DEBRE TABOR UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF IT

5G
Network Technology
Submitted to Mr. Mulatu G. (M.Sc. in Software Engineering)
February 2021
Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
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Group members

Name ID

1. Abatneh Niguse.………….………………….………………. 01/10

2. Kalkidan Masresha ………………………………….………. 77/10

3. Ermias Leliso…………………….…………………………... 52/10

4. Eyoab Mathios …………………………….………………… 56/10

5. Kaleb Lule …………………………….………………………75/10

6. Mahlet Tsegaye ………………………….……………………82/10

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ABSTRACT

Currently, Mobile operators are busy with deployment of 4G technology namely, LTE-advanced
or WIMAX 802.16m. This 4G technology will be concluded within two years. 5G technology is
not standardizing yet, probably 5G standard will define in two to three years, and its deployment
will start around 2020. In future, people will expect same quality of internet connectivity as the
device is capable. This technology will include all types of advanced features, which make 5G
technology more powerful. The main features we want to add in 5G mobile network is that user
can simultaneously connect to the multiple wireless technologies and can switch between them.
Forthcoming mobile technology has to support IPv6 and flat IP. 5G technologies will change the
way most high bandwidth users access their Mobile Radio Communication (MRC). So, this paper
represents, great evolution of 1G (First Generation) to 4G yield 5G, introduction to 5G
technologies, why there is a need for 5G, advantages of 5G networks technology, exceptional
applications, Quality of Service (QoS), 5G network architecture.
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Table of Contents

ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................................... 2
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 5
1. EVOLUTION OF WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES ........................................................................................... 6
1.1 Review of Previous Fourth Generations Systems ......................................................................... 6
1.1.1 First-Generation Systems (1G) ............................................................................................. 6
1.1.2 Second Generation Systems (2G) ......................................................................................... 6
1.1.3 Third Generation Systems (3G) ............................................................................................ 6
1.1.4 Fourth Generation Systems (4G) .......................................................................................... 6
2. FIFTH GENERATION TECHNOLOGY (5G) ................................................................................................ 7
2.1 Key features of 5G ........................................................................................................................ 7
2.2 Technologies Used to Develop 5G ............................................................................................... 8
2.2.1 Massive MIMO ..................................................................................................................... 9
2.2.2 Edge computing .................................................................................................................... 9
2.2.3 Small cell .............................................................................................................................. 9
2.2.4 Beamforming ........................................................................................................................ 9
2.2.5 Convergence of Wi-Fi and cellular ....................................................................................... 9
2.2.6 NOMA (non-orthogonal multiple access) ........................................................................... 10
2.2.7 SDN/NFV ........................................................................................................................... 10
2.2.8 Channel coding ................................................................................................................... 10
2.2.9 Operation in unlicensed spectrum ....................................................................................... 10
2.3 Application areas of 5G technology............................................................................................ 10
2.3.1 IOT ...................................................................................................................................... 10
2.3.2 Transportation ..................................................................................................................... 10
2.3.3 Smart Home ........................................................................................................................ 11
2.3.4 Smart City ........................................................................................................................... 11
2.3.5 Manufacturing ..................................................................................................................... 11
2.3.6 Drones ................................................................................................................................. 12
2.3.7 Immersive Gaming and Virtual Reality .............................................................................. 12
2.3.8 Healthcare ........................................................................................................................... 12
2.3.9 Agriculture .......................................................................................................................... 12
2.4 Impacts of 5G on economy and other areas ................................................................................ 13
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2.5 Challenges of 5G Technology..................................................................................................... 13

2.5.1 Frequency bands ................................................................................................................. 13
2.5.2 Deployment and coverage ................................................................................................... 13
2.5.3 Costs to build and buy......................................................................................................... 14
2.5.4 Device support .................................................................................................................... 14
2.5.5 Security and privacy............................................................................................................ 14
2.6 Requirements to apply 5G technology ........................................................................................ 15
2.7 Advantages and Disadvantage of 5G Technology ...................................................................... 15
2.7.1 Advantages .......................................................................................................................... 15
2.7.2 Disadvantage ....................................................................................................................... 16
2.8 Is 5G available now? ................................................................................................................... 16
2.9 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 17
2.10 Recommendation ........................................................................................................................ 17
2.11 References ................................................................................................................................... 17

