply trigonometric identities to find other trigonometric values;
 solve situational problems involving trigonometric identities.

What’s In
In previous lessons, we have defined trigonometric functions using the unit
circle and also investigated the graphs of the six trigonometric functions. This lesson
builds on the understanding of the different trigonometric functions by discovery,
deriving, and working with trigonometric identities.

Let us recall the domain topic considering the following expressions:

1. 2𝑥 + 1

2. √𝑥 2 − 1

In the first expression, every real value of x when substituted to the

expression makes it defined in the set of real numbers, that is, the value of the
expression is real when x is real.

In the second expression, not every real value of x makes the expression

defined in ℝ. For example, when x=0, the expression becomes √−1, which is not a

real number.

√𝑥 2 − 1 ∈ ℝ ⇔ 𝑥 2 − 1 ≥ 0 ⇔ 𝑥 ≤ −1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≥ 1

5
 What’s New

Activity 1: Determine the equation as identity or conditional. Write your answer

at the right column.

1.) 𝑥 2 − 1 = 0
2.) (𝑥 + 7)2 = 𝑥 2 + 49
3.) 𝑥 2 − 1 = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)
4.) (𝑥 + 7)2 = 𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 + 49
𝑥 2 −4
5.) = 2𝑥 − 1
𝑥−2
𝑥 2 −4
6.) =𝑥+2
𝑥−2

What is It

Let us take a look at the different examples presented following the order of
the topics.

A. IDENTITY AND CONDITIONAL EQUATIONS

An identity is an equation that is true for all valid replacements of the

variable.

Example:

1. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 (Pythagorean Theorem)

2. 𝑥 + 3𝑥 = 4𝑥 true for all x

𝑥
3. = 1 true for all x, x≠ 0
𝑥

Conditional equation is a statement that is true on condition that the

variable is replaced with the correct value.

6
Example:

1. x + 5= 11 true if x=6

2. 3x = 15 true if x=5

3. 𝑥 2 = 4𝑥 true if x=0 and x=4

B. FUNDAMENTAL TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

A trigonometric identity is an identity that involves trigonometric

functions of one or more variables. The equation in reciprocal,
quotient, and Pythagorean identities which follow each solution is true
for all values of 𝜃 for which both sides are defined.

Reciprocal Identities
1 1
sin 𝜃 = csc 𝜃 =
csc 𝜃 sin 𝜃

1 1
cos 𝜃 = sec 𝜃 =
sec 𝜃 cos 𝜃

1 1
tan 𝜃 = cot 𝜃 =
cot 𝜃 tan 𝜃

Quotient Identities
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
tan 𝜃 = cot 𝜃 =
cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃

Pythagorean Identities

𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 + 1 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 = csc 𝜃

Even-Odd Identities
sin(−x) = − sin 𝑥 cos(−𝑥) = cos 𝑥 tan(−𝑥) = − tan 𝑥

7
Simplify the following:
tan 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
1.)
sin 𝜃

Solution:

sin 𝜃
tan 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 cos 𝜃
cos 𝜃
= =1 by quotient identity
sin 𝜃 sin 𝜃

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
2.)
cot 𝜃

Solution:

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = sin 𝜃 by quotient identity
cot 𝜃
sin 𝜃

3. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃

Solution:

𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃) Apply factoring

= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 by Pythagorean Theorem

1
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 by reciprocal identity
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃

=1

1+𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
4.
1+𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃

Solution:
1+tan2 θ sec2 θ
= by Pythagorean Theorem
1+cot2 θ csc2 θ
1
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃 by reciprocal identities
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃

= tan2 θ by quotient identity

The reciprocal, quotient, Pythagorean, and even-odd identities constitute what

we call the fundamental trigonometric identities.

8
 3
5. If sin 𝜃 = − 4 and cos 𝜃 > 0. Find cos 𝜃.

Solution: Using the identity 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1 with cos>0, we have

cos 𝜃 = √1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃

3 2
= √(1 − (− 4) )

√7
= 4

5
6. If sec 𝜃 = 2 and tan 𝜃 < 0, use the identities to find the values of the remaining

trigonometric functions of 𝜃.

Solution: Note that 𝜃 lies in QIV.

