5

Exponents

raised to the p o w e r 4 ,
it as 5
5' and read
5x5x5x5
as

Rec
cal that we may
write, (or index).
exponent
4 the
w e call 5 thebaseand (-6).
written as
x (-6) is
imilarly, (-6) x (-6) is 3.
(-6) and the exponent
is
ln (-6)3, the base notation.
or p o w e r
form
This n o t a t i o n is
called exponential several times by itself can be expre presseda
number multiplied
rational
Similarly, the product of a
the same notation.
etc.

Thus
number, then
is a rational

(axaxa)_a
xa) 4,a,a_ (bxbxb) b 3 etc.

axa (bxb) b2
we have:
In general,
integern.
o r every positive

EXAMPLE 1. Evaluate: ()

Solution We have:
3x3 9
42 4x 4 16

(-2) -2)x(-2)x(-2) -8
3x3x3 27

(ii)-4-4-4)x(-4)x(-4)x(-4)x(-4) -1024
5 5x5x5 x5x5 3125

EXAMPLE 2. Express each of the following rational numbers in exponential form:

81 -32 -1
(956 (ii)A243 (ii)
343
84
 86
Exponents

Solution
We have:
(1) 81 =3x3x3x3 =3 and 256 4x4x4x4 = 4*.

256
3444
-32-2)x(-2)x (-2)x(-2)x (-2) (-25 = and 243 3x3x3 x3x3 = 3 .
-32 (-25
=

243 35
(ii) 343 7x7x7 =7* and (-1) = (-1)x(-1)x(-1) = (-1)°. 7343
-1_-1 49
7
343

Reciprocal ofa Rational Number i f l i s a nonzero rational number, then its reciprocal a

we write.

Now reciprocal o a
Hence, the reciprocal

EXAMPLE 3. Write the reciprocal of each ofthe following in exponential form:

( (ii) 38 (iv) (-5)

Solution We knowthat the reciprocal of Therefore,

(1) reciprocal of

(i) reciprocal of
8
(ii) reciprocal of 3 ° = reciprocal

iv) reciprocal of

LAWS OF EXPONENTS
The laws of exponents on integers can be extended to rational numbers.

Thus, for any rational numberand positive integers m and n, we have:

m+n

(4) Um>
n, then
 Mathematics for Class 7
86

1
(ii) Ifm<n,then

-
a"

Thus

-l
b

EXAMPLE 4. Simplify and express the result in exponentialform:

Solution We have:

)-)-e-t) F0C)-8T]
rational number:
EXAMPLE 5. Simplify each of thefollowing and express each as a

Solution We have:
4+2)

--6) (T--
64
729

CT-E)-er
- 4-3) -3)x(-3)x(-3)x(-3)x(-3)-243
4x 4x4x 4x4 1024

(5/7)5 25
(5/7)3 49
 87
Exponents

3
5

5 5x(-1) -5
(-3-3 -3)x(-1) 3
5
EXAMPLE6. Express each of the following as a rational number:
(1) 4-3
(it) -3)-5

Solution We have:

() 4

13
1
43 64

(i(-3)-5 =|
15 1x(-1)
(-35-243 (-243)x(-1) 243
(iii)

2 16 =16
-S
1

)-) 5 125
=
125x(-1) -125
(-2)3 -8(-8)x(-1) 8

EXAMPLE 7. Simplify and express each of thefollowing as a rational number:

3

Solution We have

-B)-61 32
-G)- 243

-8)-6)6 44516125 2x125 250

3293 9 81 9x1 9
 7
88 Mathematics for Class

3 ) - 1 E FO)-
- 2 ) 1

3 (-3)
8

819
1 9
81x9 729
16 25 16x25 400
-21 52

EXAMPLE 8.
Simplify:
G
Solution We have:
12x(-3))

26 64
(-1
(-3) 729

EXAMPLE 9.
Simplyy:

Solution We have:

1
81
EXAMPLE 10. Stmplify: (6-8)' +(2 -3)'
Solution We have:

6-8)'+(2 -3)' =

= (24+6) =
30.
EXAMPLE 1.
Simplyy
Solution We have:

E)3 :") )
 89
Exponents

EXAMPLE12 Simplify: 2 5 x

Solutlon
We have:

+5x

25 (-8) 25x(-8) -(25 x8)-10_ -10.

1
4 5 4x5 (4 x5)

EXAMPLE 13. Simpliyy:

Solution We have:

= (22 +3 +4) = (4+9 +16) = 29.

to d f
EXAMPLE14 By what number should we multiply 3-S so that the product is equal

Solution Let the required number be x. Then.

= 3 3 x3°) = (3'x3°) = 3-9) = 310.
3xX =3 3
Hence, the required number is 30.

EXAMPLE 15. By what number should we multiply -8) to obtain a product equal to 10 ?

Solution Let the required number be x. Then.