List of Table
Table 1 Differences between 3G,4G, and 5G ................................................................................................ 7

List of Figure
Figure 1 Disadvantages of 5G ..................................................................................................................... 16
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INTRODUCTION

We are living in modern science. We cannot think a single moment without science. Science makes our life
easy and comfortable. Modern world is being compressed due to the development of science and its
technologies. During the last few decades, the world has seen phenomenal changes in the
telecommunications industry due to science and technology. We have different mobile and wireless
communication technologies, which are mass deployed, such as WiMAX (IEEE 802.16 wireless and mobile
networks), Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11 wireless networks), LTE (Long Term Evolution), 3G mobile networks
(UMTS, cdma2000) and 4G as well as accompanying networks, such as personal area networks (e.g.,
Bluetooth, ZigBee) or sensor networks. These technologies (mainly cellular generations) differ from each
other based on four main aspects: radio access, data rates, bandwidth and switching schemes. These
differences have been noticed in previous generations (1G, 2G, 2.5G and 3G etc.).
In accordance to, we are exploring the most advance cellular technology, could be 5G. 5G Technology
stands for 5th Generation Mobile Technology. 5G technology has changed to use cell phones within very
high bandwidth. 5G is a packet switched wireless system with wide area coverage and high throughput. 5G
technologies use CDMA and BDMA and millimeter wireless that enables speed is greater than 100Mbps
at full mobility and higher than1Gbps at low mobility.
The 5G technologies include all types of advanced features which make 5G technology most powerful and
in huge demand in the near future. It is not amazing, such a huge collection of technology being integrated
into a small device. The 5G technology provides the mobile phone users more features and efficiency. A
user of mobile phone can easily hook their 5G technology gadget with laptops or tablets to acquire
broadband internet connectivity. Up till now following features of the 5G technology have come to surface-
High resolution is offered by 5G for extreme mobile users, it also offers bidirectional huge bandwidth higher
data rates and the finest Quality of Service.
Now a days, all wireless and mobile networks are forwarding to all-IP principle, that means all data and
signaling will be transferred via IP (Internet Protocol) on network layer. The purpose of the All-IP Network
(AIPN) is to completely transform (―to change in composition or structure‖) the 100+ years of legacy
network infrastructure into a simplified and standardized network with a single common infrastructure for
all services. In order to implement 5G technology, Master Core technique is needed to apply All-IP Network
(AIPN) properly.
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1. EVOLUTION OF WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES

This section mentions in short, the evolution of wireless and cellular systems based on the four
main key aspects: radio access, data rates, bandwidth and switching schemes.

1.1Review of Previous Fourth Generations Systems

1.1.1 First-Generation Systems (1G)
The 1st generation was pioneered for voice service in early 1980‘s, where almost all of them were
analog systems using the frequency modulation technique for radio transmission using frequency
division multiple access (FDMA) with channel capacity of 30 KHz and frequency band was 824-
894 MHz, which was based on a technology known as Advance Mobile Phone Service (AMPS).
1.1.2 Second Generation Systems (2G)
The 2nd generation was accomplished in later 1990‘s. The 2G mobile communication system is a
digital system; this system is still mostly used in different parts of the world. This generation
mainly used for voice communication also offered additional services such as SMS and e-mail. In
this generation two digital modulation schemes are used; one is time division multiple access
(TDMA) and the 2nd is code division multiple access (CDMA) and frequency band is 850-1900
MHz in 2G, GSM technology uses eight channels per carrier with a gross data rate of 22.8 kbps (a
net rate of 13 kbps) in the full rate channel and a frame of 4.6 milliseconds duration. The family
of this generation includes of 2G, 2.5G and 2.75G.

