Lesson 1 Introduction - Minimum Design Loads (Part 2)

ASIA PACIFIC COLLEGE OF ADVANCE STUDIES
AH Banzon St., Ibayo, City of Balanga, Bataan
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL
IN REINFORCED AND PRESTRESSED
CONCRETE DESIGN
(CE PROF 10)
A.Y. 2020-2021
REFERENCES:
1. Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines, Inc., (2015) National Structural Code of the
Philippines NSCP C101-15 Volume 1 Buildings, Towers and Other Vertical Structures, 7 th Edition
Second Printing 2019, Philippines: ASEP.
2. McCormac, Jack C. and Brown, Russell H., (2015) Design of Reinforced Concrete, 10th Edition, USA:
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
3. Wright, James K., (2015) Reinforced Concrete: Mechanics and Design, 7th Edition, USA: Pearson
Education Inc.
4. Aghayere, Abi O., (2018) Reinforced Concrete Design, 9th Edition, USA: Person Education Inc.
5. Nawy, Edward G., (2009) Prestressed Concrete A Fundamental Approach, 5th Edition, Pearson
Education, Inc.
6. Zamani, Arzhang, (2017) Essential Prestressed Concrete Examples: In accordance with ACI 318-14,
1st Edition, USA: Structure Gate LLC.
Lesson 1: Introduction – Minimum Design Loads (Part 2)
1.1 Minimum Design Loads
𝐷 = dead load
𝐸 = earthquake load set forth in NSCP Section 208.6.1
𝐸𝑚 = estimated maximum earthquake force that can be developed in the structure as set forth in NSCP
Section 208.6.1
𝐹 = load due to fluids with well-defined pressures and maximum height
𝐻 = load due to lateral pressure of soil and water in soil
𝐿 = live load, except roof live load, including any permitted live load reduction
𝐿𝑟 = roof live load, including any permitted live load reduction
𝑃 = ponding load
𝑅 = rain load on the undeflected roof
𝑇 = self-straining force and effects arising from contraction or expansion resulting from temperature
change, shrinkage, moisture change, creep in component materials, movement due to differential
settlements, or combination thereof
𝑊 = load due wind pressure
𝑓1 = 1.0 for floor in places assembly, for live loads in excess of 4.8 𝑘𝑃𝑎, and for garage live load, or 0.5
for other live loads
Basic Load Combinations (LRFD)
1.4(𝐷 + 𝐹) (203-1)
1.2 𝐷 + 𝐹 + 𝑇 + 1.6 𝐿 + 𝐻 + 0.5(𝐿𝑟 or 𝑅) (203-2)
1.2𝐷 + 1.6 𝐿𝑟 or 𝑅 + (𝑓1𝐿 or 0.5𝑊) (203-3)
1.2𝐷 + 1.0𝑊 + 𝑓1𝐿 + 0.5(𝐿𝑟 or 𝑅) (203-4)
1.2𝐷 + 1.0𝐸 + 𝑓1𝐿 (203-5)
0.9𝐷 + 1.0𝑊 + 1.6𝐻 (203-6)
0.9𝐷 + 1.0𝐸 + 1.6𝐻 (203-7)
Other loads where load 𝑃 is to be considered in design, the applicable load shall be added to factored as
1.2𝑃.
Basic Load Combinations (ASD)
𝐷+𝐹 (203-8)
𝐷+𝐻+𝐹+𝐿+𝑇 (203-9)
𝐷 + 𝐻 + 𝐹 + (𝐿𝑟 or 𝑅) (203-10)
𝐷 + 𝐻 + 𝐹 + 0.75[𝐿 + 𝑇 + 𝐿𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑅] (203-11)
𝐸
𝐷 + 𝐻 + 𝐹 + (0.6𝑊 𝑜𝑟 ) (203-12)
1.4
Alternate Basic Load Combinations shall be permitted for the most critical effects resulting from the
following load combinations, a one-third increase including 𝑊 or 𝐸:
𝐸
𝐷 + 𝐻 + 𝐹 + 0.75 [𝐿 + 𝐿𝑟 + (0.6𝑊 𝑜𝑟 )] (203-13)
1.4
0.6𝐷 + 0.6𝑊 + 𝐻 (203-14)
𝐸
0.6𝐷 + +𝐻 (203-15)
1.4
𝐷 + 𝐿 + (𝐿𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑅) (203-16)
𝐷 + 𝐿 + 0.6𝑊 (203-17)
𝐸
𝐷+𝐿+ (203-18)
1.4
Other Loads
Where 𝑃 is to be considered in design, each applicable load shall be added to the combinations specified
in ASD Equations 203-8 to 203-18.
Special Seismic Load Combinations
Both LRFD and ASD for steel, the following special load combinations for seismic design shall be used:
1.2𝐷 + 𝑓1𝐿 + 1.0𝐸𝑚 (203-19)
0.9𝐷 ± 1.0𝐸𝑚 (203-20)
See Tables 204-1 and 204-2 for Minimum Densities for Design Loads from Materials (𝑘𝑁/𝑚3).
See Tables 205-1 for Minimum Uniform and Concentrated Live loads.
See Table 205-2 for Special Loads.
See Table 205-3 for Minimum Roof Live Loads.
Reduction of Live Loads
The design live load determined using the unit live loads as set forth in Table 205-1 for floors and Table
205-3, Method 2, for roofs may be reduced on any member supporting more than 15 𝑚2 , including flat
slabs, except for floors in places of public assembly and for live loads greater than 4.8 𝑘𝑃𝑎, in
accordance with the equation:
𝑅 = 𝑟(𝐴 − 15) (205-1)
The reduction shall not exceed 40 percent for members receiving load from one floor only, 60 percent
for other members or 𝑅, as determined by the equation:
𝐷
𝑅 = 23.1 (1 + ) (205-2)
𝐿
where
𝐴 = area of floor or roof supported by the member, 𝑚2
𝐷 = dead load per square meter of area supported by the member, 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝐿 = unit live load per square meter of area supported by the member, 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑅 = reduction in percentage
𝑟 = rate of reduction equal to 0.8 for floors. See Table 205-3 for roofs
For storage loads exceeding 4.8 𝑘𝑃𝑎, no reduction shall be made, except that design live loads on
columns may be reduced to 20 percent.
The live load reduction shall not exceed 40 percent in garages for the storage of private pleasure cars
having a capacity of not more than nine passengers per vehicle.
Alternate Floor Live Load Reduction – As an alternate to Equation 205-1, the unit live loads set forth in
Table 205-1 may be reduced in accordance with Equation 205-3 on any member, including flat slabs,
having an influence area of 40 𝑚2 or more.
1
𝐿 = 𝐿0 [0.25 + 4.57 ( )] (205-3)
√𝐴1
where
𝐴1 = influence area, 𝑚2
𝐿 = reduced design live load per square meter of area supported by the member
The reduced live load shall not be less than 50 percent of the unit live load 𝐿0 for members receiving
load from one level only, nor less than 40 percent of the unit live load 𝐿0 for other members.
For other Minimum Loads just refer to NSCP Section 206.
Example 1.1.1:
Determine the factored or ultimate moment and the allowable moment of a beam that is subjected to
service dead load moment of 120 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 and service live load moment of 68 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚. Assume 𝜙𝑏 = 0.90,
Ω = 1.67.
a) LRFD
b) ASD
Example 1.1.2:
A column (compression member) in the upper story of a building is subject to the following axial loads:
Dead load: 520 𝑘𝑁 compression

