7

Electronics
Quarter IV– Module 2:
COMPACT DISC: How It Works?
Electronics – Grade 10
Self-Learning Module
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of
the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
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Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their
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over them.

Published by the Department of Education – Regional Office VIII

Regional Director: Ramir B. Uytico EdD, CESO IV
Assistant Regional Director: Arnulfo M. Balane, CESO V

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Herbert A. Rodriguez
Language Editors: Name
Content Editors: Name
Illustrators: Name
Layout Artist: Name
Management Team:
Rosemarie M. Guino EdD, OIC – Chief, CLMD
Ryan R. Tiu EdD, EPS, CLMD – Science
Joy B. Bihag, EPS, CLMD – LRMS
Name, Chief, CID
Name, EPS, CID – Science
Name. EPS, CID - LRMS

Printed in the Philippines by

Department of Education – Regional Office VIII

Office Address: Government Center, Candahug, Palo, Leyte

Telefax: 053 - 3233156

E-mail Address: region8@deped.gov.
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

At the end of each module, you need to answer the test to self-check your
learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you will
be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can
best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And
read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.

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For the learner:

Welcome to the Research 7 Self – Learning Module 1on (Lesson Title)!

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action, and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create, and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner
is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and
skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Explore This will give you an idea of the skills or

competencies you are expected to learn in the
module. A brief drill or review to help you link
the current lesson with the previous one. The
new lesson will also be introduced to you in
various ways such as a story, a song, a poem, a
problem opener, an activity, or a situation.

Learn This section provides a brief discussion of the

lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and skills
of the topic. You may check the answers to the
exercises using the Answer Key at the end of the
module.

Apply This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled into process
what you learned from the lesson.

Assess This is a task which aims to evaluate your level

of mastery in achieving the learning competency.

This contains answers to all activities in the

Answer Key
module.

Reflect This contains the learner’s reflection. Learners

are encouraged to think about the lessons
particularly the parts that went well (they have
understood) and the parts that were weak (they
have difficulty) and write about it briefly.
Learners can share their thoughts and feeling
about the lessons.

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At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing

this module.
The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
3. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
4. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
5. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 Explore

Introduction:

The CD was invented in 1979. At a time before online music existed, it became the
most sophisticated way to store and play music.

On the 25th anniversary of its first public release in 1982, it was estimated that 200
billion CDs had been sold worldwide.

In 1979, the first prototype CD was revealed to technology enthusiasts in Europe and Japan.
A year later, electronics companies Philips and Sony teamed up to begin working on CDs for
the public.

They decided on a thin, shiny and circular storage disc, which could hold about 80 minutes
of music and could be put in a CD player to play music out loud.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Define compact disc;
2. Identify the parts of a compact disc;
3. Explain how it record, play, and control sound electronics

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 Learn

Compact Disc
Compact disc (CD) is a digital optical disc data storage format that was co-developed
by Philips and Sony and released in 1982. The format was originally developed to
store and play only digital audio recordings (CD-DA) but was later adapted for storage
of data (CD-ROM). Several other formats were further derived from these, including
write-once audio and data storage (CD-R), rewritable media (CD-RW), Video CD
(VCD), Super Video CD (SVCD), Photo CD, PictureCD, Compact Disc-Interactive (CD-
i), and Enhanced Music CD. The first commercially available audio CD player, the
Sony CDP-101, was released October 1982 in Japan.
A compact disc is a thin, circular disc of metal and plastic about 12cm (just over 4.5
inches) in diameter. It's actually made of three layers. Most of a CD is made from a
tough, brittle plastic called polycarbonate. Sandwiched in the middle there is a thin
layer of aluminum. Finally, on top of the aluminum, is a protective layer of plastic
and lacquer. The first thing you notice about a CD is that it is shiny on one side and
dull on the other. The dull side usually has a label on it telling you what's on t he CD;
the shiny side is the important part. It's shiny so that a laser beam can bounce off
the disc and read the information stored on it.