1 1 2
cos 𝜃 = = =
sec 𝜃 5 5
2

1 1 −√21
sin 𝜃 = −√1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = −√1 − = − 1− =
2
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 √ 5 2 5
(2)

1 −5√21
csc 𝜃 = =−
sin 𝜃 21

−√21
sin 𝜃 5 = −√21
tan 𝜃 = =
cos 𝜃 2 2
5

1 1 2√21
cot 𝜃 = = =−
tan 𝜃 −√21 21
2

C. SUM AND DIFFERENCE IDENTITIES

In previous lesson, we introduced the concept of trigonometric identity,
presented the fundamental identities. In this lesson, we apply or evaluate the sum
and difference identities for cosine, sine, and tangent functions, establish the
cofunction identities.
.

9
Examples:

1. Find the exact values of each expression.

𝜋
a. cos 75° b. cos c. sin 105° d. cos 15° e. tan 75°
12

Solutions:

a. Notice that 75° = 45° + 30°. Since we know the exact value of sine and cosine at
45° 𝑎𝑛𝑑 30°, we use the Addition Formula for Cosine to get
cos 75° = cos(45° + 30°)

10
 = cos 45° cos 30° − sin 45° sin 30°

√2 √3 √2 1
= 2 ∗ 2 − 2 ∗2

√2∗√3−√2
=
4

√6−√2
=
4
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
b. Since = − , the Subtraction Formula for Cosine to get
12 4 6

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
cos = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( − )
12 4 6
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= cos ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + sin ∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛
4 6 4 6

√2 √3 √2 1
= ∗ + ∗
2 2 2 2

√2∗√3+√2
=
4

√6+√2
=
4

c. Since 105° is the sum of 60° and 45° which are two of the special angles, we can
apply the sum identity for the sin 105°.
sin 105° = sin(60° + 45°)

= sin 60° cos 45° + cos 60° sin 45°

√3 √2 1 √2
= ( 2 ) ( 2 ) + (2) ( 2 )

√6 √2
= + 4
4

√6+√2
=
4

d. We can utilized the special angle 60° and 45° for cos 15°.

cos 15° = cos(60° − 45°)

= cos 60° cos 45° + sin 60° sin 45°
1 √2 √3 √2
= (2) ( 2 ) + ( 2 ) ( 2 )

√2 √6
= +
4 4

11
 √2+√6
= 4

e. We will represent 75° = 45 + 30° to evaluate tan 75°, since 45° and 30° are
special angles.

tan 75° = tan(45° + 30°)

tan 45°+tan 30°

=
1−tan 45° tan 30

√3
(1+ )
3
=
√3
(1−(1)( ))
3

3+√3
( )
3
= 3−√3
( )
3

3+√3
=
3−√3

3+√3 3+√3
= ∙
3−√3 3+√3

9+6√3+3
=
9−3

= 2 + √3
tan 50°+tan 130°
2. Find the exact value of .
1−tan 50° tan 130°

Solution:

Let 𝛼 = 50° and 𝛽 = 130°.

tan 𝛼+tan 𝛽
Applying the formula tan(𝛼 + 𝛽) = 1−tan 𝛼 tan 𝛽, we get

tan 50° + tan 130°

= tan(50° + 130)
1 − tan 50° tan 130°
= tan 180°
=0
tan 50°+tan 130°
Thus, 1−tan 50° tan 130° = 0

3. Evaluate sin 110° cos 80° − cos 110° sin 80°.

12
Let 𝛼 = 110° and 𝛽 = 80°. Applying the formula sin(𝛼 − 𝛽) = sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 − cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽,
we get

sin 110° cos 80° − cos 110° sin 80° = sin(110° − 80°)
= sin 30°
1
=2

1
Thus, sin 110° cos 80° − cos 110° sin 80° = 2.

D. DOUBLE-ANGLE AND HALF-ANGLE IDENTITIES

Trigonometric identities simplify the computations of trigonometric
expressions. In this lesson, we continue on establishing more trigonometric
1
identities. In particular, we derive the formulas for 𝑓(2𝜃)and 𝑓(2 𝜃) where f is the

sine, cosine, or tangent function.

Recall the sum identities for sine and cosine.