1.1.3 Third Generation Systems (3G)

Third generation (3G) services combine high speed mobile access with Internet Protocol (IP)-
based services. The main features of 3G technology include wireless web base access, multimedia
services, email, and video conferencing. The 3G W-CDMA air interface standard had been
designed for “always-on” packet-based wireless service, so that computer, entertainment devices
and telephones may all share the same wireless network and be connected internet anytime. 3G
systems offer high data rates up to 2 Mbps, over 5 MHz channel carrier width, depending on
mobility/velocity, and high spectrum efficiency. The data rate supported by 3G networks depends
also on the environment the call is being made in; 144 kbps in satellite and rural outdoor, 384 kbps
in urban outdoor and 2Mbps in indoor and low range outdoor. The frequency band is 1.8 - 2.5
GHz.

1.1.4 Fourth Generation Systems (4G)

4G usually refers to the successor of the 3G and 2G standards. In fact, the 3GPP is recently
standardizing LTE Advanced as future 4G standard. A 4G system may upgrade existing
communication networks and is expected to provide a comprehensive and secure IP based solution
where facilities such as voice, streamed multimedia and data will be provided to users on an
"Anytime, anywhere" basis and at much higher data rates compared to previous generations the
Downlink data rate: 1 Gbs, Peak Uplink data rate: 500 Mbps. One common characteristic of the
new services to be provided by 4G is their demanding requirements in terms of Quality of Service.
Applications such as wireless broadband access, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), video
chat, mobile TV, HDTV content and Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) are being developed to
use a 4G network.
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2. FIFTH GENERATION TECHNOLOGY (5G)

5G Wireless Communication System is not deployed yet. The big challenge for the design and
deployment of 5G wireless system can be faced easily as proposed features and architecture that
will increase system capacity and quality within the limited available frequency spectrum, whose
frequency band and Data Bandwidth will be “3-300GHz” and 1Gbps & higher speed (as demand)
successively. The remarkable issue, there don‘t have any limitation in 5G as respect to user
demands in the next 200 years. The 5G also implies the whole wireless world interconnection
(WISDOM—Wireless Innovative System for Dynamic Operating Mega communications
concept), together with very high data rates of the Quality-of-Service applications.
Technology/ features 3G 4G 5G

Data Bandwidth 2Mbps 2Mbps to 1Gbps 1Gbps & Higher

Frequency Band 1.8 - 2.5 GHz 2 - 8 GHz 3-300GHz
Standards WCDMA CDMA-2000 TD- All access convergence CDMA & BDMA
SCDMA including: OFMDA, MC-
CDMA Network-LMPS

Technology Broad bandwidth CDMA, IP Unified IP and seamless Unified IP and seamless
technology combination of broadband combination of broadband,
LAN/WAN/ PAN and WLAN LAN/WAN/PAN/WLAN and
technologies for 5G new
deployment (could be OFDM
etc.);
Service Integrated high quality audio, Dynamic information access, Dynamic information access,
video and data wear-able devices, HD wear-able devices, HD
streaming; global roaming; streaming, with AI capabilities

Multiple Access CDMA CDMA CDMA & BDMA

Core Network Packet Network INTERNET INTERNET

Definition Digital Broadband, packet Digital Broad band, Packet Digital Broadband, Packet
data data, All IP data All IP, Very high
throughput
Hand off Horizontal Horizontal & Vertical Horizontal & Vertical

Start from 2001 2010 2015

Table 1 Differences between 3G,4G, and 5G

2.1Key features of 5G
Here are some features
• Faster Speeds – 5G is set to be much faster than previous generation networks – some are
saying as much as 100 times faster than existing 4G networks. To get more specific, 5G
may offer speeds as fast as 10Gb/s. This would mean the ability to download a full HD
movie in under 10 seconds on a 5G network, compared to 10 minutes on 4G. Some
estimates see 5G being even faster than that.
• Lower Latency – 5G will also have much lower latency. We’ll see much less delay or lag
when we’re using our phones and other devices. With 4G networks, latency is typically
around 40-50 milliseconds. With 5G it should be 1 millisecond or less, which is
undetectable to the user.
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• Greater Capacity – 5G will have greater capacity, meaning the networks will be able to
cope better with many high-demand applications all at once – from connected cars and IoT
(Internet of Things) devices to virtual reality experiences and simultaneous HD video
streaming.
• Reliability – 5G is expected to be ‘ultra-reliable’, meaning no dropped calls or
connectivity, which will allow more ‘critical’ use cases such as those related to digital
health and connected cars.
• Flexibility – 5G networks promise to be more flexible — network slicing allows a physical
network to be divided into multiple virtual networks so the operator can use the right ‘slice’
depending on the requirements of the use case.
• Improved Battery Life – While all this sounds like it might drain your battery pretty
quickly, actually 5G is being tipped to extend the battery life of devices by up to ten times

