Group: A2 Lab

Report

COMSATS UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD, LAHORE CAMPUS

(DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING)

FLUID MECHANICS (CHE-214)

LAB REPORT
Submitted to: DR. ZAKIR KHAN & SIR MULAZIM ALI
Submitted by: 3rd Semester
Section: A
Group: A2
FA19-CHE-001 AREEB AHMED
FA19-CHE-003 MEHROZ KHALID
FA19-CHE-005 TALHA HAFEEZ
FA19-CHE-009 SAHAR KHAN
FA19-CHE-011 ASAD J. LAGHARI
FA19-CHE-015 HUSHAM
FA19-CHE-017 SAROSH KHOKHAR
FA19-CHE-019 SHAFAQ IMTIAZ

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
OBJECTIVE:...................................................................................................................................3
THEORY:........................................................................................................................................3
APPLICATIONS:............................................................................................................................5
UNIT DESCRIPTION:....................................................................................................................6
PROCEDURE:................................................................................................................................6
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:................................................................................7
GRAPH:.........................................................................................................................................10
CONCLUSION:............................................................................................................................11
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS:...........................................................................................................11

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EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVITY: 02
COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE OF ORIFICE METER
OBJECTIVE:
Primary objective:
1. To calculate Co-efficient of discharge (CD) of orifice meter and study the effect of Re on
CD.

Secondary objective:
1. To calibrate the given orifice meter.
2. To learn the use of submersible pump.
3. Draw a graph between coefficient of discharge and Reynold’s number.
4. To configure the relationship between co-efficient of discharge and the Reynold’s
number.

THEORY:
An orifice plate is a device used to measure the rate of fluids flow. It uses the same principle as a
Venturi nozzle, namely Bernoulli’s principle which says that there is a relationship between the
pressure of fluids and the velocity of the fluids. When the velocity increases, the pressure
decrease and vice versa.

An orifice plate basically a thin plate with a hole in the middle. It is usually placed in a pipe in
which fluids flow. As fluid flow through the pipe, it has a certain velocity and a certain pressure.

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When the fluid reaches the orifice plate, with the hole in middle, the fluid is forced to converge
to go through the small hole; the point of maximum convergence actually occurs shortly
downstream of the physical orifice, at the so called vena-contracta. Beyond the vena contracta,
fluid expands, velocity and pressure change once again. By measuring the difference in fluid
pressure between the normal pipe section and at the vena contracta, the volumetric and mass
flow rates can be obtained from Bernoulli’s equation. Bernoulli’s Principle: In fluid dynamics,
Bernoulli’s principle states that for an in viscid flow, an increase in the speed of the fluid occurs
simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease in the fluid’s potential energy.
Bernoulli’s principle can be applied to various types of fluid flow, resulting in what is loosely
denoted as Bernoulli’s equation. In fact, there are different forms of Bernoulli’s equation for
different types of flow. The simple form of Bernoulli’s principle is valid for incompressible
flows (e.g. most liquid flows) and also for compressible flow (e.g. gases) moving at low Mach
number. More advanced form may in some cases be applied to compressible flow at higher Mach
number. Bernoulli’s principle is equivalent to the principle of conservation of energy. This states
that in a steady flow the sum of all form of mechanical energy in a fluid along a streamline is the
same at all points on that streamline. This requires that the sum of kinetic energy and potential
energy remain constant. If the fluids is flowing out of a reservoir the sum of all forms of energy
is the same on all streamlines because in a reservoir the energy per unit mass (the sum of
pressure and gravitational potential (∆g*h) is the same everywhere. Fluid particles are subject
only to pressure and their own weight. If a fluid is flowing horizontally and along a section of
streamline, where the speed increase it can only be because the fluid on that section has moved
from a region of higher pressure to a region of lower pressure; and if I speed decrease, it can only
be because it has moved from a region of lower pressure to a region of higher pressure.
Consequently, within a fluid flowing horizontally, the highest speed occurs where the pressure is
lowest, and the lowest speed occurs where the pressure is highest.

APPLICATIONS:
 It is used to measure the flow rate of fluids in their single state (i.e. gaseous state or liquid
state).

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 It can also be used to measure the flow rate of fluids in a mixed state (both gaseous and
liquid states) such as, wet steam, or natural gas with water.
 They are used in small river systems to measure flow at locations where the river passes
through a culvert or drain.
 Only a small number of rivers are appropriate for the use of the technology since the plate
must remain completely immersed i.e. the approach pipe must be full, and the river must
be substantially free of debris.
 In the natural environment large orifice plates are used to control onward flow in flood
relief dams. In these structures a low dam is placed across a river and in normal operation
the water flows through the orifice plate unimpeded as the orifice is substantially larger
than the normal flow cross section. However, in floods, the flow rates rises and flood outs
the orifice plate which can then only pass a flow determined by the physical dimension of
the orifice. Flow is then held back behind the low dam in a temporary reservoir which is
slowly discharged through the orifice when the flood subsides.

