I n t r o d u c t i o n t o w e l l d r i l l i n g

Rig Components Well Drilling

 Land rig classification
onshore drilling rigs fall into four groups:

1 Light rigs, down to 2,000 m

2 Medium rigs, to 4,000 m

3 Heavy rigs, to 6,000 m

4 Ultra-heavy rigs for greater depths

Increasing capacity is matched by increasing both maximum hook load

capacity and derrick strength.

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 Land rig classification
Another criterion for classification is the power installed on the rig, which for
oil well drilling is in the range of at least 10 HP every 100 feet in depth

1 Light rigs, up to 650 HP

2 medium rigs, up to 1,300 HP

3 heavy rigs, up to 2,000 HP

4 ultra-heavy rigs, 3,000 HP and more.

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Main Rig systems components

1 Hoisting System Mud Circulating 4

System

2 Rotary System Power System 5

Drill string handling Blowout Prevention

3
equipment System 6

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1. Hoisting System
Rig components

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 1. Hoisting System
Function

The hoisting system is the set of equipment necessary to lower or raise drill strings,
casing string and other subsurface equipment into or out of hole.

Principal Components:

I. Derrick and substructure

II. Crown block
III. Travelling block
IV. Draw works
V. Drilling line
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 1 Crown Block
Hoisting
System 2 Deadline

3 Wireline

Fast Line 4 5 Traveling Block

6 Pipe elevators

7 Deadline Anchor
Drawworks 11

9 6

9 Drum 8 Storage Reel

7
10 Drum Brake
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 1. Hoisting System
1. Substructure

 The substructure is the supporting base

for the derrick, the draw works and the
rotary table, and constitutes the
working floor for operations, or drilling
floor, being elevated with respect to
ground level. The substructure is a
reticular structure of steel beams, that
can easily be dismantled, and rests on
concrete foundations or on a base of
wooden planks around the cellar.
 Its height varies from a few meters up to
10 m in the largest rigs

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 1. Hoisting System
2. Derrick

 The derrick is an open-framework structure of steel beams, whose function is to

hold the ensemble of sheaves at its top, known as the crown block, on which all of
the items of equipment operated in the well or on the drilling floor are suspended.

 the height of the derrick must be such as to permit the vertical movement of the
travelling block for a distance greater than the equivalent of one stand. For
example, to handle a stand of 3 drill pipes (about 27 m long) the derrick has to be
about 40 m high. The derrick is designed to resist the loads tripped in and out of
the well in the operating phases, which induce both static and dynamic stresses.

 Every derrick has a rated load capacity, defined by API (American Petroleum
Institute) standards, which establish the maximum hook load

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 1. Hoisting System
Derrick

1 Conventional derrick 2 Mast

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 1. Hoisting System
3. Crown block

 An assembly of sheaves mounted on

beams at the top of the derrick/mast
and over which the drilling line is
reeved.
 The crown block bears the load applied
at the hook and its function is to reduce
the wire rope tension required to pull
the tubular material used to drill the
well. It at the top of the rig consists of a
set of sheaves (usually from 3 to 7)
supported by a framework of steel
beams.

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 1. Hoisting System
4. travelling block

 consists of another set of sheaves (one

fewer than for the crown block),
mounted on an axis connected to the
hook.
 The number of sheaves in the crown
and travelling block is chosen on the
basis of the rated capacity of the tower
and the rate of pulling, which is
inversely proportional to the number
of lines of wire rope connecting the
travelling block and the crown block

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 1. Hoisting System
5. Hook

 The high-capacity J-shaped equipment

used to hang various other equipment,
particularly the swivel and Kelly, the
elevator bails or top drive units. The
hook is attached to the bottom of the
traveling block and provides a way to
pick up heavy loads with the traveling
block. The hook is either locked (the
normal condition) or free to rotate, so
that it may be mated or decoupled
with items positioned around the rig
floor, not limited to a single direction.