2.2 Technologies Used to Develop 5G

New 5G network access equipment must deliver broader bandwidths, higher frequencies, lower
latencies, and enable machine-to-machine communication necessary for a massively connected
Internet of Things (IoT). 5G is based on OFDM (Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing), a
method of modulating a digital signal across several different channels to reduce interference. 5G
uses 5G NR air interface alongside OFDM principles. 5G also uses wider bandwidth technologies
such as sub-6 GHz and mmWave.
Like 4G LTE, 5G OFDM operates based on the same mobile networking principles. However, the
new 5G NR air interface can further enhance OFDM to deliver a much higher degree of flexibility
and scalability. This could provide more 5G access to more people and things for a variety of
different use cases.5G will bring wider bandwidths by expanding the usage of spectrum resources,
from sub-3 GHz used in 4G to 100 GHz and beyond. 5G can operate in both lower bands (e.g.,
sub-6 GHz) as well as mmWave (e.g., 24 GHz and up), which will bring extreme capacity, multi-
Gbps throughput, and low latency.
5G is designed to not only deliver faster, better mobile broadband services compared to 4G LTE,
but can also expand into new service areas such as mission-critical communications and
connecting the massive IoT. This is enabled by many new 5G NR air interface design techniques,
such as a new self-contained TDD subframe design.
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2.2.1 Massive MIMO

MIMO systems (multiple input and multiple output) use multiple antennas at the transmitter and
receiver ends of a wireless communication system. Multiple antennas use the spatial dimension in
addition to the time and frequency ones, without changing the bandwidth requirements of the
system.
Massive MIMO antennas increases sector throughput and capacity density using large numbers of
antennas and Multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO). Each antenna is individually-controlled and may
embed radio transceiver components. Nokia claimed a five-fold increase in the capacity increase
for a 64-Tx/64-Rx antenna system.

2.2.2 Edge computing

Edge computing is delivered by computing servers closer to the ultimate user. It reduces latency
and data traffic congestion.

2.2.3 Small cell

Small cells are low-powered cellular radio access nodes that operate in licensed and unlicensed
spectrum that have a range of 10 meters to a few kilometers. Small cells are critical to 5G networks,
as 5G's radio waves can't travel long distances, because of 5G's higher frequencies.
2.2.4 Beamforming
Beamforming, as the name suggests, is used to direct radio waves to a target. This is achieved by
shaping the radio waves to point in a specific direction. The technique combines the power from
elements of the antenna array in such a way that signals at particular angles experience constructive
interference, while other signals pointing to other angles experience destructive interference. This
improves signal quality in the specific direction, as well as data transfer speeds. 5G uses
beamforming to improve the signal quality it provides. Beamforming can be accomplished
using phased array antennas.

2.2.5 Convergence of Wi-Fi and cellular

One expected benefit of the transition to 5G is the convergence of multiple networking functions
to achieve cost, power, and complexity reductions. LTE has targeted convergence with Wi-
Fi band/technology via various efforts, such as License Assisted Access (LAA; 5G signal in
unlicensed frequency bands that are also used by Wi-Fi) and LTE-WLAN Aggregation (LWA;
convergence with Wi-Fi Radio), but the differing capabilities of cellular and Wi-Fi have limited
the scope of convergence. However, significant improvement in cellular performance
specifications in 5G, combined with migration from Distributed Radio Access Network (D-RAN)
to Cloud- or Centralized-RAN (C-RAN) and rollout of cellular small cells can potentially narrow
the gap between Wi-Fi and cellular networks in dense and indoor deployments. Radio convergence
could result in sharing ranging from the aggregation of cellular and Wi-Fi channels to the use of a
single silicon device for multiple radio access technologies.
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2.2.6 NOMA (non-orthogonal multiple access)

