7.

Analysis and Design for Torsion

INTRODUCTION
TORSION IN PLAIN CONCRETE MEMBERS
TORSION IN REINFORCED CONCRETE MEMBERS
TORSION PLUS SHEAR
KCI CODE PROVISIONS FOR TORSION DESIGN

447.328
Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab. II
Fall 2007
 7. Analysis and Design for Torsion
INTRODUCTION
• Reinforced concrete members are subjected to
- bending moment
- transverse shear
- axial force
- torsion : seldom acts alone
• In the past, torsion effect was embedded in the
overall CONSERVATIVE factor of safetyy
G Not considered explicitly in design

Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab II. Fall 2007

 7. Analysis and Design for Torsion
INTRODUCTION
• Current design/analysis methods result in less
conservatism leading to that small members must
be REINFORCED to avoid torsional failure.
• Change of design method is based on
і) advanced structural analysis and precise design result in
reduction of safety factor and smaller cross section.
іі) Increasing use of structural members of which behavior
is torsion-dominant.

Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab II. Fall 2007

 7. Analysis and Design for Torsion
F curved bridge girders, eccentrically loaded box girder,
helical stairway slabs

Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab II. Fall 2007

 7. Analysis and Design for Torsion
INTRODUCTION
I. Primary torsion : equilibrium torsion,
statically
t ti ll determinate
d t i t torsion
t i
G The external load has no alternative load path
p
but must be supported by torsion.

Load applied to the slab surface

which cause twisting moment mt
are equilibrated by the resisting
torque T provided by columns.
<cantilever slab>
Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab II. Fall 2007
 7. Analysis and Design for Torsion
II. Secondaryy torsion : compatibility
p y torsion,,
statically indeterminate torsion
G compatibility of deformation between adjacent
parts of a structure.
Torsional moment cannot be
obtained based on static
equilibrium alone.
і)) stiff and suitablyy reinforced edge
g
beam
іі) less stiff and inadequately
<spandrel slab> reinforced edge beam.
Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab II. Fall 2007
 7. Analysis and Design for Torsion
INTRODUCTION
• Current techniques for analysis permit the realistic
evaluation of torsional moments even for statically
indeterminate conditions.
F But, secondary torsional effects are often
g
neglected when torsional stresses are low and
alternative equilibrium states are possible.

Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab II. Fall 2007

 7. Analysis and Design for Torsion
TORSION IN PLAIN CONCRETE MEMBERS

− St. Venant torsion theory

− The largest shear stress occurs at the wide faces.
− In reality, the stress distribution is not linear
Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab II. Fall 2007
 7. Analysis and Design for Torsion
TORSION IN PLAIN CONCRETE MEMBERS
Comparison with Transverse Shear

Inclined tension stresses due to torsional shear are of the

same kind as those cause by transverse shear.
BUT, the torsional shear stresses are opposite sign. F
corresponding diagonal tension stresses are at right angles to
each other.
Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab II. Fall 2007
 7. Analysis and Design for Torsion
TORSION IN PLAIN CONCRETE MEMBERS
Thin-Walled Tube, Space Truss Analogy
Representative
Rep esentati e anal
analyzing
ing method of members
membe s subjected
s bjected to
torsion.

Shear flow path

Assumptions
• Shear stresses are treated as a CONSTANT over a finite
thickness t.
• Beam member is regarded as an equivalent TUBE.
Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab II. Fall 2007
 7. Analysis and Design for Torsion
Relation between the applied torque and the shear flow
summing the moments about the axial centerline of the tube.
y0 x0
T = 2qx0 + 2qy0 (1)
2 2
contribution of contribution of
the horizontal the vertical
Shear flow path
walls to the walls to the
resisting torque. resisting torque.
he e q is
where i the shear
he flow
flo (fo
(force
e pe
per unit
nit length)

T = 2qx0 y0 (2)

= 2qA0 (3)
where A0 is the shear flow path

Q) In case of hollow box section, A0?

Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab II. Fall 2007
 7. Analysis and Design for Torsion
The unit shear stress acting within the walls of tube
q T / 2 A0 T
τ= = = (4)
t t 2 A0t
Observations
1. As shown
h in previous figure,
f the
h PRINCIPAL
C tensile
l stress
σ=τ
2. Concrete will crack when τ=σ=ft=0.33√fck
Q) whyy not the modulus of rupture
p fr=0.65√fck

Cracking torque Tcr is

1
Tcr = τ cr 2 A0t = f ck (2 A0t ) (5)
3
Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab II. Fall 2007
 7. Analysis and Design for Torsion
TORSION IN PLAIN CONCRETE MEMBERS
Thin-Walled Tube, Space Truss Analogy

Tube thickness t
• Recalling that A0 is the area enclosed by the shear flow
path, A0 must be some fraction of the area Acp, which is the
full area of cross section.
• Tube thickness t can, in general, be approximated as a
fraction of the ratio Acp/pcp, where pcp is the perimeter of
the cross section

Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab II. Fall 2007

 7. Analysis and Design for Torsion
Example – Solid member with rectangular cross section
і) t is typically 1/6 ~ 1/4 of the minimum width.
іі) using 1/4 for a member with a width-to-depth
width to depth ratio 0.5,
05
2
A0 ≈ Acp
3 3
ііі) for the same member t = Acp / pcp
4
⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ 7 ⎞ 21 2
A0 = ⎜ b − b ⎟ ⎜ 2b − b ⎟ = ⎜ b ⎟ ⎜ b ⎟ = b
⎝ 4 ⎠⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ 16
Acp = 2b 2 F A0 = b 2 ≈ ( 2b 2 ) = Acp
21 2 2
16 3 3
b 3 ⎛ 2b 2 ⎞ 3 Acp
t= = ⎜ 2⎟=
4 4 ⎝ 6b ⎠ 4 pcp
Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab II. Fall 2007
 7. Analysis and Design for Torsion
Example (cont.)
1 ⎡ ⎛2 ⎞ ⎛ 3 Acp ⎞ ⎤
F Tcr = f ck ⎢ 2 ⎜ Acp ⎟ ⎜
⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎥
3 ⎢⎣ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 4 Pcp ⎠ ⎥⎦

1 Acp2
= f ck (6)
3 pcp
; It has been found that Eq.(6) gives a reasonable estimate of
the cracking torque of SOLID reinforced concrete members
REGARDLESS of the cross-sectional shape.
cf.)
f) FFor h
hollow
ll sections
ti with
ith the ti Ag
th gross section
1 Acp2 Ag
Tcr = f ck (7)
3 pcp Acp
Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab II. Fall 2007
 7. Analysis and Design for Torsion
TORSION IN REINFORCED CONCRETE MEMBERS

In case of T≥Tcr, stirrups and longitudinal bars are needed.

- longitudinal bar alone : at most 15% improvement of
torsional strength
G only dowel action
F Eqs.(6)&(7)
Eqs (6)&(7) are satisfactory and somewhat conservative
, which is particularly weak and unreliable if longitudinal
splitting along bars is not restrained by transverse
reinforcement.

Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab II. Fall 2007

 7. Analysis and Design for Torsion
TORSION IN REINFORCED CONCRETE MEMBERS

− Torsional cracks initiate at a torque that is equal or only

somewhat larger than that in an unreinforced members.
− Spiral crack patterns
− Upon cracking, torsional resistance of the concrete drops to
about 50%
− Torque-twist curve shows a plateau. (yielding?)
Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab II. Fall 2007
 7. Analysis and Design for Torsion
TORSION IN REINFORCED CONCRETE MEMBERS
Space Truss Analogy
treats the member as a SPACE TRUSS consisting of
− spiral concrete diagonals
− transverse tension tie members ; closed stirrups and ties
− tension chords ; longitudinal reinforcing bars.
Stirrups
Cracks

