Write and Cite:

The Queen Margaret University Guide to

the Harvard System of Referencing

August 2009
The Harvard system of referencing is a method for citing references in your
assignments and giving the sources of those references.
This guide to the Harvard system has been developed to provide staff and
students with a common referencing style to work with at Queen Margaret
University. It is based on the British Standard’s ‘Recommendations for
references to published materials, BS1629’ and ‘Citing and referencing
published material, BS5605’.

If you are new to referencing, these sections will provide the basics:

1. Introduction to the Harvard system

2.1 How to reference a book
2.4 How to reference a journal
3.1 Author/date
3.2 Direct quotations

Acknowledgements

Authors
Marianne Dee, Virginia Bell and Susi Peacock
Contributors
Susie Beasley, Alison Kilgour, Sheila Noble and Jo Rowley
Version 6
August 2009

Queen Margaret University

Edinburgh
EH21 6UU
© 2009 Queen Margaret University
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprinted or reproduced
or utilised in any form or any electronic, mechanical or other means now
known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any
form of information storage or retrieval system without permission from Queen
Margaret University

2
Contents

1. Introduction to the Harvard system ..................................... 6

1.1 What is referencing? .............................................................................. 6
1.2 Why do I need to reference in my assignment? ..................................... 6
1.3 When should I reference?...................................................................... 6
1.4 What is plagiarism?................................................................................ 6
1.5 How do I include references and quotations in my assignment? ........... 7
1.6 What is the difference between a reference list and a bibliography? ..... 7
1.7 Managing your research ........................................................................ 7
2. How to compile your reference list ........................................ 8
2.1 How to reference a book........................................................................ 8
2.2 How to reference a chapter in a book of collected writings by different
authors (‘in’ references) ............................................................................... 9
2.3 How to reference an ebook (online book) ............................................ 10
2.4 How to reference a journal article ........................................................ 10
2.5 How to reference an ejournal (online journal) article............................ 11
2.6 How to reference a website................................................................. 11
2.7 How to reference an online document (including online leaflets and
pamphlets) ................................................................................................. 12
2.8 How to reference a document (including leaflets, pamphlets and module
handbooks) ................................................................................................ 13
2.9 How to reference a newspaper ............................................................ 13
2.10 How to reference an online newspaper.............................................. 14
2.11 How to reference an editorial ............................................................. 14
2.12 How to reference a conference .......................................................... 15
2.12.1 How to reference conference proceedings .................................. 15
2.12.2 How to reference published conference papers .......................... 16
2.12.3 How to reference unpublished conference papers and
presentations.......................................................................................... 16
2.12.4 How to reference online conference papers ................................ 17
2.13 How to reference a presentation or lecture ........................................ 17
2.14 How to reference an online presentation or lecture............................ 18
2.15 How to reference theses and dissertations ....................................... 18
2.16 How to reference online theses and dissertations............................. 18
2.17 How to reference government reports and acts of parliament........... 19

3
 2.18 How to reference images, diagrams and tables................................ 20
2.18.1 Images, diagrams and tables contained in books or other
publications ............................................................................................ 20
2.18.2 ‘Stand alone’ images, diagrams and tables ................................. 20
2.19 How to reference online images, diagrams and tables ..................... 20
2.20 How to reference physical objects .................................................... 21
2.21 How to reference broadcasts ............................................................ 21
2.22 How to reference recordings (DVDs, videos, films, Internet and other
recorded formats)....................................................................................... 22
2.23 How to reference staged performances ............................................ 22
2.24 How to reference live performances on the Internet ......................... 23
2.25 How to reference online communications ......................................... 23
2.25.1 Publicly available discussion lists ................................................ 23
2.25.2 Closed discussion lists ................................................................ 23
2.25.3 Blogs .......................................................................................... 24
2.25.4 Email messages ......................................................................... 25
2.25.5 Social networking sites ............................................................... 25
2.26 Reference with no author or organisation .......................................... 25
2.27 Reference with no publication date .................................................... 26
3. How to cite references within the text ................................. 27
Understanding the link between your citation and your reference list ........ 27
3.1 Author/date .......................................................................................... 27
3.2 Direct quotations .................................................................................. 28
3.3 Citing long quotations .......................................................................... 29
3.4 Unfinished sentences or quotations ..................................................... 29
3.5 Abbreviations ....................................................................................... 29
3.6 Using ‘in’ references within the text...................................................... 30
3.7 Citing multiple authors ......................................................................... 31
3.8 Citing multiple references ................................................................... 31
3.9 Referring to an author cited in someone else’s work ........................... 31
3.10 Citing from a website ......................................................................... 32
3.11 Citing a website within the text........................................................... 32
3.12 Citing images, diagrams and tables ................................................... 33
3.12.1 Table created by the author of a work ......................................... 33
3.12.2 Table cited by the author ............................................................. 33
3.13 Citing personal conversations ............................................................ 33