When A=B. these identities become

sin 2𝐴 = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐴 = 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 and

cos 2𝐴 = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐴 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐴 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴

The other double-identity for cosine has other forms. We use Pythagorean
identity 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1

13
When 𝐴 = 𝐵, we obtain
tan 𝐴+𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝐴 2 tan 𝐴
tan(𝐴 + 𝐴) = =
1−tan 𝐴 𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝐴 1−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴

14
Examples:
3 𝜋
1. Given sin 𝑡 = 5 and < 𝑡 < 𝜋, find sin 2𝑡 and cos 2𝑡.
2

Solution: We first find c𝑜𝑠 𝑡 using the Pythagorean identity. Since t lies in QII, we
have

3 2 4
cos 𝑡 = −√1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 = −√1 − (5) = − 5.

sin 2𝑡 = 2 sin 𝑡 cos 𝑡 cos 2𝑡 = 1 − 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡

3 4 3 2
= 2 ( ) (− ) = 1 − 2( )
5 5 5

24 7
= − 25 = 25

2. If 𝑥 = tan 𝐴, express sin 2A, cos 2A, and tan 2A in terms of x.

Solutions:

a. Let us find first sin A and cos A in terms of x. Since sec 𝐴 = ± √1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴, then,
replacing tan A by x, and using the reciprocal relation,
1 𝑥
cos 𝐴 = ± √1+𝑥 2
. Also, sin 𝐴 = ± √1+𝑥 2 = tan 𝐴 cos 𝐴

Therefore,
1 1 2𝑥
sin 2𝐴 = 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 = 2(± )( )=
√1 + 𝑥 2 √1 + 𝑥 2 1 + 𝑥2
1 𝑥2 1−𝑥 2
b. cos 2𝐴 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 = 1+𝑥 2 − 1+𝑥 2 = 1+𝑥 2

2 tan 𝐴 2𝑥
c. tan 2𝐴 = 1−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴 = 1−𝑥 2

𝜋 𝜋
3. Find the value of sin 12 and cos 12.

Solution:

𝐴 1−cos 𝐴
a. Use the half-angle identity for sine, that is, 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 = √ , substituting the given:
2

𝜋 √3
𝜋 1 𝜋 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠 1− 2−√3
sin 12 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 ∙ 6 = √ 6
= √ 22 = √ 2
2

15
 𝜋 √3
𝜋 1 𝜋 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠 1+ 2+√3
b. cos 12 = 𝑐0𝑠 2 ∙ 6 = √ 6
= √ 22 = √ 2
2

E. SITUATIONAL PROBLEMS INVOLVING TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITITES

1. A baseball player hit the ball at an angle 𝜃 to the horizontal with an initial veocity
of 𝑣0 feet per second. If air resistance is ignored, the horizontal distance 𝑑 travelled
1
by the ball, the range, is given by 𝑅 = 16 𝑣0 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 .

1
a. Show that 𝑅 = 32 𝑣0 2 sin 2𝜃.

b. Find the angle 𝜃 for which R is a maximum.

Soutions:
a. Use the double angle formula to rewrite the given:
1 2 1 2sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 1 2
𝑅= 𝑣0 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 = 𝑣0 2 = 𝑣 sin 2𝜃.
16 16 2 32 0
b. Since the largest value for sine function is 1, occuring when 𝜃 = 90°, then for
maximum R, we must have 2 𝜃 = 90°, or 𝜃 = 45°.
2. You are kicking a football from gorund level with an initial speed of 80 feet per
second. Can you make the ball travel 200 feet?

Solution:
1 2
𝑥= 𝑣 sin 2𝜃
32
1
200 = (80)2 sin 2𝜃
32
1 = sin 2𝜃
90° = 2𝜃
45° = 𝜃

Therefore, you can make the football travel 200 feet if you kick it at an ange of 45°.

16
 What’s More
Activity 2.1: Let Me try!

Let us find out if you really understand the discussed concept by answering these
exercises.
5
1. Given sin 𝛽 = 13 in QII, and (6, -8) is on the terminal side of 𝛼, find the exact value

of sin(𝛼 + 𝛽).
5
2. Given sin 𝛽 = 13 in QII, find the exact value of the following:

a. sin(2𝛽) b. cos (2𝛽) c. tan (2𝛽)

3. Simplify the following expresssion:

𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃−𝑐𝑜𝑠4 𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+cot 𝜃 sin 𝜃

a. b. c.
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜃

4. Apply half-angle formula to find

5𝜋
a. cos 15° b. sin 15° c. cos 8

5. A ball is thrown following a projectile motion. It is known that the horizontal

𝑣0 2
distance (range) the ball can travel is given by 𝑅 = sin 2𝜃, where r is the range (in
𝑔

feet), 𝑣0 is the initial speed (in ft/s), 𝜃 is the angle of elevation the ball is thrown, and
g=32 ft/s2 is the acceleration due to gravity.

a. Express the new range in terms of the original range when an angle 𝜃 (0< 𝜃 <
45°) is doubled.

b. If a ball travels a horizontal distance of 20 ft when kicked at an angle of 𝛼 with

initial speed of 20√2 ft/s, find the horizontal distance it can travel when you double 𝛼.
Hint: use result of item (a).