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 1. Hoisting System
6. Draw works

 The drawworks is the machine that transmits the power to operate the equipment
in the well. The basic components of the drawworks are an engine, one or more
drums containing a steel cable, and the brakes

 The main brake is a strongly-built, band brake, used to stop the drill string as it is
being lowered, or to release it slowly during drilling.

 Normally a hydraulic brake and an electromagnetic brake are used, although these
cannot stop the hoisting drum completely and they cannot be used alone.

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DRAWORKS RATED POWER HOOK LOAD CAPACITY (tons)
HP (kW) CONVENTIONAL RIGS MOBILE RIGS
150 (110) 60
200 (147) 75
250 (184) 80
300 (220) 90-100
500 (368) 125
700 (515) 180 180
1000 (735) 220 220
1500 (1100) 360
2000 (1470) 500
3000 (2200) 750
4000 (2940) 1000
5000 (3728) 1500
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 1. Hoisting System
7. Drilling Line

 The drilling line contained in the hoist drums consists of helically-wound steel-wire
strands around a plastic, vegetable fiber or steel core.
 The first end of the drilling line (fast line) is wound around the hoist drum, after
which it passes alternately over the sheaves of the travelling block and of the crown
block, while the other end (dead line) is anchored to an element of the
substructure.
 The tension of the line is measured on this anchorage, and this makes it possible to
calculate the weight of the equipment suspended from the hook (e.g. drill string,
casing, etc.). Through being wound around the drum and over the block sheaves,
the line is subject to wear and tear, to weakening of the wires (due to local
overheating) and to fatigue due to cyclical variations of tension in the winding over
the sheaves and the drum.

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 1. Hoisting System
7. Drilling Line

 One method of assessing the state of

wear and tear of the drilling line is
visual inspection, but this is uncommon
because of the uncertainty involved,
the practical difficulties and the time
required.
 slipping and cutoff, is performed when
a given value of the work
carried out by the line has been
reached.

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 1. Hoisting System
7. Drilling Line

Types of Wire Rope Lay

Right Lang Lay

Left Lang Lay

Right Regular Lay

Left Regular Lay

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 1. Hoisting System
7. Drilling Line

Type of Wire Rope Construction

Shallow: 1” to 1-1/8” diameter

Deep: 1-1/4” to 2” diameter

Contruction: 6 x 19 S or 6 x 21 S or 6 x 25 FW, RRL, IPS or EIP, IWRC

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 6 X 7 with 6 X 19W with 6 X 19S with 6 X 19 with
fiber core fiber core fiber core IWR core

6 X 21 6 X 25 6 X 25 6 X 25
Filler Wire Filler Wire Filler Wire Seal with
with fiber with fiber with IWR IWR core
core core core

6 X 27 6 X 31
Seal with Seal with
IWR core IWR core

IWR = Independent Wire Rope Eng. Elsayed Amer

Eng. Elsayed Amer
 1. Hoisting System
8. cathead

 The cathead is used to lift heavy

objects and to pull on the tongs
when making up the drill pipe

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 1. Hoisting System
9. air hoist

 An air hoist or tugger is a safer

way to lift heavy objects

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 1. Hoisting System
10. Drill line spool

The drilling line is stored on a spool

Periodically, some of the drilling line
is cut off at the drawworks and
additional line is pulled off the spool
to replace the cut line

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 1. Hoisting System
10. Deal line anchor

The “dead line” is anchored in the

substructure
The anchor is on the spool side

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2. Rotating System
Rig components

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 2. Rotary System
Function

The system of rotation is intended to cause the drill string to rotate.

Principal Components:

1. The rotary table

2. Kelly or Top Drive

3. Kelly Bushing

4. Master Bushing

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 Swivel
Kelly

Kelly Bushing
K.B. Elevation
Rotary Table

Drill Pipe

Drill Collars

Bit
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 2. Rotary System
1. Top drive

 The top drive is a relatively recent piece of

equipment, introduced towards the mid-1980s,
grouping together in a single unit the equipment
for connecting the drill pipes, rotation of the drill
string and circulation of the fluid
 The top drive unit is suspended from the hook
and is guided by two vertical rails fixed to the
derrick, which provide the reactive torque
necessary to prevent the rotation of the whole
complex and to allow free vertical movement.