4
4. Additional information .......................................................... 34
4.1 Publications in a language other than English ..................................... 34
4.1.1 Publications translated into English............................................... 34
4.2 Gender balance and the Harvard system of referencing...................... 34
4.3 Footnotes............................................................................................. 35
4.4 Latin terms ........................................................................................... 35
4.5 Publishing in journals and books.......................................................... 36
5. Example reference list .......................................................... 37
6. List of resources used to compile this guide...................... 40
7. Index....................................................................................... 41

5
1. Introduction to the Harvard system
1.1 What is referencing?
Referencing is a way of crediting all sources of information and ideas that you
have used in any piece of academic work.

1.2 Why do I need to reference in my assignment?

In your assignment, you will use ideas and information from other sources to
support points and arguments you want to make.
When you use someone else’s ideas in your work, either by using your own
words or making a direct quotation, you must reference the source, in order
to:
• show you are aware of other people’s ideas and are including them
• acknowledge other people’s ideas
• support points and arguments you want to make
• allow the reader to find the original material you have used.

1.3 When should I reference?

You must reference whenever you use or directly quote from someone’s work,
including diagrams, illustrations and tables. You must also reference when
you summarise ideas and information from someone’s work, or when you
paraphrase by putting someone else’s ideas in your own words.
Failure to do any of the above is considered to be plagiarism.

1.4 What is plagiarism?

The Student Handbook at Queen Margaret University defines plagiarism as
“The presentation by an individual of another person’s ideas or work (in any
medium, published or unpublished) as though they were his or her own”
(QMU 2007, p.42). Plagiarism is considered to be a major breach of academic
regulations. If you are unsure about how to reference, and fail to reference
correctly in an assignment, it will still be regarded as plagiarism, even though
you did not set out with the intention of plagiarising.
For detailed information on plagiarism, and how to avoid it, see the QMU
website at:
http://www.qmu.ac.uk/goodscholarship/

6
1.5 How do I include references and quotations in my
assignment?
There are two key aspects to the Harvard system of referencing:
• citing a reference
You cite a reference when you refer in the text of your assignment to any
use you have made of the work of others.
• creating a reference list
A reference list is an alphabetical list by author, which you provide at the
end of your work. It must contain full details of all the sources you have
cited in your text. If you cite something in the text and do not include it in
the reference list this is considered to be plagiarism. It is important that the
references you cite within your writing link accurately to the reference list
at the end of your work, via the name of the author.

1.6 What is the difference between a reference list and a

bibliography?
You will always be required to provide a reference list of all sources cited in
your text. You may sometimes be required to provide a bibliography as well.
• A reference list only identifies sources referred to (cited) in the text of
your assignment.
• A bibliography is presented in the same format as a reference list but
it also includes all materials consulted in the preparation of your
assignment. In other words, a bibliography presents the same items as
a reference list but it also includes all other sources which you read or
consulted but did not cite.

1.7 Managing your research

Research always takes more time than you will expect. Remember to:
• keep a careful and accurate note of all your sources as you prepare
your assignment
• make a note of all the document details for future reference
• make sure you have all the details you need before you photocopy
anything
• make sure you are following the referencing guidelines set by your
programme.

7
2. How to compile your reference list
A reference list must be included at the end of your assignment, before any
appendices (if you have any). A reference list is an alphabetical list, organised
by the surname (family name) of the author. Only those works you have cited
in your text should appear in the reference list.
The first two elements of each reference in your reference list (author and
date) will appear in the text of your work (see section 3). The reader of your
work can then easily check the citation in your text against your reference list.
Your reference list may include references to materials in different formats,
including print and online resources. Some examples of how these should be
formatted are provided in this section. Generally all references require similar
elements and when referencing a resource that is not included in this guide
you should try to find a similar example. Consistency is the key – always try
to find an author or editor, a date of publication, a title and/or a source title
and a publisher.
Correct and consistent punctuation is important:
• the first word in the title of books, chapters and journal articles starts
with a capital letter
• authors’ names and initials, journal titles, publishers’ names and places
should also start with a capital letter.
Note carefully how the examples below are punctuated.

