Ce 408

CE-408
Environmental Engineering – II
Lecture 4
Dated: 8th June, 2020
Content
• Assumptions of Rational Formula
• Examples
• Sewage Disposal Techniques
• Design of Sewers
• Example
• Hydraulic Elements of Sewer
• Design Consideration
• Examples
Rational Method
Example 1
Question:
A watershed of area 50.7ha contributes to an urban storm drainage.
60% area is row cropped with good practices having C value 0.55,
remaining 40% area is a wood land with C value 0.12. Determine
the peak runoff for rainfall intensity 85mm/hr.
SCS Technique
• The CN is a runoff coefficient of sorts which includes the
effects of infiltration and detention storage.
• CN depends upon the soil type (modified for the degree

of development) and antecedent moisture conditions.
• Composite CN can be developed if the area does not

meet a specific criteria
Example 2
• Determine the runoff from 125mm of rain for a
4x106 m2 watershed which is to be developed on
soils of group C. The proposed land use is 50%
detached houses on 1000m2 lots; 10% townhouses
with 500m2 lots; 25% streets with curbs and gutters,
schools, parking lots, and plazas; and 15% open
space, parks, schoolyards etc. with good grass
cover.
Example 3
Question:
A watershed of 4x106 sq.m has a present CN of 70 and an average
slope of 3%. Development will modify 70% of the hydraulic length,
increases the impervious area to 40% and increase CN to 80.
Compute the Present and future peak discharge from a 100mm 24 hr
storm.
Quantity of Sewage
Dry weather flow Storm water flow
• Domestic and industrial wastewater (Base flow) including inflow, infiltration and
exfiltration
• Infiltration and exfiltration depends on
(a) subsoil water level (b) length of sewer (c) nature and type of soil through which sewer
laid (d) size of sewer
• Sanitary and industrial sewage derived from water supply

• 70- 80% of water consumption is taken as wastewater for domestic purposes.
• For industrial purposes the wastewater generated per unit production will be multiplied by the total
product
Design of Sewers
Design Steps
1. Estimation of future population
2. Average daily sewage flow
3. Calculating peak factor
4. Infiltration/exfiltration allowance
5. Industrial/commercial sewage allowance
6. Velocity of flow
Design of Sewers
• Controlling Factors:
Maximum and Minimum rate of sewage
design purpose controlling sediments

• Parameters:
1. Diameter of sewer
2. Slope of sewer
3. Minimum self-cleansing velocity (0.6m/sec)
Design Period:
Period for which system is designed i.e. 50-60 years
Population Density:
Number of People per sq.km
Variation in Sewage Flow
• The variation of maximum, average and minimum is sometime high and need a
particular multiplying factor known as Peak factor and is defined as the Peak/average
flow rate.
• For residential area

• P.F or M= 1 + 14/(4 +P) (in thousands);
• According to WASA (Water And Sanitation Agency)

• M= 2.3 x average flow
• In normal conditions M= 4 for laterals; 2.5 for main and trunk and 2.0 for combined
sewer
Wastewater flow pattern during a day
Residential wastewater flow as
ratio to Average flow
Description Ratio to the Average

Maximum daily 2.25:1
Maximum/Peak hourly 3:1
Minimum daily 0.67:1
Minimum hourly 0.33:1
WASA Criteria
Average flow (m3/d) Peak Factor
< 2500 4.0
2500 to 5000 3.4
5000 to 10000 3.1
25000 to 50000 2.7
50000 to 100000 2.5
100000 to 250000 2.3
250000 to 500000 2.15
> 500000 2.08
Example 4
The residential area of a city has a population density of

15000 persons/ km2 and an area of 120000 m2 . If
average water consumption is 400 litres per capita day.
Find the average and maximum sewage flow in m3 /day.
Example 5
Calculate the size and slope of a sanitary trunk sewer

serving a population of 0.4 million. Use peak flow as 2.3.
Water consumption is estimated to be 300 lpcd. Pipe
used is RCC. Take infiltration as 10% of average sewage
flow
Minimum Velocity
• Also called self-cleansing velocities
• It must be maintained in sewers to avoid deposition of
suspended solids and subsequent chocking of the sewers.
• Sanitary Sewers = 0.6 m/s (Organic Particular S.G = 1.61)
• Storm Sewers = 1 m/s (Inorganic particulars S.G = 2.65)
• Partially Combined = 0.7 m/s

Maximum Velocity
• A limit on higher velocity is imposed because of:
• abrasive character of solids in wastewater
• higher slope of sewer and result in more execution
• The maximum velocity depends on the nature of materials of the sewer.
• Maximum velocity must be less than 2.5 m/s in storm sewers flowing full.
Nature of Sewers Non Scouring Velocity (m/s)
Earthen channel 0.60 – 1.20
Brick lined sewer 1.50 – 2.40
Cement line sewer 2.40 – 3.00
Stone ware sewer 3.00 – 4.50
Design of Sewers
Infiltration/exfiltration allowance
• 10% of average daily waste water flow
• 3-5% of peak hourly domestic flow
Industrial/commercial sewage allowance