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 2. Rotary System
1. Top drive

the use of the top drive instead of the rotary table offers numerous advantages, including:

possibility of ‘drilling by stands’ (adding the pipes by stands, and not individually), allowing
1
greater control of drilling.

the reduction of the time required to connect the pipes, with less risk of accidents for drilling
2 operators

the possibility of performing the trip-out operation while circulating mud and rotating the
3 string (back reaming), impossible with the rotary table and useful for preventing the drill
string from becoming stuck

4 the possibility of obtaining longer cores, as intermediate connections are eliminated.

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 Top
drive

‘A’ frame

Guide
rails

Rig floor Eng. Elsayed Amer

Drill pipe
 2. Rotary System
2. swivel

 The rotary tool that is hung from

the hook of the traveling block
to suspend the drillstring and
permit it to rotate freely.
 It also provide connection for
the rotary hose and provide
passageway for the flow of
drilling fluid into the drill stem.

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 2. Rotary System
3. Kelly

 The Kelly is a pipe of square or

hexagonal section that transmits
the motion of the rotary table to
the drill string.
 It receives this motion from the
Kelly bushing, to which it is
joined through a sliding
coupling, so that it can move
vertically.

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Eng. Elsayed Amer
 2. Rotary System
4. Kelly Bushing

A device that when fitted to master bushing transmits torque to the Kelly
and simultaneously permits vertical movement of the Kelly to make hole.

Type HDP Type HDS Type MDS

Heavy Duty fits 23” through 49-1/2” Rotary Heavy Duty for Square Drive Rotary Medium Duty for Square Rotary Table
Table Tables

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 2. Rotary System
5. Master Bushing

A device that fits into the rotary table to accommodate the slips and drive the kelly bushing so that the
rotating motion of the rotary table can be transmitted to the Kelly.

Type MSPC Type MPCH Type MSPC Type MBSS

Fits 20-1/2” to 27-1/2” Rotary Fits 37-1/2” to 49-1/2” Rotary Fits 17-1/2” to 27-1/2” Rotary Fits 17-1/2” to 27-1/2” Rotary
Tables Tables Tables Tables

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 2. Rotary System
6. Rotary table

 The rotary table makes the drill

string rotate and supports its
weight during operations or
during the connection of a new
drill pipe, when it cannot be
borne by the hook

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3. Tubular and Tubular
Handling Equipment
Rig component

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 Drill string

The drill string is an assemblage of hollow pipes of circular

section, extending from the surface to the bottom of the hole.
It has three functions:
 it takes the drilling bit to the bottom of the hole,
while transmitting its rotation and its vertical load
to it.
 It permits the circulation of the drilling fluid to the
bottom of the hole.
 it guides and controls the trajectory of the hole.

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  Drill string

a) Drill Pipe

 The drill pipes are hollow steel

pipes of various types, with two
tool joints welded at their ends.
 They are standardized according
to API standards and classified on
the basis of their length (usually
about 9 m), their outside diameter,
their linear weight and their steel
grade.
 The most common drill pipes are
the following: 3.50'' (13.30 lb/ft),
4.50'‘ (16.60 lb/ft) and 5'' (19.50
lb/ft), Eng. Elsayed Amer
 Drill string

a) Drill Pipe

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 Drill string

a) Drill Pipe

TENSILE REQUIREMENTS

RANGE LENGHTS

TOLERANCES

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 Drill string

a) Drill Pipe

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 Drill string

b) Heavy Weight Drill pipe

 To avoid the danger of breaks in the drill string,

a short stretch of intermediate heavy-wall or
heavy-weight drill pipes is inserted.

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 Drill string

b) Heavy Weight Drill pipe

 Similar in appearance to a drill pipe, HWDP has the

following different dimensional characteristics; the tube
wall is heavier about 1”thick in most sizes, the tool joints
are longer, and the tube section has a larger diameter at
mid length to protect the pipe from wear.