2.1 How to reference a book

Details required for a book can be found on the front and reverse of the title
page which is usually the first or second unnumbered page inside the book.
Details for a book should be set out in the following order and with the
punctuation as indicated:
Author/Editor surname, Initial(s).
Year.
Title of the book. (in italics)
edition. (if later than the first and abbreviated to ed.)
Series and individual volume number. (if available)
Place of publication:
Name of publisher.
Smith, D. J. 2004. Parenting and delinquency at ages 12 to 15. 2nd ed.
Edinburgh University: Centre for Law and Society.

Ramble, J. ed. 2006. Using simple hygiene rules to combat MRSA. Health
Education Series, 42. Bristol: Magpie Publishing.

8
 Williams, R. 2003. Television: technology and cultural form. London:
Routledge.

Llewellyn, A., Agu, L. and Mercer, D. 2008. Sociology for social workers.
Cambridge: Polity

Please note:
• only give details of the edition if it is later than the first. No edition
statement means that it is the first edition
• use the abbreviation ‘ed.’ for both edition and editor
• use ‘eds.’ for more than one editor
• make sure the edition detail matches the year of publication. For
example, a book might be published originally in 1994 but a second
edition is published in 2004. In this case, you put the year of publication
as 2004 and state it is the second edition. See the example of Smith,
D. J. above
• when referring to the number of the edition use 2nd or 3rd etc.
• a reprint is not a new edition and so the year of publication is the date
of the last edition
• if you are referencing a publication in a language other than English,
see guidance in section 4.

2.2 How to reference a chapter in a book of collected writings

by different authors (‘in’ references)
A common mistake is to confuse the name of a contributor to a book of
collected writings with that of the editor. It is important to include the editor of
the book in the reference list as this is the information needed by anyone
wanting to find that piece of work (see also section 3). If you have referred to
or used a specific chapter, you need to give details for that chapter:
Author of the chapter (as cited in your text).
Year of publication.
Title of chapter.
In: Author/Editor of the collected work.
Title of the collected work. (in italics)
Place of publication:
Publisher,
page number(s) of the chapter referred to.
Porter, M. 1998. What is strategy? In: Segal-Horn, S. ed. The Strategy Reader.
Oxford: Blackwell in association with the Open University, pp.73-99.

9
2.3 How to reference an ebook (online book)
Author/Editor.
Year.
Online book title. (in italics)
edition. (if not first edition)
online book [in square brackets]
Place of publication: (if available)
Publisher. (if available)
Available from: followed by the Internet address
Date accessed. [in square brackets]
Mandelstam, M. 2005. Community care practice and the law. 3rd ed. [online
book] London: Jessica Kingsley. Available from: http://cite.ebrary.com/lib/qmuc/
[Accessed February 28 2006].

2.4 How to reference a journal article

Details for a journal article can usually be found on the contents list, front
cover or article itself. Details for a journal article should be set out in the
following order and with punctuation exactly as given:
Author/Editor surname, Initial(s).
Year.
Title of article.
Name of journal, (in italics)
Volume (part number) Month or season, (if available)
page number(s) of article.
Bonen, A. and Shaw, S. M. 1996. Recreational exercise participation and
aerobic fitness in men and women: analysis of data from a national survey.
Journal of Sports Science, 13 (4) August, pp.297-303.

McCord, S., Fredriksen, L. and Campbell, N. 2002. An accessibility

assessment of selected Web-based health information resources. Library Hi
Tech, 20 (2) pp.188-198.

10
2.5 How to reference an ejournal (online journal) article
Most journal articles accessed online are also available in print format, so they
may be referenced in the same way as an article in print format (see 2.4 for
details).
If an article is only available online, follow the guidance below:
Author/Editor.
Year.
Title of article.
Name of journal (in italics)
online [in square brackets]
Volume (issue number) Month or season, (if available)
page number(s). (if available)
Available from: followed by the Internet address
Date accessed. [in square brackets]
Cotter, D. 1999. Non-linear optics for High-Speed Digital Information
Processing. Science [online] 286 (5444) November, pp.1523-1528. Available
from: http://www.sciencemag.org [Accessed October 19 2001].

Note:
It is not necessary to provide every detail of the Internet address. The first few
elements, such as a database name, are sufficient for the reader to find your
source.

2.6 How to reference a website

You should reference a website, or section of a website, using the same
elements that you would use to reference a book. In addition, you should
include the Internet address and date accessed, as laid out below.
Author/Editor/Organisation (as appropriate).
Year. (current year if no other available)
Section title/heading. (in italics)
online [in square brackets]
Available from: followed by the Internet address
Date accessed. [in square brackets]

Website:
BBC. 2009. BBC News. [online] Available at: http://www.bbc.news.co.uk.
[Accessed June 12 2009].