1
(-8)xx =(10)7 (-8)XX 10

-8)
X10 =- 5
Hence, the required number is

EXAMPLE 16. By what number should (-15) be divided so that the quotient is (-5)l2

Solution Let the required number be x. Then,

=(-51-1
(-15)x =(-5) =
X

(-15)
XF =(-15)+(-5)1
(-5)
1 . . 1,-5)-1x-5)-5 5 1
*-15) (-5)(-15)1-15)x1 -15 153
x =3.

Hence, the required number is

3.
90 Mathematies for Class7

EXAMPLE 17. Evaluate:

(i))50 (ii)(-6 ()(2+3
Solution By definition. we have a" =1 for every integer a. Therefore.
(i) 5 =1.
(i) (-6) =1.
(11) (2 +3 ) = (1 +1) =2.
10x5 +25 x5"
EXAMPLE 18.
Simplify 3x52+10x5
10x5+25 x5" 2x5x5' +5 x5"
Solution Given expression =
3x52 +10x5n 3x5 +2x5x5"
2x52 +5n:2 5(2+1)_3
3x52+2x5n+2 52(3+2) 5

EXAMPLE 19. If9x3" 3, find

= the value of n.
Solution 9x3" =3 3 x 3 " =35 = 32-n) =36
( 2 + n ) =6 n =(6-2) = 4.

Hence, n = 4.

EXAMPLE 20. If25m+100 5n- find the value of n.

Solution 25n-+100 52n- ( 5 n-+100 =52-

5n-+100 =5(2n-) 5/2n-1)52n-2 =100
52n-2 x (5-1) =100 5-x 4 =100
52n-2)100
= 25 5 (2n-2) =2
4
2n = 4 n =2.
Hence, n =2.

IfX3 X3" (27)"

-

EXAMPLE21. find the value of n.

(35)5 x23 27
9 x3 x3" - (27)"
Solution
(3x23 27
(3)" x3x3" - (3 ) 32nx32 x3" 33n
E3
3 5 x23 (3°) 35 x23
13nn+2)-33n]=37" x3 x2 33n+2-33n =3-3+15) x 23
= 3 (3 -1) =3" x2 3 3 " x8 = 32 x8

3sn
312 x8312 3n =12
8
n =4.
Hence, n =4.

EXERCISE 5A
1. Write each of the following in power notation:

(0
GHGGHGHS)
) (iv) (-8)x(-8)x(-8)x(-8)x(-8)
 91
Exponents
aExpress each ol the folowing in power notation:

25 i)27 1
36 64
(ii)32

243
V 28
Express each of the
a
following as a rational number:
(ii) un u
(vi) (vii) (vii) (-1)
4. Express each ot the following as a rational number:

(i) (4) (i) (-6)

5. Find the reciprocal of each of the following:

u (v
3
(ii) (i) 6 (iv) (-4)

6. Find the value of each of the following

8 (1i) (-3° (ii) 4+ 50 (iv) 6 x7

7. Simplify each of the following and express each as a rational number:

(ii)

8. Simplify and express each as a rational number:

(i1)

9. Express each of the following as a rational number:

-6
i) 5-3 (ii) (-2) (iv)3

(v) (-3) (vi) (vii) (5-7) (vii)

(x)23)°

25
10. Simplify:

(ii)

11. By what number should (-5) be multiplied so that the product is (8)-12
12. should 3- be multiplied to obtain 4?
By what number
3. By what number should (-30) be divided to get 61?
14. Find x such that| t) ) .
15. Simplify: 35 x10°x25
5 x65
 Mathematics for Class 7
92
16x2n - 4x2"
16. Simplify:
16x2n-2-2x2n2

17. Find the value of n when: (ii) 62+36 63

(ii)
8x2n2 =32
(i) 52 x5 =5
value of n.
=1250, find the
18. If2-7 x54 2x5n-4
=1250 (2x5" =(10).
1250 =
Hint: 2-4 x2-3x57-
=
2

IN STANDARD FORM
EXPRESSING LARGE NUMBERS
be expressed as k x10", uwhere kk is a
standard form if it
can
A given number is said to be in
that 1 s k <10 and n is a positive
integer.
real number such
numbers in standard form:
EXAMPLE 2. Express each of the following
(iit) 6830000000
(i) 270659 (ti) 427500000

numbers can be expressed in standard form as shown below

Solution Each of the given
(i) 270659 2.70659x103.
(ii) 427500000 4.275 x10*. =

(i) 6830000000 6.83 x10. =

is 300000000 m/s. Express it in standard form.

EXAMPLE 23. Speed of light in vacuum

Solution Speed of light in vacuum =300000000 m/s

= (3 x10*) m/s (in standard form).

EXAMPLE 24.
Write each of thefollowing numbers in usualform:
(ii) 8.235x10 (ii) 9.2x 10°
(i) 6.28x10
Solution We have:
i) 6.28x 10 =6280000.
823500000000.
(ii) 8.235x10 =

9.2x1000 9200.
9.2x 10
=

(iii) =

NUMBERS IN EXPANDED FORM

Consider the number 8604372.

In the place-value chart, we may express it as under:

TL(10)L10) T-Th (10*) Th (10)H (10) T (10) O (10)
8 6 4 3 7

Thus, in expanded form, we can write it as:

8604372 8x10 +6x10 +0x10* +4x10 +3x10 +7x10' +2x10".