NOMA (non-orthogonal multiple access) is a proposed multiple-access technique for future
cellular systems via allocation of power.
2.2.7 SDN/NFV
Initially, cellular mobile communications technologies were designed in the context of providing
voice services and Internet access. Today a new era of innovative tools and technologies is inclined
towards developing a new pool of applications. This pool of applications consists of different
domains such as the Internet of Things (IoT), web of connected autonomous vehicles, remotely
controlled robots, and heterogeneous sensors connected to serve versatile applications. In this
context, network slicing has emerged as a key technology to efficiently embrace this new market
model.
2.2.8 Channel coding
The channel coding techniques for 5G NR have changed from Turbo codes in 4G to polar
codes for the control channels and LDPC (low-density parity check codes) for the data channels.

2.2.9 Operation in unlicensed spectrum

Like LTE in unlicensed spectrum, 5G NR will also support operation in unlicensed spectrum (NR-
U). In addition to License Assisted Access (LAA) from LTE that enable carriers to use those
unlicensed spectrum to boost their operational performance for users, in 5G NR it will support
standalone NR-U unlicensed operation that will allow new 5G NR networks to be established in
different environments without acquiring operational license in licensed spectrum, for instance for
localized private network or lower the entry barrier for providing 5G internet services to the public.

2.3 Application areas of 5G technology

2.3.1 IOT
When the term “Internet of Things” was coined in 1999, it was largely conceptual. Two decades
later, everything from home thermostats to smart city sensors depend on IoT technology. Now, 5G
and IoT stand ready to enable applications that would have seemed impossible just a few years
ago.5G’s promise of low latency and high network capacity helps to eliminate the biggest
limitations to IoT expansion. Giving devices nearly real-time ability to sense and respond, 5G and
IoT are a natural pairing that will impact nearly every industry and consumer.

2.3.2 Transportation
Autonomous vehicles are one of the most anticipated 5G applications. Vehicle technology is
advancing rapidly to support the autonomous vehicle future. Onboard computer systems are
evolving with levels of compute power previously only seen in data centers. The first generation
of self-driving cars may come into play with the transition to 5G. With the help of 5G. smart city
and autonomous cars can work hand-in-hand. Your car will sense and choose the optimal route by
coordinating with your ETA at work based on traffic data communicated from other cars and the
roadways.
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The ultimate goal is a vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication network. This will enable
vehicles to automatically respond to objects and changes around them almost instantaneously. A
vehicle must be able to send and receive messages in milliseconds in order to brake or shift
directions in response to road signs, hazards and people crossing the street.

2.3.3 Smart Home

Automated control to every building system including HVAC, lighting, fire, security, energy and
water use by combining data from multiple structures and systems will heavily depend on 5G.

2.3.4 Smart City

IoT sensors will monitor and collect data on everything from air quality, to energy use, to traffic
patterns. 5G will be able to use artificial intelligence to analyze the massive amounts of data being
collected to automate processes that are currently done manually.
Many cities around the world today are deploying intelligent transportation systems (ITS), and are
planning to support connected vehicle technology. Aspects of these systems are relatively easy to
install using current communications systems that support smart traffic management to handle
vehicle congestion and route emergency vehicles.
Connected vehicle technology will enable bidirectional communications from vehicle to vehicle
(V2V), and vehicle to infrastructure, (V2X) to promote safety across transportation systems. Smart
cities are now installing sensors in every intersection to detect movement and cause connected and
autonomous vehicles to react as needed.