UNIT DESCRIPTION:

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PROCEDURE:
 First of all, measure the volume of the tank.
 Switch on the pump then open the valve.
 Measure the ∆h in the manometer.
 Note the time to fill the tank.
 Calculate Volumetric flow rate by using equation as follows:

Q=V/t
 Take at least five readings of ∆h by varying the volumetric flow rate.
 Calculate the value of ∆P by using equation as follows:

∆P = ρH2O* g*∆h
 Now calculate the mass flow rate by multiplying V with the density of water.
 Then calculate the velocity at the orifice by dividing the volumetric flow rate by the area
of orifice.
 After this calculate the Reynolds’s number by using:

NRe = d*u*ρ/µ
 Then calculate the value of co-efficient of discharge (Cd) by using the relation.

Ao 2
Cd = √
G 1−(
Ap
)

Ao √ 2× ρ× ΔP

Cd = Co-efficient of discharge
G = Mass flow rate
Ao = Area of orifice
Ap = Area of pipe
ρ = Density of the fluid
 At the end draw a graph between Cd &NRe and between mass flow rate & ∆h

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

Density of water = ρ = 1000 kg/m3
Diameter of pipe = Dp = 0.017m
Diameter of orifice = Do = 0.014m

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Gravity = g = 9.81 m/s2

No. of Δh ΔP Time Q G v=Q/A NRe CD

Obs. (m) (N/m2) (sec) (m3/sec) (kg/sec) (m/sec)

1. 0.03 294 40.54 0.000111 0.111 0.49 7943.82 0.681

2. 0.04 392 35.50 0.000138 0.138 0.61 8651.68 0.754

3. 0.045 441 30.66 0.000166 0.166 0.73 9359.55 0.8502

CALCULATION: 1

do 2 dp 2
Ao = π ( ) Ap = π ( )
2 2

0.014 2 0.017 2
Ao = π ( ) Ap = π ( )
2 2

Ao = 0.000153 m2 Ap = 0.000226 m2

G= Q × ρ

G= 0.000111 × 1000

G= 0.111 kg/sec
Δh = h1- h2
Δh = 180mm - 150mm

Δh = 0.03 m
ΔP = ρg Δh

ΔP = 1000 × 9.8 ×0.03

ΔP = 294 N/m2

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Ao 2
Cd = √
G 1−(
Ap
)

Ao √ 2× ρ× ΔP

0.000153 2
Cd = √
0.111 1−(
0.000226
)

0.000153 √2 ×1000 ×294

Cd = 0.6891

CALCULATION: 2
G= Q × ρ

G= 0.0001388 × 1000

G= 0.1388 kg/sec
Δh = h1- h2
Δh = 215mm - 175mm

Δh = 0.04 m
ΔP = ρg Δh

ΔP = 1000 × 9.8 ×0.04

ΔP = 392 N/m2

Ao 2
Cd = √
G 1−(
Ap
)

Ao √ 2× ρ× ΔP

0.000153 2
Cd = √
0.1388 1−(
0.000226
0.000153 √ 2 ×1000 ×392
)

Cd = 0.754

CALCULATION: 3
G= Q × ρ

G= 0.000166 × 1000

G= 0.166 kg/sec
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Δh = h1- h2
Δh = 245mm - 200mm

Δh = 0.045 m
ΔP = ρg Δh

ΔP = 1000 × 9.8 ×0.045

ΔP = 441 N/m2

Ao 2
Cd = √
G 1−(
Ap
)

Ao √ 2× ρ× ΔP

0.000153 2
Cd = √
0.166 1−(
0.000226
)

0.000153 √ 2 ×1000 × 441

Cd = 0.8502

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GRAPH:

Graph CD vs NRe
0.9
0.85

0.8 0.75

0.7 0.68
DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
9359.55 8651.68 7943.82
Reynold number

Column2

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Graph Mass flow rate (G) vs Δh

0.18
0.17
0.16

0.14

0.12

0.1
head loss

0.08

0.06
0.04
0.04
0.03

0.02

0
0.11 0.14 0.17
Mass flow rate

Column2

CONCLUSION:
From the graph we concluded that the discharge coefficient (C D) is inversely proportional to
Reynold number. As the Reynold number of the fluid flow increases in the orifice meter the
discharge coefficient of the orifice meter decreases and mass flow rate and head loss are directly
proportional. As the Mass flow rate increases head loss also increases.

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS:
 Always wear protective clothing, shoes, helmet and goggles throughout the laboratory
session.
 Always run the experiment after fully understand the unit and procedures.
 It is important to drain all water from the apparatus when not in use. The apparatus
should be stored properly to prevent damage.
 Any manometer tube, which does not fill with water or slow fill, indicates that tapping or
connection of the manometer is blocked. To remove the obstacle, disconnect the flexible
connection tube and blow through.
 The apparatus should not be exposed to any shock and stresses.

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