EXERCISE 5B
1. Express each of the following nunmbers in standard form:
(i) 538 (ii) 6428000 (ii) 82934000000 (iv) 940000000000

(v) 23000000

2. Express each of the following numbers in standard form:

G) Diameter of Earth = 12756000 m.
 Exponents
i) Distance between Earth and Moon 384000000m.
(H)Population of fndia in March 2001 = 1027o00000
Iivi Number of stars in a galaxy = 100000000000
) T h e prEsent age of universe = 12000000000 years

Write the following numbers in expanded form:

3.
i ) 684502 (1) 4007185 i ) 5807294 (iv) 50074

4. Write the numeral whose expanded form is given below

(1) 6x10' +3x10 +0x10 +7x10' 8x10°
(11) 9x10 +7x10° - 0x10* +3 x10 4x1o -6 x 10' -2 x 10°
1) 8x10 6 10 +4x10° 2 x102 9x 10' -6 x 10

sQUARE ROOT

The square root of a given number is that number whose square is the given number.

The square root of a number a is denoted by va. n exponential form. va is written as a

EXAMPLES (1) 2x2= 4 4 =2 2 2

(11) 5x5 25 25 =5 5 5

METHOD
In order tofind va.express a as product of primes. Take the product of all primes, choosing one
out of every pair

EXAMPLES Find (1) 196 and (11) 225

Solution We have
() 196 (2 x2) x(7 7 196 (2 2) 17x7) (2 x7) 14.
(i1) 225 = (3 x 3)x (5 5) 225 (3 3)x(5 5) (3 5) 15.
Show that (1)64 8 (1)81 9 (11)100 10 (iv) v121 = 11

EXERCISE 5C

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONs
Mark tick (W) against the correct answer in each of the following:

1.(6-8') =?
(a)
2
(b) 2 c 24 (d) 24

2. (5x3 ) =?

(a) (b) (c) 15 (d) -15

15 15
3. (2- 4' =?
4 (b)-4 (c) d)
16 16

= ?

(a) 61 144
(b) 29 (d) none of these
144 61
94 Mathematics for Class 7

6 (d) none of
(a)2
(b) these
3 6

6.

1 (d)
(a) -64 (b) 64
c64 64

8 (d)
3 3 (c)
(a) 3
8

(d) -16
(b) 16 (c)
(a) 16

(c) 1 (d) none of these

a) 6 (b) 0
5

10.

-32 -243
32 243 (d)
(a) (b) (c) 32
243 32 243

11..

24
(c)

12.

2 2 3
(d) none of these
(b) (c)
3 2

13. 1 3 - 2 ) - ?

8 8 135
(a) (b) (c) (d)
8 45 135 8

19
(a)
64
(b) 64 c) 27 (d) none of these
19 16
 95
Exponents

C-7
(c) (-55

(b)
25 te
4
(a) (b) c(c) 9
(d)
9

(al (b)-
(c (d) none of these

-G.te then x =?

4
(a) (b) 3 (c) (d)
4 3

20. By what number should (-8) be multiplied to get 10l?

4
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
4 5
21. Which of the following numbers is in standard form?
(a) 21.56x105 (b) 215.6x10* (c) 2.156x10s (d) none of these

Things to Remember

1. Por any rational numberand positive integers m and n, we have:

b

(-4- (ii) If m>n, then|

D
(t1)
fmen, then ()- -m

m
2. A number is said to be in standard form if it can be written as (kx10"), where k is a real number
such that 1sk< 10, and n is a positive integer.
96 Mathematics for Class 7

TEST PAPER-5
A. 1. Write the reciprocal of:
(iil) 25 (iv) (-5)
2. By what number should we multiply (-6) to obtain a product equal to 912
3. By what number should (-20-' be divided to obtain (-10)"?

4 (i) Express 2000000 in standard form.

(ii) Express 6.4 x105 in usual form.

5.
16x2n- -8x2"
Simpliiy: 62n-2 4
x2
6. If2-7 x5-4 =
1250, find the value ofn.
B. Mark () against the correct answer in each of
the following:

4
(a) 0 (c) 1 (d) none of these

64 -27 -64
(a) 427 (b) (c) (d)
64 27 64 27

3
(a) (b)
5 (c)
-3

10.

(a) 19 (b) (c) -19

19 (d)

(a) (b) (c)

9 3
(d) none of these
12. Which of the following numbers is in
standard form?
)3263 x10 (b) 326.3x103
(c) 3.263 x105 (d) none of these
C. 13. Fill in the blanks.
(i) If 9 x 3" = 3°, then n=
16
(ii) (8)° =?
(a
iv) -2) =.
.14. Write T'for true and F"for false for each of the
1) 645 in standard form is 6.45 x102.
following:
(ii) 27000 in standard form is 27
(ii)(3+4° +5°) =12. (iv) Reciprocal of 56 is 65.
x10
(v) If 5 x x = 8, then x = 8
5