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Lecture 20 - Angular Momentum Quantization (Mostly) Chapter 11.8 - 11.11

This document discusses a physics lecture on angular momentum quantization and related topics. It begins with a clicker poll question about the number of human senses. It then covers predicting position with rotation using angular speed and displacement. It discusses how angular momentum is quantized and can take on half-integer or integer values. Specific examples covered include the quantization of orbital angular momentum in hydrogen orbitals and Bohr's atomic model of electron orbits and allowed energy levels. Other topics mentioned briefly include gyroscopic stability, precession, and the quantization of particle spin angular momentum.

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Arnab Mondal
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181 views20 pages

Lecture 20 - Angular Momentum Quantization (Mostly) Chapter 11.8 - 11.11

This document discusses a physics lecture on angular momentum quantization and related topics. It begins with a clicker poll question about the number of human senses. It then covers predicting position with rotation using angular speed and displacement. It discusses how angular momentum is quantized and can take on half-integer or integer values. Specific examples covered include the quantization of orbital angular momentum in hydrogen orbitals and Bohr's atomic model of electron orbits and allowed energy levels. Other topics mentioned briefly include gyroscopic stability, precession, and the quantization of particle spin angular momentum.

Uploaded by

Arnab Mondal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PHYS 172H: Modern Mechanics Fall 2010

Lecture 20 – Angular Momentum Quantization (mostly)


Chapter 11.8 – 11.11
CLICKER POLL
Not for Credit

How many senses does the human body have? (Taste, smell...)

A) 3 senses
B) 4 senses
C) 5 senses
D) 6 senses
E) More than 6
Predicting Position with Rotation
A light string is wrapped around disk of radius R and
moment of intertia I that can freely spin around its
fixed axis. The string is pulled with force F during
time Δt. Assume that the disk was initially at rest
I (ωi=0)
1) What will be the angular speed ωf ?

θ Solution:

F=mg
Predicting Position with Rotation
A light string is wrapped around disk of radius R and
moment of inertia I that can freely spin around its fixed
axis. The string is pulled with force F during time Δt.
Assume that the disk was initially at rest (ωi=0)
I 1)  What will be the angular speed ωf ?
2)  How far (Δx) will the end of string move?
θ Solution:
R

m
ω changes linearly with time:
F=mg
This is the rotational
analog of accelerated
linear displacement

And this string motion


is in the linear “world”,
once we multiply the
angular displacement
See also examples by R

in Chapter 11.8
Angular momentum quantization

Many elementary particles behave as if they posses


intrinsic rotational angular momentum

Electron can have translational


(orbital around nucleus), and intrinsic
rotational angular momenta

Strange but true: Angular momentum is quantized

Angular momentum quantum =

Whenever you measure a vector component of angular momentum


you get either half-integer or integer multiple of

Orbital angular momentum comes in integer multiples, but


intrinsic spin of “Fermions” (building blocks) is ½ unit of
Orbital Angular Momentum

Where is the orbital angular momentum in a hydrogen orbital?

px
i py

Electron "current"
circles around
the atom.
= |L=1, Lz=1>
Quantized because
these are 3D standing
electron waves
around the nucleus. See Atom in a Box
www.daugerresearch.com
Bohr’s Atomic Model

LA,trans ,electron = mrkqe2

1913: IDEA: Electron can only take


orbits where its translational angular
Niels Bohr
momentum is integer multiple of

2
  = 1.05 ×10−34 J ⋅ s
Allowed radii: r = N2 2
kqe me N = 1, 2,3,…

This implies that only certain values of LA,trans,electron are allowed:


LA,trans ,electron = N  where N=1,2,3,…

NOTE: Because K and U are functions of r and v, energy levels are quantized also.
Bohr Model
Consider an electron in circular orbit
A about a proton. What are the possible
values of LA,trans,electron?

Assume circular motion:


 pv kqe2 mv 2 kqe2
Fe = ⇒ 2
= ⇒ v=
r r r mr

Thus, LA,trans ,electron = mvr = mrkqe2

If any orbital radius r is allowed, LA,trans,electron can be anything.