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How CDs are Recorded and Played Back
In a CD, music (or other information) is stored digitally (as a long string of numbers).
After the music has been recorded, it is converted into numbers by a process called
sampling. Almost 50,000 times a second (44,100 to be exact), a piece of electronic
equipment measures the sound, turns the measurement into a number, and stores
it in binary format (as a pattern of zeros and ones). The sampling process turns a CD
track lasting several minutes into a string of millions of zeros and ones. This is the
information stored on your CD. In other words, there is no music on a CD at all—
just a huge long list of numbers.
CDs are made from an original "master" disc. The master is "burned" with a laser
beam that etches bumps (called pits) into its surface. A bump represents the number
zero, so every time the laser burns a bump into the disc, a zero is stored there. The
lack of a bump (which is a flat, unburned area on the disc, called a land) represents
the number one. Thus, the laser can store all the information sampled from the
original track of music by burning some areas (to represent zeros) and leaving other
areas unburned (to represent ones). Although you can't see it, the disc holds this
information in a tight, continuous spiral of about 3–5 billion pits. If you could unwrap
the spiral and lay it in a straight line, it would stretch for about 6 km (roughly 3.5
miles)! Each pit occupies an area about two millionths of a millionth of a square
meter. That's pretty tiny!

Once the master disc has been made, it is used to stamp out millions of plastic
duplicates—the CDs that you buy and put into your music player or computer. Once
each disc is pressed, it's coated with a thin aluminum layer (so it will reflect laser
light), covered with protective polycarbonate and lacquer, and the label is printed on
top.
Standard CDs have a diameter of 120 millimetres (4.5 in) and are designed to hold
up to 74 minutes of uncompressed stereo digital audio or about 650 MiB of data.

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Most of a CD is composed of a plastic called polycarbonate. The bottom layer is a
polycarbonate layer where data is encoded by using tiny bumps on the surface. Above
this layer is a reflective layer, which is typically made of aluminum (gold is also used,
although quite rarely).

Above the reflective layer is a protective layer of lacquer and plastic, which shields
the layers below it. The artwork or label is printed on the lacquer layer (i.e., on top
of the CD) via offset printing or screen printing.

How a CD Player Works?

So, what's going on in your CD player when the disc spins around?

1. Inside your CD player, there is a miniature laser beam (called a

semiconductor diode laser) and a small photoelectric cell (an electronic
light detector). When you press play, an electric motor (not shown in
this diagram) makes the disc rotate at high speed (up to 500rpm). The
laser beam switches on and scans along a track, with the photocell,
from the center of the CD to the outside (in the opposite way to an LP
record). The motor slows the disc down gradually as the laser/photocell
scans from the center to the outside of the disc (as the track number
increases, in other words). Otherwise, as the distance from the center
increased, the actual surface of the disk would be moving faster and
faster past the laser and photocell, so there would be more and more
information to be read in the same amount of time.

2. The laser (red) flashes up onto the shiny (under) side of the CD,
bouncing off the pattern of pits (bumps) and lands (flat areas) on the
disc. The lands reflect the laser light straight back, while the pits scatter
the light. CD-type lasers with a wavelength of 780 nm (within the
infrared) were used.

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 3. Every time the light reflects back, the photocell (blue) detects it, realizes
it's seen a land, and sends a burst of electric current to an electronic
circuit (green) that generates the number one. When the light fails to
reflect back, the photocell realizes there is no land there and doesn't
register anything, so the electronic circuit generates the number zero.
Thus, the scanning laser and electronic circuit gradually recreates the
pattern of zeros and ones (binary digits) that were originally stored on
the disc in the factory. Another electronic circuit in the CD player (called
a digital to analog converter or DAC) decodes these binary numbers and
converts them back into a changing pattern of electric currents.

4. A loudspeaker transforms the electric currents into sounds you can

hear (by changing their electrical energy into sound energy).

Photos: 1) The diode laser and photocell move along a radial track so they can scan the entire
surface of the CD as it rotates. 2) Here's the diode laser (bottom) and photocell (top) in closeup.
WARNING! Don't try to fiddle with your CD player to see the laser lit- up inside. It could damage your
eyes or blind you. All CD players are designed to stop you looking at the lasers by mistake. Don't ever
fool around with them!

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How Data is Written on CD?

CD, Compact Disc, is a quite popular storage media. It is basically an optical disc
generally having a capacity of data storage equivalent to 700mb. While CDs are
played they rotate around and a laser beam is used to read the data. To store data
on a CD, they need to be burned. Through this short article we will discuss what
this burning means and how actually data is written on the CD.

The surface of a CD is made of a polycarbonate layer with molded spiral tracks on

the top. The data are stored on the CD as a series of minute grooves which are
known as ‘pits’ encoded on these spiral tracks. The areas between the ‘pits’ are
known as ‘lands’. These pits and lands do not represent the 1s and 0s, rather each
change from pit to land or land to pit is interpreted as 0 while no change is read as
1.

