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    3) Pertemuan 3 (Distilasi)

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    ILHAM KIKI SHAHILA
    Distillation is a widely used separation method that works by exploiting differences in the vapor pressures of components in a liquid mixture. When heat is applied, the mixture vaporizes and separates into fractions with different compositions. Key design factors for distillation columns include feed properties, operating pressure, reflux ratio, number of stages, condenser and reboiler type. Batch distillation involves heating a charged mixture until separation is complete, while continuous distillation maintains a steady state. Batch is preferred when capacity is low, demand varies, or the feed contains solids.

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    3) Pertemuan 3 (Distilasi)

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    ILHAM KIKI SHAHILA
    22 views15 pages
    Distillation is a widely used separation method that works by exploiting differences in the vapor pressures of components in a liquid mixture. When heat is applied, the mixture vaporizes and separates into fractions with different compositions. Key design factors for distillation columns include feed properties, operating pressure, reflux ratio, number of stages, condenser and reboiler type. Batch distillation involves heating a charged mixture until separation is complete, while continuous distillation maintains a steady state. Batch is preferred when capacity is low, demand varies, or the feed contains solids.

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    Distillation is a widely used separation method that works by exploiting differences in the vapor pressures of components in a liquid mixture. When heat is applied, the mixture vaporizes and separates into fractions with different compositions. Key design factors for distillation columns include feed properties, operating pressure, reflux ratio, number of stages, condenser and reboiler type. Batch distillation involves heating a charged mixture until separation is complete, while continuous distillation maintains a steady state. Batch is preferred when capacity is low, demand varies, or the feed contains solids.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    22 views15 pages

    3) Pertemuan 3 (Distilasi)

    Uploaded by

    ILHAM KIKI SHAHILA
    Distillation is a widely used separation method that works by exploiting differences in the vapor pressures of components in a liquid mixture. When heat is applied, the mixture vaporizes and separates into fractions with different compositions. Key design factors for distillation columns include feed properties, operating pressure, reflux ratio, number of stages, condenser and reboiler type. Batch distillation involves heating a charged mixture until separation is complete, while continuous distillation maintains a steady state. Batch is preferred when capacity is low, demand varies, or the feed contains solids.

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    Distilasi

    Nufus Kanani, ST., M.Eng


    Pendahuluan
    Distillation is a method of separation based
    on the difference in composition between a
    Your Text Here
    liquid mixture and the vapor formed from it.
    The composition difference is due to differing
    effective vapor pressures, or volatilities, of
    the components of the liquid.

    Your TextDistillation
    Here is the most widely used
    separation method to be found in
    the chemical and petroleum
    Your Text Here
    processing industries.
    Equipment and design
    Design and Analysis Factors
    1. Feed flow rate, composition, temperature,
    pressure, and phase
    2. Operating pressure
    3. Reflux ratio
    4. Number of equilibrium stages and stage eff
    iciency or HETP
    5. Type of condenser (total, partial, or mixed)
    6. Type of reboiler (partial or total)
    7. Type of trays or packing
    8. Column height
    9. Feed-entry stage
    10. Column diameter
    11. Corrosion and materials of construction
    Sketch of distillation process

    Vapor, V

    A-B A,B
    QA > QB
    A,B

    Liquid, L

    + Separatiing Agent
    ( Heat )
    The figure shows a column containing the
    equivalent of N equilibrium stages, a total
    condenser, and a partial reboiler.

    Feed enters the column at an intermediate


    stage.
    The overhead vapor leaving the top stage
    is totally condensed and sent to a reflux
    drum from which a liquid distillate is
    withdrawn and a liquid reflux is returned to
    the top stage.
    In the partial reboiler, liquid from the
    bottom stage is partially vaporized to give
    vapor boilup that is returned to the bottom
    stage.
    The remaining liquid is withdrawn as the
    bottoms product.
    Condenser type
    1. A total condenser is suitable for reflux-drum pressures to 215 psia
    (1.48 MPa).
    2. A partial condenser is appropriate from 215 psia to 365 psia (2.52
    MPa) but is selected below 215 psia if a vapor distillate is desired.
    3. A mixed condenser can provide both vapor and liquid distillates.
    Equipment and design
    A total condenser
    A partial condenser

    A mixed condenser
    Condenser type

    vertical thermosyphon-type
    kettle-type reboiler reboiler, reboiler liquid with
    drawn from bottom-tray
    downcomer.

    condensate vertical thermosyphon-type reboiler,


    reboiler liquid withdrawn from bottom sump
    Feed Preheat
    Feed pressure must be greater than the pressure in the
    column at the feed tray.
    Excess feed pressure is dropped across a valve, which
    may cause the feed to partially vaporize before entering
    the column.
    Second-law thermodynamic efficiency is highest if the feed
    temperature equals the temperature in the column at the feed
    tray. It is best to avoid a subcooled liquid or superheated vapor
    by supplying a partially vaporized feed.
    Optimum reflux ratio
    as reflux ratio R∕D is increased above
    Rmin∕D, the number of equilibrium
    stages, N, decreases.

    1. the column diameter increases


    2. reboiler steam and condenser
    cooling-water requirements
    increase

    Effect of reflux ratio on theoretical (equilibrium)


    stages for two optimal representative distillation
    operations
    When the annualized fixed cost for the
    column, condenser, reflux drum, reflux
    pump, and reboiler is added to the
    operating cost of steam and cooling
    water to obtain the total annual cost,
    an optimal reflux ratio of R∕Rmin is
    determined

    Optimal reflux ratio for a representative


    distillation operation.
    Distillation a) Kolom Batch
    b) Kolom Kontinyu
    column

    a) binary
    b) multicomponents
    Batch Distillation
    The compositions of the initial charge
    and distillate change with time. There
    is no steady state. The still temperature
    increases and the amount of
    lower-boiling components in the still pot
    decreases as distillation proceeds.

    A familiar example of a batch distillation is the laboratory


    apparatus shown in Figure 13.1. Here, a liquid mixture
    is charged to a still pot and heated to boiling. The vapor
    formed is continuously removed and condensed to
    produce a distillate.
    Advantages of batch distillation
    Batch operations can be used to advantage when:
    1. The capacity of a facility is too small to permit continuous operation
    at a practical rate.
    2. Seasonal or customer demands require distillation of different feeds
    tocks with one unit to produce different products.
    3. Several new products are to be produced with one distillation unit
    for evaluation by potential buyers.
    4. Upstream process operations are batchwise and the compositions
    of feedstocks for distillation vary with time or from batch to batch.
    5. The feed contains solids or materials that form solids, tars, or resin
    that can plug or foul a continuous distillation column.

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