2.3.5 Manufacturing
Factory floors will be totally transformed by the convergence of 5G, AI, and IoT. Beyond
predictive maintenance that helps control costs and minimize downtime, factories will also use 5G
to control and analyze industrial processes with an unprecedented degree of precision.
With the connectivity boost provided by 5G, manufacturers can also change traditional quality
assurance processes, streamlining them with sensor technology and AI. The key benefits of 5G in
the industrial automation space are wireless flexibility, reduced costs and the visibility of
applications that are not possible with current wireless technology.
Industrial automation is in use today, and most likely you have seen videos showing synchronized
robotics at work in factories and supply chain applications. Today these applications require
cables, as Wi-Fi does not provide the range, mobility and quality of service required for industrial
control, and the latency of today’s cellular technology is too high. With 5G, industrial automation
applications can cut the cord and go fully wireless, enabling more efficient smart factories.
12 5G

2.3.6 Drones
Drones have a vast and growing set of use cases today beyond the consumer use for filming and
photography. For example, utilities are using drones today for equipment inspection. Logistics and
retail companies are looking at drone delivery of goods. The trend will continue, and together with
5G we will be able to push limits of drones that exist today, especially in range and interactivity.

Today drones are limited to line of site and distance of the controller. If you can’t see the drone or
it is out of range, you cannot see where it’s going and maintain control. With 5G, however, you
will be able to put on goggles to “see” beyond current limits with low latency and high-resolution
video. 5G will also extend the reach of controllers beyond a few kilometers or miles. These
advances will have implications for uses cases in search and rescue, border security, surveillance,
drone delivery services and more.

2.3.7 Immersive Gaming and Virtual Reality

For gamers, 5G promises a more immersive future. High-definition live streaming will get a big
boost from 5G speeds, and thanks to ultra-low latency, 5G gaming won’t be tied down to devices
with high computing power. Processing, storage, and retrieval can be done in the cloud, while the
game itself is displayed and controlled by a mobile device.

Low-latency 5G will drive major innovation in virtual reality (VR) applications, which depend on
fast feedback and response times to provide a realistic experience. These applications are likely to
explode in number and sophistication as 5G networks and devices become the new normal.

2.3.8 Healthcare
5G healthcare use cases will enable doctors and patients to stay more connected than ever.
Wearable devices could alert healthcare providers when a patient is experiencing symptoms—like
an internal defibrillator that automatically alerts a team of ER cardiologists to be ready for an
incoming patient, with a complete record of data collected by the device.

Hospitals will not only be able to remotely diagnose a patient’s complaints, but they will also have
the ability to remotely perform surgeries and other hands-on procedures using digital avatars.

2.3.9 Agriculture

Farms of the future will use more data and fewer chemicals. Taking data from sensors located
directly in fields, farmers can identify with pinpoint precision which areas need water, have a
disease, or require pest management. As wearables become less expensive and 5G makes it easier
to scale networks containing large numbers of IoT devices, health monitoring for livestock may
also emerge. With more accurate health data, farmers can reduce the use of antibiotics without
compromising the safety of the food supply.
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2.4 Impacts of 5G on economy and other areas

By 2023, one billion users are expected to have access to 5G technology. With speeds as high as
500Mbps to 1Gbps, 5G is all set to push our data transfer capabilities to a whole new level.
According to Qualcomm, by 2035 there will be around $12 trillion worth of 5G related services,
including mission-critical services, enhanced mobile broadband and massive IoT advancements.
Plus, industries such as retail, healthcare, education, transportation and entertainment.
Qualcomm predicts the 5G value chain will generate up to $3.5 trillion in revenue in 2035, and
support as many as 22 million jobs. Qualcomm also forecasts that 5G will boost global GDP
growth by $3 trillion cumulatively from 2020 to 2035.A report from PSB Research, which
surveyed over 3,500 people, including business decision leaders, analysts and tech enthusiasts,
found that as a result of 5G:
• 91% expect new products and services that have yet to be invented

• 87% expect new industries to emerge

• 82% expect small business growth and more global competition
• 85% expect it to make companies more globally competitive
• 89% expect increased productivity

2.5 Challenges of 5G Technology

Of course, making that kind of powerful technology a reality comes with some challenges along
the way. Here are five that will likely play a prominent role in the dawn of 5G:

2.5.1 Frequency bands

Unlike 4G LTE that already operates on established frequency bands below 6GHz, 5G requires frequencies
up to 300GHz. Some bands, better known as mmWaves, can carry far more capacity and deliver a 20-fold
increase over LTE’s fastest theoretical throughput.
Wireless carriers still need to bid for the higher spectrum bands, as they build and roll out their respective
5G networks. In the U.S., bidding in the 28GHz spectrum alone reached $690 million dollar by December
2018.