17
 What I Have Learned

Let me check your knowledge by filling the blanks with a correct

symbols/ letter or terms in order to complete the statement/s.
1. An equation is called an identity if it is valid for _________ values of the variable.
The equation 2𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑥 is an algebraic identity, and the equation 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 =
_________ is a trigonometric identity.
2. For any x it is true that cos (-x) has the same value as cos x. We express this fact
as the identity ___________.

3. If we know the values of the sine and cosine of A and B, we can find the value of
sin (A + B) by using the _____________ Formula for sine. State the formula:

sin (A + B)= ___________.

4. If we know the values of the sine and cosine A and B, we can find the value of cos
(A-B) by using the ____________ Formula for Cosine. State the formula:
Cos (A-B) = _____________.

5. If we know the values of sin x and cos x, we can find the value of sin 2x by using
the _______________ Formula for Sine. State the formula: sin 2x = ____________.
𝑥
6. If we know the value of cos x and the quadrant in which lies, we can find the
2

𝑥
value of sin(2) by using the _____________ Formula for Sine. State the formula:

𝑥
sin(2) = ___________

What I Can Do

DISCOVERY∎ DISCUSSION∎ WRITING

1
1. Use the formula 𝑥 = 32 𝑣 2 sin 2𝜃 to explain why the projection angle that

maximizes the distance a projectile traves is 𝜃 = 45° when ℎ0 = 0. Please refer to

the problem and figure.

18
Online connect! For additional knowledge and information about the topics please
visit the links/url indicated below.

www.mcdougallittell.com

www.stewartmath.com

Double Angle Identities & Formulas: https;//m.youtube.com/watch?v=SE5SBTgrwH8

Half- Angle Identities-Formulas: https;//m.youtube.com/watch?v=bNoJC7R2c0l

19
Summary

An identity is an equation that is true for all valid replacements of the variable.

Conditional equation is a statement that is true on condition that the variable is

replaced with the correct value.

A trigonometric identity is an identity that involves trigonometric functions of one or

more variables. The equation in reciprocal, quotient, and Pythagorean identities
which follow each solution is true for all values of 𝜃 for which both sides are defined.

FUNDAMENTAL TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

Reciprocal Identities
1 1
sin 𝜃 = csc 𝜃 =
csc 𝜃 sin 𝜃

1 1
cos 𝜃 = sec 𝜃 =
sec 𝜃 cos 𝜃

1 1
tan 𝜃 = cot 𝜃 =
cot 𝜃 tan 𝜃

Quotient Identities
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
tan 𝜃 = cot 𝜃 =
cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃

Pythagorean Identities

𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 + 1 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 = csc 𝜃

Even-Odd Identities
sin(−x) = − sin 𝑥 cos(−𝑥) = cos 𝑥 tan(−𝑥) = − tan 𝑥

SUM AND DIFFERENCE IDENTITIES

20
DOUBLE-ANGLE AND HALF-ANGLE IDENTITIES

21
22
 Assessment (Posttest)
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which of the following is NOT an identity?

a) sin2 a+cos2 a = 1 c) 1 + cot2 a = csc2 a
b) sin a = tan a * cos a d) 1 - sec2 a = tan2 a

2. Which of the following is an identity?

a) sin (a) cos (a) = (1/2) sin(2 a) c) sin(-a) = sin a
b) sin a + cos a = 1 d) tan a = cos a / sin a
3. Which of the following is NOT an identity?
a) tan(2 t) = 2 tan (t) c) sin(-t) = - sin(t)
b) sin a = 1 - cos a
2 2 d) sec(-t) = sec(t)
4. Which of the following is an identity?
a) sin2 u = 1 + cos2 u c) sin2 u = 1 - 1 / sec2 u
b) cot u = sin u * cos u d) cos(-u) = - cos u
csc 𝑥−1
5. Where defined, = _________.
sin 𝑥−1

a) sin x b. − sin 𝑥 c) csc 𝑥 d. − csc 𝑥

1
6. Simplify ( ) (tan 𝑥 + cot 𝑥)
csc 𝑥

b. sin 𝑥 b. sec 𝑥 c. tan 𝑥 d. cos 𝑥

(sin 𝑦−cos 𝑦)2
7. To which of the following is equal?
cos 𝑦

b. sec 𝑦 b. sec 𝑦 − 2 sin 𝑦 c. sec 𝑦 − 2 tan 𝑦 d. −2 sin 𝑦

1 1
8. Simplify cot 𝑥 ( + csc 𝑥) =
sec 𝑥

cot 𝑥 2cot 𝑥
c. c. sec 𝑥 +csc 𝑥
sec 𝑥 csc 𝑥

cot 𝑥 cot 𝑥 sec 𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 csc 𝑥

d. d.
sec 𝑥 +csc 𝑥 sec 𝑥 csc 𝑥

9. Which of the following is equivalent to sin(𝐴 + 30° + cos(𝐴 + 60°)

b. sin 𝐴 b. cos 𝐴 c.√3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 + cos 𝐴 d. √3 cos 𝐴