• 3734 m3/km2/day
Design flow = M + Infiltration allowance + Industrial/commercial allowance
Velocity of flow
• Sanitary sewer ; 0.6m/sec
• Storm sewer ; 1m/sec
• Manning’s equation
V = l / n (R)2/3 √S
Design Steps
1. Forecast the design population (P) of the area.
2. Find the sewage flow per day by multiplying population with flow per capita of sewage.
3. Select a peak factor (P.F) to find the peak sewage flow according to Population.
4. Calculate the allowance for industrial and commercial sewage*.
5. Calculate infiltration from average sewage flow as given by WASA. Q inf = (0.05 to
0.1) Q avg
6. Find the design sewage flow by adding peak flow, industrial allowance and infiltration
flow.
Q design = Q peak + Q ind + Q inf

Example 6
A 915 mm circular combined sewer is laid on a slope

of 0.003 and it is flowing full. Manning's n=0.013
what will be the velocity and depth of flow when
sewer is carrying 0.142m3/s discharge? Let d/D =
0.3 and Vp/Vf = 0.6
D = 915 mm
d = 274 mm
Sewage Disposal Techniques
• Two method for collection and disposal of sewage:
1. Conservancy method/dry system

2. Water carriage system
Conservancy Method/Dry System
•Night soil or faecal/fecal matter is collected in pans or buckets
from residences.
•Then carried away by carts and trucks to suitable site.
•Buried in trenches and covered with dry earth.
•Can be used as manure later.
•Sullage and storm water is collected in open drains and led away to
a nearby streams.
•Garbage is collected separately in dustbins and conveyed in
covered carts to suitable place.
•The combustible and non-combustible garbage are sorted out.
•This system is obsolete now and can be used in rural areas where
there is scarcity of water.
Conservancy Method/Dry
System
Disadvantages:
• The sewage is carried once in 24 hours while sewage becomes unsanitary after 5– 6
hours.
• It attracts flies which spread diseases
• The lavatory has to be build separate from residential building which cause
inconvenience.
• The system has less initial cost but the operation cost is very high because of
working labors
• If the labor goes on strike or any stoppage of work, the system totally fails.
• It requires large area for disposal of sewage thus becoming inconvenient.
• The sewage is conveyed openly and is not properly disposed off causing risk of
epidemic
• It is highly undesirable to allow night soil carts to pass through roads of city.
• Storm water and sullage flowing in open drains cause unhygienic condition in the
area
• The liquid wastes from lavatories may seeps into the ground thus polluting the
ground water.
Water Carriage System
• Modern technique, used nowadays
• Water is used to convey the sewage in suitable designed sewer for ultimate disposal
• The quantity of water is so large (99.9%) that the waste becomes a liquid
which is carried by sewers.
• The garbage is collected as separately
Advantages:
• The sewage is carried in closed pipe thus the risk of and break of epidemic is
reduced
• The land requirement is very low which make the system economical.
• The lavatories can be accommodated inside the building which cause
compact design of house and convenience.
• Proper treatment of sewage is possible to make the sewage suitable for
disposal.
The system has only disadvantage of wastage of water, which is used for
making the sewage in liquid form (about 99.9% of sewage is water)
Example 6
Question
Estimate the peak hourly, average daily and minimum hourly and
daily residential sewage flow from an area of 1200 people. Assume
an average water consumption is 100gal/capita day and return water
is 75%. Consider the length of sewer 1.2 miles and infiltration rate
is 30000gal/mile. Give result in GPD and LPD. Calculate diameter
of sewer using minimum self cleansing velocity. Also calculate the
diameter using slope 1.2% and n = 0.012.

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CE-408

• CN depends upon the soil type (modified for the degree

• Composite CN can be developed if the area does not

• Sanitary and industrial sewage derived from water supply

design purpose controlling sediments

• For residential area

• According to WASA (Water And Sanitation Agency)

Description Ratio to the Average

The residential area of a city has a population density of

Calculate the size and slope of a sanitary trunk sewer

• It must be maintained in sewers to avoid deposition of

suspended solids and subsequent chocking of the sewers.

• Sanitary Sewers = 0.6 m/s (Organic Particular S.G = 1.61)

• Storm Sewers = 1 m/s (Inorganic particulars S.G = 2.65)

• Partially Combined = 0.7 m/s

• The maximum velocity depends on the nature of materials of the sewer.

Industrial/commercial sewage allowance

Design flow = M + Infiltration allowance + Industrial/commercial allowance

4. Calculate the allowance for industrial and commercial sewage*.

Q design = Q peak + Q ind + Q inf

A 915 mm circular combined sewer is laid on a slope

1. Conservancy method/dry system

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