However, only certain values of r are allowed . . .


The Bohr model: allowed radii and energies
See derivation on page 444-446
Allowed Bohr radii for electron orbits:

This is 2K

Use EN = K+U and

Bohr model energy levels:


The Bohr model: and photon emission
Gyroscopic Stability

Edmund Scientifics

In 1917, the Chandler Company of Indianapolis, Indiana,


created the "Chandler gyroscope,” a toy gyroscope with a pull string and pedestal.
It has been in continuous production ever since and is considered a classic American toy.
-- Wikipedia
Best Trick in the Book

Vectors have direction


and magnitude.

Vector Notation and the Momentum Principle:

Use the chain rule

causes changes causes changes


in the direction of in the magnitude of
Best Trick Not in the Book

Vectors have direction


and magnitude.

Vector Notation and the Angular Momentum Principle:

Use the chain rule

causes changes causes changes


in the direction of in the magnitude of
Gyroscopes
Precession Precession and nutation

As you saw on Wednesday. Look straight down on the model at the


left: the Torque and the Angular Impulse are COUNTERCLOCKWISE,
and indeed that’s how the gyroscope precesses here. Note that the
angular impulse, being perpendicular to L, STEERS L but does not
increase or decrease L. To understand better, it’s useful to note: this is
somewhat analogous to centripetal force STEERING momentum, in
circular motion, without speeding or slowing the tangential velocity.
Gyroscopes
M CLICKER: What is the direction of , A or B?

A
B N

CLICKER: What is the direction of ?


A) Left B) Right

The precession angular CLICKER: What is the direction of ?


frequency
A) Down C) into the page
B) Up D) out of the page
For rotating vector:
i>clicker
NOTE: if the shaft of the gyro isn’t horizontal, R
must be replaced by Rcos(θ) where θ is the
shaft’s angle above horizontal and is the
complement of the angle between R and g.

Fast precession A Slow precession B

In which of the two gyroscopes does the disk spin faster?


Precession phenomena (see book)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Precession of spin axes in astronomy (moon pulling on


Earth’s bulging “midriff” as mentioned last time)

Tidal torques

NMR - nuclear magnetic resonance

Independently discovered (1946)

Nobel Prize (1952)


Felix Bloch Edward Mills Purcell
1905-1983 1912-1997
V. Barnes had the good luck to take
B.S.E.E. from Purdue introductory E&M from Prof. Purcell
electrical engineering as an undergrad at Harvard.
Particle spin angular momentum
Electron, muon, neutrino have spin 1/2 :
measurements of any component of their angular momentum yields ±½ħ
(along any chosen axis.)

Quarks have spin ½


Protons and neutrons (three quarks) have spin ½
Fermions: spin ½ are ”matter particles” or “building blocks”
They obey the Pauli exclusion principle
Two identical Fermions cannot be in the same quantum state in the same place

Two lowest energy electrons in any atom have orbital angular momentum 0

One has spin up, the other has spin down (+- ½ along any chosen axis)

The different spin projections distinguish between the two electrons so that
they are not “identical” for Pauli exclusion purposes.

The two spin projections add up to 0, and when added to the above 0 orbital,
the TOTAL ANGULAR MOMENTUM is 0
Particle spin angular momentum

Bosons: integer spin = Force carrying particles

Mesons: (quark+antiquark) have spin 0 or 1: composite, “old” nuclear force

Gluons (elementary, the “new” strong color force)


photons,
gravitons,
weak bosons W and Z

All have spin 1. These are the force carriers of Quantum Field Theory

Higgs particle (if it exists) has spin 0


Particle spin
Rotational angular momentum

Macroscopic objects: quantization of L is too small to notice!

Rotational energies of molecules are quantized

Quantum mechanics: Lx, Ly, Lz can only be integer or half-integer multiple of ħ

Quantized values of where l is integer or half-integer

These rules are not at all intuitive. Rotation is a richly complicated


phenomenon (as you have been told in lectures), and even more-so in the
Quantum world.
But the quantization of the PROJECTION of angular momentum along any
chosen axis plays very directly into the structure of the microworld that we
hope you get a sense of in this course.

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