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 Drill string

C) Drill Collar

 The heavy, thick-walled tube steel, used

between the drill pipe and the bit in the drill
stem to provide pendulum effect to the drill
stem and to provide weight on bit.

Drillpipe

Drill collar

An 8” OD drill collar weighs

150 lbs/ft or 4500 lbs each

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 Drill string

C) Drill Collar

The drill collars have a thick wall, are made out of solid steel bars, rounded
externally, bored on the inside and with threaded ends directly on the body,
with threading analogous to that used for ordinary pipes.
The drill collars are 9 to 13 m in length and their outside diameter is between
3.125'' and 14''.
They are also standardized (API), with the most common diameters being
9.50'', 8'' and 6.50''.
Drill collars made of nonmagnetic steel also exist, and are used in directional
drilling so as not to influence the sensors that measure
the earth’s magnetic field.
They are manufactured with stainless steels (alloys of K-Monel type) or with
chrome-manganese steel alloys.
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 Drill string

D) Sub

 A short, threaded piece of pipe used to adapt parts of the

drilling string that cannot otherwise be screwed together
because of difference in thread size or design.
 These consist of:

1. Bit Sub

2. Crossover Sub

3. Kelly Saver Sub

4. Lifting Sub

5. Bent Sub

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 Drill string

D) Sub

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 Drill string

D) Sub

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 Drill string
Tubular Handling Equipment
Equipment used to move, make and break connection, suspend tubular on the
rig. These include the following:

1. Elevator Links 7. Safety Clamp

2. Elevator 8. Tongs

3. Lifting Subs 9. Kelly Spinner

4. Lifting Plug 10. Drillpipe Spinner

5. Tugger/Winch 11. Iron Roughneck

6. Slips 12. Bit Breaker

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 1. Elevator Links

Equipment attached onto the Traveling Block

in order to suspend the Elevators.

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 2. Elevator

Clamps that grip a stand of casing, tubing,

drillpipe or drill collars so that the stand or joint
can be raised from or lowered into the hole
opening of the rotary table.

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 2. Elevator

Clamps that grip a stand of casing, tubing, drill

pipe or drill collars so that the stand or joint can
be raised from or lowered into the hole opening
of the rotary table.

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 2. Slips

Slips for hanging the string on rotary table:

A, drill pipe suspended inside the rotary table; B, close-up of pipe-slips

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 2. Slips

Drill collar Slips Drill Pipe Slips

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 2. Slips

Casing slips

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 3. Safety clamp

The are used on tubular above the slips to prevent dropping the string should
the slips fail to hold.

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 3. Safety clamp

The are used on tubular above the slips to prevent dropping the string should
the slips fail to hold.

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 4. Rig tong

Used to make up and brake down drill string.

Make up Tong Breakout Tong

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 4. Rig tong

Used to make up and brake down drill string.

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 5. Drillpipe Spinner

A pneumatically operated device usually suspended

on the rig floor used to make fast connections and spin
off of drill pipes.

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 5. Drillpipe Spinner

A pneumatically operated device usually suspended

on the rig floor used to make fast connections and spin
off of drill pipes.

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 6. Bit breaker

A device that is placed on top of the rotary table to

enable the bit to be made up to drill string.

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4. Mud Circulation
System
Rig components

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 3. Mud Circulation System
Function

A major function of the fluid circulating system is to remove the rock cuttings from the
hole as the drilling progresses
Principal Components:

1. Mud Pump 7. Return Line

2. Pump Manifold 8. Shale Shaker

3. Standpipe 9. Desander

4. Swivel 10. Desilter

5. Drillstring 11. Degasser

6. Annulus 12. Mud Pit

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Eng. Elsayed Amer
 4. Mud Circulation System
1. Mud pumps

 A large, high-pressure reciprocating

pump used to circulated the mud on
a drilling rig.
 with 2 or 3 pistons (duplex or triplex
pumps), may be single – or dual
acting, and receive their power from
an electric motor independent from
other uses.