2.5.2 Deployment and coverage

Though 5G offers a significant increase in speed and bandwidth, its more limited range will require further
infrastructure. Higher frequencies enable highly directional radio waves, meaning they can be targeted or
aimed a practice called beamforming. The challenge is that 5G antennas, although able to handle more users
and data, can only beam out over shorter distances.
This means that antennas and base stations will likely be smaller in the 5G era, but more of them would
have to be installed on buildings or homes to compensate for their shorter range. Cities will need to install
extra repeaters to spread out the waves and extend range, while also maintaining consistent speeds in more
densely populated areas. For this reason, it is likely that carriers will continue to use lower-frequency bands
to cover wider areas until the 5G network matures.
14 5G

2.5.3 Costs to build and buy

Building a network is expensive – carriers will raise the money to do it by increasing customer revenue.
Much like LTE plans incurred a higher initial cost, 5G will probably follow a similar path. And it’s not just
building a layer on top of an existing network, it’s laying the groundwork for something new altogether.
Total global spending on 5G is set to reach $88 billion by 2023, according to Heavy Reading’s Mobile
Operator 5G Capex. Once it becomes truly visible, certain device segments will be connected in entirely
new ways, particularly vehicles, appliances, robots and city infrastructure.

2.5.4 Device support

There’s plenty of buzz already generating around 5G-enabled smartphones and other devices. However,
their availability will hinge on how expensive they are for manufacturers to make, as well as how quickly
the network rolls out. Some carriers in the U.S., South Korea and Japan have already launched 5G pilots in
select cities, and manufacturers have confirmed compatible mobile devices are coming in 2019.
Most smartphone and other device we used today doesn’t support 5G service so to use 5G network we have
to change by 5G compatible devices.
Similarly, autonomous vehicle technology is already in the market in limited forms but fully autonomous
vehicles are still years away. They are waiting on 5G deployment, as they would be driving blind without
the super-fast network to communicate with.

2.5.5 Security and privacy

Like any data-driven technology, 5G rollout will have to contend with both standard and sophisticated
cybersecurity threats. Though 5G falls under the Authentication and Key Agreement, a system designed to
establish trust between networks, it would currently be possible to track people nearby using their phones
or even eavesdrop on live phone calls.
With data speeds expected to be magnitudes faster than current levels, so too will connectivity increase. It
will force cloud-based and data virtualization services to be as airtight as possible to protect user data and
privacy. In the same vein, their users will have to be more careful and vigilant, as stewards of their data.
The rollout of a technology as life-changing as 5G won’t be an easy one, and challenges are already starting
to come to light as we step in to this new era of connectivity. Even so, the benefits far outweigh the issues,
as the rollout of 5G also signals the dawn of autonomous vehicles, next-level smart cities and homes, and
more. By building out infrastructure, updating policy, and rethinking the role we play in privacy, we all can
do our part to prepare for the 5G era.
15 5G

2.6 Requirements to apply 5G technology

5G will require new transmission infrastructure, including thousands of cell towers and tens of
thousands of antenna – known as small cells and DAS (distributed antenna systems) – that will
be deployed on utility poles and other urban infrastructure. The infrastructure for 5G really isn’t
in place.

By accounting for the majority of needs, the following set of 5G requirements is gaining industry
acceptance.