Longitudinal bar
Concrete compression struts

Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab II. Fall 2007

 7. Analysis and Design for Torsion
TORSION IN REINFORCED CONCRETE MEMBERS
Space Truss Analogy
The hollow-tube, space truss analogy represents a
simplification of actual behavior.
Limitations
1. Calculations of torsional strength is controlled only by the
strength of reinforcement, independent of concrete strength.
F does not reflect the effect of higher
g concrete strength.
g
2. Greatly underestimates torsional capacity

Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab II. Fall 2007

 7. Analysis and Design for Torsion
TORSION IN REINFORCED CONCRETE MEMBERS
Space Truss Analogy
• Torsional resistance can be Cracks
Stirrups

represented as the sum of the

contributions of the shears in
each of the FOUR walls of the Longitudinal bar
equivalent hollow tube. Concrete compression
p struts

The contribution of the right-hand

right hand vertical wall is
V4 x0
T4 = ((8))
2

Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab II. Fall 2007

 <Review>
4. Shear & Diagonal Tension in Beams

Variable Angle Truss Model

• Recently the truss concept has been greatly extended by
Schlaich,, Thurlimann,, Marti,, Collins,, MacGregor,
g , etc.
• It was realized that the angle of inclination of the concrete
strut may range between 25 25° and 65
65°
joint strut
compression
f
fan

diagonal ti
tie
compression field

Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab II. Fall 2007

 <Review>
4. Shear & Diagonal Tension in Beams

Variable Angle Truss Model

Improved model components
1) Strut
St t or
o concrete
on ete compression
omp e ion member
membe uniaxially
ni i ll loaded.
lo ded
2) Ties or steel tension member
3) Pin connected joint at the member intersection
4) Compression fans
fans, which forms at the supports or under
concentrated loads, transmitting the forces into the beam.
5) Diagonal compression field,
field occurring where parallel
compression struts transmit forces from one stirrup to
another.

Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab II. Fall 2007

 <Review>
4. Shear & Diagonal Tension in Beams

Compression Field Theory

• is mandatory for shear design in AASHTO LRFD Bridge
Design
g Specification
p of the U.S.
• accounts for requirements of compatibility as well as
equilibrium and incorporates stress
stress-strain
strain relationship of
material.
F can p predict not onlyy the failure load but also the complete
p
load-deformation response.

Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab II. Fall 2007

 <Review>
4. Shear & Diagonal Tension in Beams
Compression Field Theory
• the net shear V at a section a distance x from the support is
resisted by the vertical component of the diagonal
compression force
f in the
h concrete struts.

• The horizontal component of the compression in the struts

must be equilibrated by the total tension force ∆N in the
longitudinal steel.
steel
V
∆N = = V cot θ (25)
tan θ
F These
Th forces
f superimpose
i on the
th longitudinal
l it di l forces
f due
d to t
flexure.
Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab II. Fall 2007
 <Review>
4. Shear & Diagonal Tension in Beams

Compression Field Theory

• letting the effective depth for shear calculation dv, the
distance between longitudinal force resultants.
resultants

• The diagonal compressive stress in a web having bv is,

V
fd = (26)
bv d v sin θ cos θ
1
G = d v cos θ ⋅ f d ⋅ bv
sin θ
Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab II. Fall 2007
 <Review>
4. Shear & Diagonal Tension in Beams

Compression Field Theory

• The tensile force in the vertical stirrups, each having area Av
and assumed to act at the yyield stress fy and uniformlyy
spaced at s,
V ⋅ s ⋅ tan θ
Av f y = (27)
dv

Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab II. Fall 2007

 <Review>
4. Shear & Diagonal Tension in Beams

Compression Field Theory

Note
1. Vertical stirrups within the length dv/tanθ can be designed
to resist the lowest shear that occurs within this length,
i
i.e., the
h shear
h at the
h right
i h end.
d
2. The angle θ range from 20° to 75°, but it is economical to
use an angle θ somewhat less than 45°.
3. If a lower slope
p angle
g is selected,, less vertical
reinforcement but more longitudinal reinforcement will be
required, and the compression in the concrete diagonals
will
ill be
b increased.
i d
Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab II. Fall 2007
 <Review>
4. Shear & Diagonal Tension in Beams