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 4. Mud Circulation System
1. Mud pumps

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 4. Mud Circulation System
1. Mud pumps

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 4. Mud Circulation System
2. Stand pipe manifold

 Divert Mud flow to kill

lines in case of kill or
lost circulation

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 4. Mud Circulation System
3. Stand Pipe

The vertical pipe rising along the side of the

Derrick or Mast, which joins mud pump manifold
to the rotary hose.

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 4. Mud Circulation System
6. Rotary hose

 A large-diameter (3- to 5-in.

inside diameter), high-pressure
flexible line used to connect the
standpipe to the swivel. This
flexible piping arrangement
permits the kelly (and, in turn,
the drillstring and bit) to be
raised or lowered while drilling
fluid is pumped through the
drillstring. The simultaneous
lowering of the drillstring while
pumping fluid is critical to the
drilling operation.
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 4. Mud Circulation System
7. Mud return

The passageway of the drilling

fluid as it comes out of the well.

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 4. Mud Circulation System
8. Shale Shaker
From mud
An equipment the uses a return line
vibrating screen to
remove cuttings from the
circulating fluid in rotary POSSUM
BELLY
drilling operations.

Vibrator motor Shale shaker

Screens

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 4. Mud Circulation System
9. Desander

A centrifugal device for

removing sand from the
drilling fluid to prevent
abrasion of the pumps.

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 4. Mud Circulation System
10. Desilter

Also a centrifugal device for

removing free particles of silt
from the drilling fluid to keep
the amount of solids in the
fluid at the lowest possible
point.

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 4. Mud Circulation System
10. Degasser

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 4. Mud Circulation System
11. Mud Gas Separator

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 4. Mud Circulation System
12.Reserve Pit

A waste pit, usually an excavated

earthen-walled pit.

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 Mud Circulating System:

Hose
15
Kelly
17 16
Stand pipe
BOP
Annulus 1
Drillpipes
14
Drill collars 2 13
3
Drill bit 12
Return line 4
11
Shale shaker
Seprator
Desilter
Mud mixer 5
Mud tanks 6

Mud-mixing Shake
Mud pumps 7
Discharge line 8 9 10

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Circulation
System Standpipe Swivel

Mud Rotary hose

pump
Kelly
Mud
Discharge
House Mud return
line
Chemical tank Drill pipe

Annulus

Shale
shaker
Drill Collar
Mud pit
Borehole
Shaleslide
Reserve
pit Bit
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5. Power system
Rig components

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 5. Power systemRig component

 In a drilling site power is needed to run the

machines driving the main components of the
rig, such as the drawworks, the pumps, the
rotary table and the engines of the various
auxiliary facilities (compressed air, safety
systems, centrifugal pumps, lighting, services,
etc.)

 Internal combustion engine or a turbine that is

the source of power for driving equipment on
the Rig.

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 5. Power system
Rig component

SCR

 Power and electrical control room

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 5. Power system
Rig component

Diesel Tank

 Fuel tank for generator

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6.Blowout Prevention
System
Rig components

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 6. 6.Blowout Prevention System
Function

The function of the well control system is to prevent the uncontrolled flow of formation
fluids from the wellbore .
Principal Components:

1. Annular Blowout Preventer

2. Ram Blowout Preventer

3. Diverter

4. Drilling Spools

5. Manifold, Valves and Sensors

6. Accumulator

7. Inside BOP
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 BOP
Bell nipple
Flow line
Fill line
Annular
preventer
Pipe ram
Shear/blind ram
Kill line Choke

Pipe ram Drilling spool

BOP riser
Emergency kill line Emergency choke
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Casing head
 6. BOP
Rig component