11
Section from a website:

The Chartered Society for Physiotheraphy. 2009. How to help yourself online.
[online] Available at http://www.news.bbc.co.uk [Accessed May 23 2009].

Note:
• the sequence of month day and year.

2.7 How to reference an online document (including online

leaflets and pamphlets)
An online document is a separate document, accessed as a pdf via a link on a
website (see 2.6).

Author/Editor.
Year.
Document title. (in italics)
edition. (if later than the first and abbreviated to ed.)
online [in square brackets]
Place of publication: (if available)
Publisher. (if available)
Available from: followed by the Internet address
Date accessed. [in square brackets]

Improvement and Development Agency. 1999. Local Agenda 21 UK: what’s

new? [online] Available from: http://www.scream.co.uk/la21/ [Accessed March
3 2000].

UNESCO. 2008. Medium-term Strategy 2008-2013. [online] Paris: UNESCO.

Available from: http://portal.unesco.org. [Accessed July 12 2008].

If a document is contained within a large and complex web site (such as that
for a university or a government agency), you should provide the host
organisation and the relevant programme or department before giving the
Internet address for the document itself.

12
 Chou, L. and Smith, A. 2005. Technology and Education: New wine in new
bottles: Imagining educational futures. [online] Birmingham University, Institute
for Learning Technologies. Available from:
http://www.birm.ac.uk/ilt/publications/papers/newwine1.html [Accessed October
4 2006].

2.8 How to reference a document (including leaflets,

pamphlets and module handbooks)
In the case of a document or leaflet, the author may be a corporate body or
organisation, such as the Royal Bank of Scotland rather than an individual.
There may be limited information available from which to form your reference.
For example, a leaflet may not always have a date of publication. If this is the
case, use the term ‘undated’, ‘no date’ or ‘n.d.’ in brackets (see sections 2.27
for further advice).
Author/editor. (or equivalent)
Year. (if available, or no date [in square brackets])
Document title. (in italics)
edition. (if later than the first and abbreviated to ed.)
Place of publication: (if available)
Publisher. (if available)
Cancerlink. [no date] Declaration of rights of people with Cancer. London:
Cancerlink.

Queen Margaret University. [no date] Re:Use. Edinburgh: Queen Margaret

University.

Morss, K. and Irvine, L. 2007. Education in action: NM042. Edinburgh: Queen

Margaret University.

2.9 How to reference a newspaper

Author.
Year of publication.
Title of article.
Title of newspaper, (in italics)
Date of newspaper,
page number(s).
Rodney, Z. 2005. Edinburgh leads the way in festival management. The
Guardian, November 19, p.5.

13
2.10 How to reference an online newspaper
For online newspapers accessed via a newspaper database (currently
NewsUK) or from the newspaper’s website, follow the same guidance as for
an ejournal:
Author/Editor.
Year.
Title of article.
Name of journal (in italics)
online [in square brackets]
Volume (issue number) Month or season, (if available)
page number(s). (if available)
Available from: followed by the Internet address
Date accessed. [in square brackets]
Example from newspaper database:
Hawkes, N. 2008. NHS ‘abandons’ many dementia patients and their families.
The Times (London ed.) [online] January 24, p.22. Available from:
http://www.newsuk.co.uk [Accessed June 20 2008].

Example from newspaper’s own website:

Hawkes, N. 2008. NHS ‘abandons’ many dementia patients and their families.
The Times Online [online] January 24. Available from:
http://www.timesonline.co.uk [Accessed June 20 2008].

2.11 How to reference an editorial

Title of the editorial.
Year.
editorial [in square brackets]
Name of journal or newspaper, (in italics)
Volume (issue number) Month or season, (if available)
page number(s). (if available)

Paying for family planning. 1998. [editorial] The Lancet, 352 (9131), p.831

14
2.12 How to reference a conference
Name of conference.
Year of conference.
Title of conference. (in italics)
Date of conference.
Location: Venue. (if available)

CoFHE & UC&R Conference. 2006. Lead, develop, change: future-proofing

your skills. July 3 – 6. Norwich: University of East Anglia.

2.12.1 How to reference conference proceedings

Your reference should start with the author or editor of the conference
proceedings. If these are not available then you begin with the conference
name. Where possible you should also include the place and the date of the
conference:
Editor/Organisation.
Year of publication.
Conference Name and/or title. (in italics)
Location of conference. (if available)
Date of conference.
Place of publication: (if available)
Publisher. (if available)

World Tourism Organization. 2003. Local food and tourism international

conference. Larnaka, Cyprus, November 9-11 2000. Madrid: WTO.