10. Which of the following is equivalent to sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) + sin( 𝛼 − 𝛽)?
b. sin 2𝛼 b.sin(𝛼 2 − 𝛽 2 ) c. 2 sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽 d. 2 sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽
cos 2𝑥
11. Which of the following is NOT equal to ?
cos 𝑥

c. cos 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 c. 2 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥

2 sin 𝑥
d. sec 𝑥 − d. sec 𝑥 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
cot 𝑥

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 4 3𝜋
12. If cos 𝑥 = and ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋, then tan 2𝑥 = ______.
5 2

24 7 24 7
b. − 25 b. − 24 c. − d. 25
7

1−cos 𝜃 √3
13. If = , then 𝜃 = ___.
sin 𝜃 3

b. 15° b. 30° c. 45° d. 60°

𝜃 𝜃
14. 𝑡𝑎𝑛 + cot 2 =
2

1
b. cot 𝜃 b. −2 csc 𝜃 c. 2 cot 𝜃 d. 2 csc 𝜃
2

15. Which of the following is NOT equivalent to sin 40°?

c. √1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 40° c. 2 sin 20° cos 20°

1+cos 80° 1−cos 80°

d. √ d. √
2 2
𝜋
16. If 2 sin 2𝑥 = 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 and 0 ≤ 2𝑥 ≤ , then x= ___.
2

a. 0.25 b. 0.39 c. 0.49 d. 0.52

17. If 4 sin 𝑥 + 3 = 0 on 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋, then x= ___.

a. 5.43 b. 0.848 c. 3.990 or 5.435 d. 0.848 or 5.435

18. Solve the equation sin 15𝑥 + cos 15𝑥 = 0. What is the sum of the three
smallest positive solutions?
7𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 21𝜋
a. b. 20 c. 3 d.
20 4

19. For all positive angles less than 360°, if csc(2𝑥 + 30°) = cos(3𝑦 − 15°), the
sum of x and y is

a. 5° b. 30° c. 95° d. 185°

20. Given that cos 35° = 𝛼, express sin 2015° in terms of 𝛼. Please see figure at
the right.

√1−𝛼2
e. 1+𝛼2

f. 1 − 𝛼 2
g. 1 + 𝛼 2

h. −√1 − 𝛼 2

24
References

Camilon, M.G.,et.al. 2017. Precalculus for Senior High School. Quezon City:
Educational Resources Publication.

Carl Stitz, Ph.D. , Jeff Zeager, Ph.D.,

July 4, 2013 Lakeland Community College Lorain County Community College
Precalculus Corrected Edition

Dan's Pre-algebra Review

November 30, 2012

Fajardo, Ira A., Marquez, Romel L., Ringor, Rebecca S., and Gerardo, Elsa F., PhD.
Analytic Geometry (Worktext) 2003 edition

Khan, Sal. 2001. Intro to Conic Sections. Accessed July 8, 2020.

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/precalculus/x9e81a4f98389efdf:conics/x9
e81a4f98389efdf:conics-intro/v/introduction-to-conic-sections.

Precalculus Philippine Edition

2016 JO-ES Publishing House Inc

Sirug, W. S.,. 2016. Pre-Calculus forSenior High School STEM Specialized Subject.
Manila City: Mindshapers Corporation., Inc.

Stewart, J., et.al. 2010. Prcalculus -Mathematics for Calculus.

Tolentino, M.A.,et.al. 2016. Precalculus Learner's Material. Quezon City.

Vilanueva, T, et.al. 2017. Pre-calculus Analysis and Applications. Valenzuela City:

Tru-Copy Publishing House, Inc.

(n.d.). Retrieve September 28, 2020 , from https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=SE5SBTgrwH8

(n.d.). Retrieve September 28, 2020, from https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=bNoJC7R2c0l

(n.d.). Retrieve September 28, 2020, from www.mcdougallittell.com

(n.d.). Retrieve September 28, 2020, from www.stewartmath.com

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