Modified Compression Field Theory (Handout 4-2)

4 2)
• The cracked concrete is treated as a new material with its
own stress-strain relationships including the ability to carry
tension following crack formation.
• As the diagonal tensile strain in the concrete INCREASES,
the compressive strength and s-s curve of the concrete in
the diagonal compression struts DECREASES
DECREASES.
• Equilibrium Compatibility, Constitutive relationship are
f
formulated
l d ini terms off average stress and d average strains.
i
• Variability of inclination angle and stress-strain softening
effects are considered.
Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab II. Fall 2007
 7. Analysis and Design for Torsion
TORSION IN REINFORCED CONCRETE MEMBERS
Space Truss Analogy
• The equilibrium of a section of the vertical wall - with one
edge parallel to a torsional crack with angle θ - can be
evaluated using the following figure

• Assuming the
h stirrups crossing the h crackk are yielding,
ld the
h
shear in the wall
V4 = At f yv n (9)
area of one leg of a closed stirrup
Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab II. Fall 2007
 7. Analysis and Design for Torsion
Space Truss Analogy
• Eq.(9) can be rewritten as,
At f yv y0
V4 = cot θ (10)
s
• Combining Eq.(10) and (8)
At f yv y0 x0
T4 = cot θ (11)
2ss
2
• In the same manner for four wall, identical expressions can
be obtained.
obtained Finally,
Finally summing over all four sides, sides the
nominal torsional capacity of the section is
4 2 At f yv y0 x0 2 Aoh At f yv
Tn = ∑ Ti = cot θ = cot θ (12)
i =1 s s
Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab II. Fall 2007
 7. Analysis and Design for Torsion
Space Truss Analogy
• The diagonal compression struts that form parallel to the
torsional cracks are necessaryy for the equilibrium
q of the
cross section.

і) the horizontal component of compression in the struts

must be equilibrated by an axial tensile for ∆N4
іі) the diagonal stresses in the struts must be uniformly
distributed.
Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab II. Fall 2007
 7. Analysis and Design for Torsion
Space Truss Analogy
• The total contribution of the right-hand vertical wall to the
change in axial force due to the TORSION.

At f yv y0
∆N 4 = V4 cot θ = cot 2 θ (13)
s
The total increase in axial force for the member is
4 At f yv
∆N = ∑ ∆N i = 2( x0 + y0 ) cot 2 θ (14)
i =1 s
At f yv ph
= cot 2 θ (15)
s
Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab II. Fall 2007
 7. Analysis and Design for Torsion
• Longitudinal reinforcement must be provided to carry the
i
increased
d axial
i l force
f ∆N
At f yv ph
Al f yl = cot 2 θ ((16))
s
At f yv
F Al = ph cot 2 θ ((17))
Notes s f yl

1. After cracking, the effective area enclosed by the shear flow

path is somewhat less than Aoh.
2 KCI adopted A0=0.85
2. =0 85Aohh instead of Aohh , where Aohh is the area
enclosed by the centerline of the transverse reinforcement.
3 The thickness of the equivalent tube at loads near ultimate is
3.
approximated by t=Aoh/ph, ph is perimeter of Aoh.
Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab II. Fall 2007
 7. Analysis and Design for Torsion
TORSION PLUS SHEAR
• Member are rarely subjected to torsion alone.
F Bending
g moment+Transverse Shear+Torsional moment
• Uncracked member,
Shear forces and torque produce shear stresses
stresses.
Cracked member,
Both shear and torsion increase the forces in the
diagonal struts.
F increase
i the
th width
idth off diagonal
di l crackk
F increase the forces required in the transverse
reinforcement.
reinforcement

Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab II. Fall 2007

 7. Analysis and Design for Torsion
TORSION PLUS SHEAR
• The nominal shear stress caused by
V
Shear force V is τ v = (18)
bw d
T
Torsion T is τt = (19)
2 A0t
2A
• The Maximum shear stress
for hollow section
V Tph
τ = τv +τt = + (20)
7 Aoh2
bw d 11.7
Aoh
where, A0 = 0.85 Aoh and t = Torsional Shear
ph stresses stresses

Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab II. Fall 2007

 7. Analysis and Design for Torsion
TORSION PLUS SHEAR
for solid section
τt is predominately distributed around
the perimeter, as represented by the
hollow tube analogy.
Experimental result indicates that
eq.(17)
q ( ) is somewhat conservative Torsional Shear
stresses stresses
2 2
⎛ V ⎞ ⎛ Tph ⎞
τ= ⎜ ⎟ +⎜ 2 ⎟ (21)
⎝ bw d ⎠ ⎝ 1.7 Aoh ⎠

Eqs.(18)
( 8) & (19)
( 9) are valid
l d for
f service and
d ultimate
l stage.
Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab II. Fall 2007
 7. Analysis and Design for Torsion
KCI CODE PROVISIONS FOR TORSION
KCI Code provisions (7.5) are based on the thin wall tube,
space
p truss analogy.
gy
KCI Code 7.6.2 requires that
Tu ≤ φTn (22)

The strength reduction factor φ=0.80, but 0.85 for precast

members.
Tn is based on Eq.(12)
q ( ) with A0 substituted for Aoh
2 A0 At f yv
Tn = cot θ (23)
s

Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab II. Fall 2007

 7. Analysis and Design for Torsion
KCI CODE PROVISIONS FOR TORSION
T Beams and Box Sections
• The contributing width of the overhanging flange on either
side of the web is equal to the smaller of (KCI Code 7.6.2)
і) the projection of the beam above or below the slab,
whichever is greater.
іі) four times the slab thickness.

<Symmetric slab> <Single side slab>

Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab II. Fall 2007
 7. Analysis and Design for Torsion
KCI CODE PROVISIONS FOR TORSION
T Beams and Box Sections
After torsional cracking, the applied torque is resisted by the
portion of the section represented by Aoh(the area enclosed by
the center line of the outermost closed transverse torsional
reinforcement.
Closed stirrup
p

Sh d d area
Shaded

Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab II. Fall 2007

 7. Analysis and Design for Torsion
Minimum torsion
f ck Acp2
Tu < φ (24)
12 pcp
Then, torsional effects may be neglected.
Recall the cracking
g Torque
q (Eq.(6))
( q ( ))
1 Acp2
Tcr = f ck (6)
3 pcp
This lower limit is 25 percent of the cracking torque.
• For members subjected to an axial loan Nu
f ck Acp2 ⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ Nu ⎞
Tu < φ 1+ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ (25)
12 pcp ⎜ ⎟
⎝ f ck ⎠ ⎝ Ag ⎠
Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab II. Fall 2007
 7. Analysis and Design for Torsion
Equilibrium vs. Compatibility Torsion
KCI Code 7.5.2 provides that two conditions may be identified
in designing for torsion
і) Primary Torsion : The torsional
moment cannot be reduced by
redistribution
di ib i off internal
i l force.
f
This is referred to as equilibrium
torsion, since the torsional
moment is required for the
structure to be in equilibrium
F The supporting member must be designed to provide the
torsional resistance required by static equilibrium
equilibrium.
(according to KCI Code 7.6)
Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab II. Fall 2007
 7. Analysis and Design for Torsion
іі) Secondary Torsion : The torsional
momentt can b be reduced
d d by
b
redistribution of internal forces
after cracking
cracking, if the torsions
arises from the member twisting
p
to maintain compatibility y of
deformation.
In this case,, factored torsional moment can be reduced to
f ck Acp2
Tu = φ (26)
3 pcp
Note
For hollow sections, Acp shall not be replaced with Ag.
Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab II. Fall 2007
 7. Analysis and Design for Torsion
Limitation on Shear Stress
• Extensive empirical observations indicate that the width of
diagonal cracks caused by combined shear and torsion
under SERVICE LOADS can be controlled by limiting the
calculated shear stress under factored shear and torsion, so
that
⎛ Vc 2 ⎞
vmax ≤φ⎜ + f ckk ⎟ (27)
⎝ bw d 3 ⎠
where, vmax corresponds to the upper limits on shear
capacity (Eq.(17) & (18))

Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab II. Fall 2007

 7. Analysis and Design for Torsion
Limitation on Shear Stress
• For solid sections
2 2
⎛ Vu ⎞ ⎛ Tu ph ⎞ ⎛ Vc 2 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ +⎜ 2 ⎟
≤φ⎜ + f ck ⎟ (28)
⎝ bw d ⎠ ⎝ 1.7 Aoh ⎠ ⎝ bw d 3 ⎠
F h
For hollow
ll sections
ti
Vu Tu ph ⎛ Vc 2 ⎞
+ 2
≤φ⎜ + f ck ⎟ (29)
bw d 1.71 7 Aoh ⎝ bw d 3 ⎠
F If the Eq.(28) & (29) are not satisfied, either member size or
concrete
t strength
t th mustt b be iincreased.
d
Q1) If the wall thickness varies around perimeter?
Q2) If the wall thickness is less than the assumed value Aoh/ph?
Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab II. Fall 2007
 7. Analysis and Design for Torsion
KCI CODE PROVISIONS FOR TORSION
Reinforcement for Torsion
• Nominal torsional strength is given by Eq.(23)
2 A0 At f yv
Tn = cot θ (23)
s
where angle θ shall be taken between 30° and 60° and it
shall be permitted to take θ equal to 45 45° for nonprestressed
members.
A0 can be determined by ANALYSIS* except that it shall be
permitted to take A0 equal to 0.85Aoh.
‫٭‬T
T.T.C.
T C Hsu,
Hsu “Shear
Shear flow zone in Torsion of Reinforced Concrete”
Concrete , Journal
of structural Engineering, V.116, No.11, 1990, 3206-3226.
Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab II. Fall 2007
 7. Analysis and Design for Torsion
Reinforcement for Torsion
• The required cross-sectional area of one stirrup leg for
torsion is
Tu s
At = (30)
2φ A0 f yv cot θ

where fyv≤400MPa for reasons of crack control.

• Combined with requirement for shear.(2-leg stirrup)
⎛ Av +t ⎞ Av At
⎜ ⎟= +2 (31)
⎝ s ⎠ s s

Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab II. Fall 2007

 7. Analysis and Design for Torsion
Reinforcement for Torsion
Confinement from slab
Confinement from slab No confinement -135°hooks

<Spandrel beam> <Interior beam> <Isolated beam>

<Wide spandrel beam>

<TT beam
b with
ith torsional
t i l
reinforcement in flanges>
Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab II. Fall 2007
 7. Analysis and Design for Torsion
Reinforcement for Torsion
• Maximum spacing of torsional stirrup
G to control spiral cracking
smax=ph/8 or 300mm, whichever is smaller (32)

• Minimum area of closed stirrup for members requiring both

shear and torsion reinforcement
bw s 0.35
0 35bw s
( Av + 2 At ) = 0.063 f ck ≥ (33)
f yv f yv
• Minimum total area of longitudinal torsional reinforcement
0.42 f ck Acp ⎛ At ⎞ f yv
Al ,min = − ⎜ ⎟ ph (34)
fy ⎝ s ⎠ fy
≥ 0.175bw / f yv
Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab I. Spring 2007
 7. Analysis and Design for Torsion
Reinforcement for Torsion
• The spacing of the longitudinal bars ≤ 300mm and they
should be distributed around the p
perimeter of the cross
section to control cracking.
• Longitudinal bars shall have a diameter at least 0.042 times
the stirrup spacing, but not less than a D10.
• Torsional reinforcement shall be provided for a distance of
at least (bt+d) beyond the point required by analysis.
G it is larger than that used for shear and flexural
reinforcement because torsional diagonal cracks develop
in a helical shape.

Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab I. Spring 2007

 7. Analysis and Design for Torsion

Homework #1

Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab I. Spring 2007