The burning process of a CD is nothing but creating a pattern of pits and lands over
the polycarbonate layer. But since the data must be accurately encoded on such a
small scale, the burning process must be extremely précised. A CD burner is used
to write (burn) the data on a CD. It incorporates a moving laser quite similar to a CD
player which is known as ‘Write Laser’. The Write Laser which is more powerful than
the ‘Read Laser’, has the capability to alter the surface of CD instead of just bouncing
the laser light off. During burning process, as per the data (binary values) the Write
Laser bounces the light beam over the CD surface and creates a series of pits on it.

When you play the CD, the Read Laser bounces the light beams (not capable to
modify the surface of CD) on the surface and detects the pits and lands. Each change
between pit to land or vice versa is translated as zero and no change (pit to pit or
land to land) is translated as one. These binary values form the actual data.
The program area is 86.05 cm2 and the length of the recordable spiral is 86.05 cm2
/ 1.6 µm = 5.38 km. With a scanning speed of 1.2 m/s, the playing time is 74
minutes, or 650 MiB of data on a CD-ROM. A disc with data packed slightly more
densely is tolerated by most players.

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 Engage

Identify the following parts of a compact disc below.

A.

B.
C.
D.

E. _

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 Apply

Activity 1 Explain how it record, play, and control sound electronics.

Enumerate the process of recording, playing, and controlling sound in a compact
disc and a cd player.

1.

2.

3.

4.

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 Assess

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. What does CD stand for?

a.compact disc
b.crucial data
c.convertible data
d.circular disc
2. Most of a CD consists of a tough plastic called what?
a. Tupperware
b. Aluminum
c. Lacquer
d. Polycarbonate
3. CDs contain a thin layer of which metal?
a. Hydrogen
b. Iron
c. Aluminum
d. Manganese
4. How many minutes of music can a compact disc with
general specifications hold?
a. 74 mins
b. 56 mins
c. 60 mins
d. 90 mins
5. How does a compact disk hold the written data?
a. Using Magnetic Strips
b. Using lasers to engrave pits in the surface
c. Solid State Chip
d. Using cloud services
6. What is the size of an average widely used Compact Discs?
a. 2 Inches
b. 4.5 Inches
c. 7 Inches
d. 9 Inches
7.A thin layer of metal coating that is applied to the surface of a CD
which makes it reflective is?
a. Aluminium
b. B. Copper
c. C. Iron
d. D. Phosphorus
8. What is the distance between the tracks in a CD?
a. 4um
b. 1.6 um
c. 1 nano meter
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 d. 10 mm
9. What is value of program area (area onto which data is stored) in a
CD? a. 86.05 cm2
b. 100 cm2
c. 70 cm2
d. 120 cm2
10. What is the length of the recordable spiral track in a Compact Disc
a. 1 km
b. 4 km
c. 1.5 km
d. 5.38 km
11. What is the wavelength of the light emitted by the laser used to read
the data from a CD surface?
a. 700 nm
b. 600 nm
c. 780nm
d. 300 nm
12. The process of creating a pattern of pits and lands over the
polycarbonate layer of a cd.
a. recording
b. play back
c. burning
d. none of the above
13. In what 'direction' is data stored on a CD?
a. from the center of the CD to the outside
b. from outside to inside
c. in any direction
d. none of the above
14. Which of the following substances is NOT a part of a CD?
a. trimethylxanthine
b. aluminium
c. acrylic
d. polycarbonate plastic
15. What is used to read the data off the data track of a CD?
a. sonar
b. laser
c. needle
d. magnetic pickup

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 Reflect

It's amazing when we think about it: we can store a movie several
hours long on a shiny piece of plastic no bigger than your hand!
Although compact discs (CDs) have been around for more than 30
years, they are still one of the most popular ways of storing music,
movies, files, and computer data.

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 Answer Key

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References
Woodford, Chris. (2006/2020) CD players. Retrieved from
https://www.explainthatstuff.com/cdplayers.html.
räger, Frank (5 May 2012). Springer Handbook of Lasers and Optics. ISBN
9783642194092.
"Compact Disc Hits 25th birthday". BBC News. 17 August 2007. Archived
from the original on 18 February 2010. Retrieved 1 December 2009.
Plambeck, Joseph (30 May 2010). "As CD Sales Wane, Music Retailers
Diversify". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017.
"IFPI publishes Digital Music Report 2015". 14 April 2015. Archived from
the original on 14 April 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2016.

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Regional Office VIII – Curriculum and Learning

Management Division (CLMD) - Learning Resources Management Section (LRMS)

Government Center, Candahug, Palo, Leyte, 6501

Telefax: (053) 323-3156; 323-3854; 824-4627

Email Address: *region8@deped.gov.ph

*clmd.region8@deped.gov.ph *lrmds.region8@deped.gov.ph