Floor live load: 305 𝑘𝑁 compression
Earthquake load: 200 𝑘𝑁 compression
a) Determine the controlling load combination for LRFD and the corresponding factored load 𝑃𝑢. Use 𝑓1
= 0.5.
b) If the resistance factor 𝜙𝑐 is 0.75, what is the required nominal load 𝑃𝑛 based on a?
One-Way Slab System 𝑳/𝑺 > 2 Two-way Slab System 𝑳/𝑺 ≤ 2
Distribution of loads from slabs to beams − the shaded portion is the tributary area of the floor beam
where 𝐿 is the long span and 𝑆 is the short span.
Actual load on beams under uniform design load:
To ease the structural analysis, the use of the equivalent uniform load to be supported by the floor
beam is permitted and can be calculated as
𝑝𝑑 𝐴1
𝑤𝑜 =
𝑙
where
𝑝𝑑 = design pressure load, in 𝑘𝑃𝑎
ℓ = nominal span of the beam, in 𝑚
𝐴𝐼 = influence or tributary area, in 𝑚2
Example 1.1.3:
Determine the equivalent uniform dead and live loads to be carried by the edge beam given the
following:
Total dead load including allowance for weight of beams = 3.6 𝑘𝑃𝑎
Live load = 2.4 𝑘𝑃𝑎
a) 𝐿 = 6 𝑚, 𝑆 = 2 𝑚
b) 𝐿 = 𝑆 = 4 𝑚
c) 𝐿 = 6 𝑚, 𝑆 = 4 𝑚
Example 1.1.4:
The office building has interior columns spaced 6.5 m apart in perpendicular directions. Determine the
reduced live load supported by a typical interior column located on the first floor under the offices.
Assuming the column only receiving load from one level only. The unit live load is 2.40 𝑘𝑃𝑎.
Example 1.1.5:
A three storey building has interior columns spaced 8 m. apart in two perpendicular directions.
Given design loads:
Roof: DL = 5 kPa LL = 0
Floor: DL = 7 kPa (typical each floor)
LL = 2.4 kPa (3rd Floor)
LL = 6.0 kPa (2nd Floor)
In accordance with NSCP provisions, reduced floor live load,
4.57
𝐿 = 𝐿𝑜 (0.25 + )
√𝐴1
Where:
Lo = unreduced live load

A1 = influence area (equals 4 times tributary area for a column)
Based on tributary area of an interior column.
a. What is the total axial load on a column at the second floor due to service live load?
b. What is the total axial load on a column at the ground floor due to service live load?
What is the total dead load on a column at the ground floor level?

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ASIA PACIFIC COLLEGE OF ADVANCE STUDIES

AH Banzon St., Ibayo, City of Balanga, Bataan

Basic Load Combinations (LRFD)

Basic Load Combinations (ASD)

Special Seismic Load Combinations

Reduction of Live Loads

𝑅 = 𝑟(𝐴 − 15) (205-1)

Dead load: 520 𝑘𝑁 compression

One-Way Slab System 𝑳/𝑺 > 2 Two-way Slab System 𝑳/𝑺 ≤ 2

Actual load on beams under uniform design load:

Given design loads:

In accordance with NSCP provisions, reduced floor live load,

Lo = unreduced live load

Based on tributary area of an interior column.

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