• 1-10Gbps connections to end points in the field (i.e. not theoretical maximum)
• 1 millisecond end-to-end round-trip delay - latency
• 1000x bandwidth per unit area
• 10-100x number of connected devices
• Perception of) 99.999% availability
• Perception of 100% coverage
• 90% reduction in network energy usage
• Up to ten-year battery life for low power, machine-type devices

2.7 Advantages and Disadvantage of 5G Technology

2.7.1 Advantages
There are several advantages of 5G technology, some of the advantages have been shown in the
above Ericsson image, and many others are described below
• High resolution and bi-directional large bandwidth shaping.
• Technology to gather all networks on one platform.
• More effective and efficient.
• Technology to facilitate subscriber supervision tools for the quick action.
• Most likely, will provide a huge broadcasting data (in Gigabit), which will support more
than 60,000 connections.
• Easily manageable with the previous generations.
• Technological sound to support heterogeneous services (including private network).
• Possible to provide uniform, uninterrupted, and consistent connectivity across the world.
16 5G

2.7.2 Disadvantage
Though, 5G technology is researched and conceptualized to solve all radio signal problems and
hardship of mobile world, but because of some security reason and lack of technological
advancement in most of the geographic regions, it has following shortcomings
• Technology is still under process and research on its viability is going on.
• The speed, this technology is claiming seems difficult to achieve (in future, it might be)
because of the incompetent technological support in most parts of the world.
• Many of the old devices would not be competent to 5G, hence, all of them need to be
replaced with new one — expensive deal.
• Developing infrastructure needs high cost.
• Security and privacy issue

Figure 1 Disadvantages of 5G

2.8 Is 5G available now?

A: Yes, 5G is already here today, and global operators started launching new 5G networks in early
2019. Also, all major phone manufacturers are commercializing 5G phones. And soon, even more
people may be able to access 5G.
5G has been deployed in 60+ countries and counting. We are seeing much faster rollout and
adoption compared with 4G. Consumers are very excited about the high speeds and low latencies.
But 5G goes beyond these benefits by also providing the capability for mission-critical services,
enhanced mobile broadband and massive IoT. While it is hard to predict when everyone will have
access to 5G, we are seeing great momentum of 5G launches in its first year and we expect more
countries to launch their 5G networks in 2020 and beyond.
17 5G

2.9 Conclusion
The 5G mobile technology already implemented at the end of the current decade. In this paper, in
this paper we have discussed the existing and future wireless mobile communication generations.
This mobile technology will offer high data rate, efficient and reliable communication at an
affordable rate. And also, 5G able to sustainability satisfy the requirement of the 1000-times traffic
growth. 5G will provide users with fiber like access data rate and “zero” latency user experience.
5G will be capable of connecting 100Billion Devices. also, 5G main development challenges and
explained the necessity for 5G. Basically, this paper shows the technology can be added in the 5G
so by this Add on the future technology can become more efficient and helpful for society.

2.10 Recommendation
5G network Make our life easier but to implement at the whole world It require more time, much
cost and resource. It is difficult specially for countries like Ethiopia. 4G network is being
implemented in Ethiopia. We need a lot of cost and resources to implement 5G network. Our
country is one of the developing countries and this technology is difficult to implement by the
government alone, so every concerned party, government bodies, investors, professionals Experts
have to do their part. specially, the government should facilitate the entry of international telecom
companies into the telecom sector. In that case, we can transfer our country to the next level by
implementing 5G network. In addition, this technology has great economic and social benefits for
our country.

2.11 References
[1] http://www.wkipidia.com
[2] www.itif.org
[3] http://5g-ppp.eu/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/5G-PPP-White-Paper-on-Factories-of-the-
Future-Vertical-Sector.pdf
[4] http://ytd2525.wordpress.com/category/all-ip-networks/
[5] http://www3.nd.edu/~mhaenggi/NET/wireless/4G/#3G%20Vs%204G%20
[6] http://www.techopedia.com/definition/9049/quality-of-service
[7] http://spectrum.ieee.org/telecom/wireless/millimeter-waves-may-be-the-future-of-5g-phones
[8] http://www.slideshare.net/noorec786/generations-of-network-1-g-2g-3g-4g-5g
[9] http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/service-provider/visual-networking-index-
vni/index.html