BOP

 Blow Out Preventers (BOPs), are large

valves located on the wellhead during
drilling operations ,able to fully shut-in
the well in just a few tens of seconds,
whatever the working conditions.
 BOP stack consists, starting from below,
of:
1. one or more spools for connection
to the wellhead
2. a dual function ram preventer
3. a single-function ram preventer
4. an annular blowout preventer
5. a lateral tube which conveys the
outgoing mud from the well to the
shaker. Eng. Elsayed Amer
 6. BOP
Rig component

BOP

As per ram numbers As per ram shape

Double

Terrible
Single

Blind

Pipe

Shearing

Variable
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 6. BOP
Rig component

2- Choke manifold

 The arrangement of piping and special

valves, called chokes, through which
drilling mud is circulated when the
blowout preventers are closed to control
the pressures encountered during a kick.

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 6. BOP
Rig component

3- accumulator

 The storage device for nitrogen pressurized

hydraulic fluid, which is used in operating
the blowout preventers.

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 6. BOP
Rig component

4. Diverter System

 The diverter is a large, low pressure,

annular preventer equipped with large
bore discharge flowlines. This type of BOP
is generally used when drilling at shallow
depths below the conductor.

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 BOP
As per ram numbers As per ram shape

Double

Terrible
Single

Blind

Pipe

Shearing

Variable
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 Sino Tharwa Drilling Company
ST 4 Rated Drilling Depth Mud Tanks
2000 hp drilling rig
20,000 ft. with 5” drill pipe. Total number 6 tanks
Total capacity 2250 bbl

Derrick Power Supply

Static load capacity 1,000,000 lb
Height 149 ft 3 ea. Engine Cat 3512 B

Draw Works Well Control Equipment

2000 hp • 21 ¼” x 2000 psi diverter system

drilling line 1 1/2” • 13 5/8” annular preventer 5000 psi.
• 13 5/8” double ram preventer 10000 psi.
Hook load
• 13 5/8” single ram preventer 10000 psi
Rated capacity 1,000,000 lb • Accumulator unit 3000 psi working
pressure with 210 gallon capacity & 20
bottle installed
Rotary Table
Max. Opening 37-1/2”
Safety Equipment
Height 29.5 ft
As required by regulations

Mud Pumps Camp

Two Triplex To accommodate 80 person
1600 hp Rated input power
5000 psi working pressure Eng. Elsayed Amer
Drilling Time & Cost Impact
Original Design Cost Benefit
Section Time Savings Dayrate Cost
Lengths (Days) ($70k / day) Casing Cost Cement Cost Total Cost
26" Hole 1500 Base Case $ - $ 81,000.00 $ 41,000.00 $ 122,000.00
16" Hole 6445 Base Case $ - $ 278,075.00 $ 118,000.00 $ 396,075.00
14" Hole 4740 Base Case $ - $ 378,000.00 $ 110,000.00 $ 488,000.00
12 1/4" Hole 2315 Base Case $ - $ 465,000.00 $ 106,000.00 $ 571,000.00
8 1/2" Hole 3430 Base Case $ - $ - $ - $ -
Total Depth 18430 Base Case $ - $ 1,202,075.00 $ 375,000.00 $1,577,075.00

Revised Design Cost Benefit

Section Time Savings Dayrate Cost
Lengths (Days) ($70k / day) Casing Cost Cement Cost Total Cost
26" Hole 1500 0.00 $0.00 $ 81,000.00 $ 41,000.00 $ 122,000.00
16" Hole 6855 0.57 $39,861.11 $ 292,425.00 $ 125,506.59 $ 457,792.71
14" Hole 4081 (1.83) ($128,138.89) $ 328,575.00 $ 94,706.75 $ 295,142.86
12 1/4" Hole 2303 (0.03) ($2,333.33) $ 456,909.00 $ 105,450.54 $ 560,026.21
8 1/2" Hole 3393 (0.10) ($7,194.44) $ - $ - $ (7,194.44)
Total Depth 18132 (1.40) ($97,805.56) $ 1,158,909.00 $ 366,663.89 $1,427,767.33

Estimated Total Savings = $149,307.67

Eng. Elsayed Amer