Donnelly, M. (ed.) 2006. Trade unions: learning communities: proceedings of

the fifth Scottish Trade Union Research Network conference. Edinburgh:
Queen Margaret University College.

15
2.12.2 How to reference published conference papers

Author/Editor of conference paper.

Year of publication.
Title of conference paper.
In: Editor/Organisation of conference proceedings. (if available)
Title of conference proceedings. (in italics)
Location of conference, (if available)
Date of conference,
Place of publication: (if available)
Publisher, (if available)
page number(s)

Huxham, M. 2005. Learning in lectures: do ‘interactive windows’ help? In:

Shakya, G. ed. JISC Conference on Learning Online. Liverpool University,
August 6 – 9 2004, London: Open University, pp.25-28.

2.12.3 How to reference unpublished conference papers and

presentations

Author/Presenter of conference paper or presentation.

Year of presentation.
Title of conference paper or presentation.
Paper presented at
Title of conference. (in italics)
Location of conference, (if available)
Date of conference,
Unpublished.

Jackson, M. 1979. The treatment of "attitude" in consumer research. Paper

presented at The Market Research Consumer Group Conference, Timbuctoo,
September 9 – 11 1979, unpublished.

16
2.12.4 How to reference online conference papers

Author/Editor of conference paper.

Year of publication.
Title of conference paper.
online [in square brackets]
In: Title of conference. (in italics)
Location of conference, (if available)
Date of conference.
Available from: followed by the Internet address
Date accessed. [in square brackets]

Clarke, R. and Lancaster, R. 2006. Eliminating the successor to plagiarism?:

Identifying the usage of contact cheating sites. [online] In: Second International
Plagiarism Conference. Gateshead, Newcastle, UK, June 9 – 11 2006.
Available from:
http://www.jiscpas.ac.uk/conference/2006/proceedings.html [Accessed June 7
2007].

2.13 How to reference a presentation or lecture

This may be a presentation, lecture, workshop or seminar. Your reference
should start with the name of the presenter(s):
Presenter(s).
Year of presentation.
Conference/event name. (if available)
Title of presentation/lecture. (in italics)
Type of presentation [in square brackets]
Date of presentation/lecture.
Location: Venue. (if available)

Roland, J. and Robson, J. 2005. The Edinburgh Lectures. The health and
psyche of the Scottish nation. [lecture] January 21. Edinburgh: The Royal
Society of Edinburgh.

Tan, A. 2007. The lost art of sensitive criticism. [seminar] April 1. Edinburgh:
Queen Margaret University.

17
2.14 How to reference an online presentation or lecture
Presenter(s).
Year of presentation.
Event name. (if available)
Title of presentation/lecture. (in italics)
Type of presentation [in square brackets]
online [in square brackets]
Location: Venue, (if available)
Date of presentation/lecture.
Available from: followed by the Internet address
Date accessed. [in square brackets]
Roland, J. and Robson, J. 2005. The Edinburgh Lectures. The health and
psyche of the Scottish nation. [lecture] [online] Edinburgh: The Royal Society of
Edinburgh January 21. Available from: http://www.rse.org.uk/edlect/ [Accessed
June 3 2005].

2.15 How to reference theses and dissertations

Author.
Year.
Title of thesis. (in italics)
Title of award,
Name of awarding institution.
Kelly, T. 1981. The Irish-Catholic immigrant, 1890-1930. PhD thesis, Harvard
University.

Lippes, R. 2005. Food as emotional balm in the twentieth century: a study on

cultural change. MPhil thesis, Oxford Brookes University.

2.16 How to reference online theses and dissertations

Author.
Year.
Title of thesis. (in italics)
online [in square brackets]
Title of award,
Name of awarding institution.
Available from: followed by the Internet address
Date accessed. [in square brackets]

18
 Clifford, M.R. 2004. Pharmaceutical care in diabetes mellitus. [online] PhD
thesis, Curtin Institute of Technology. Available from:
http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au/R [Accessed June 23 2008].

2.17 How to reference government reports and acts of

parliament
Author.
Year.
Title. (in italics)
Place of publication: (if available)
Publisher. (if available)

The author of most official government publications will be a government

department, body or committee:

Department of Health. 1999. Saving lives: our healthier nation.

London: HMSO.

A report may be well known by the name of the chairperson of the group or
committee but they are not usually referenced by the name of the author. In
the text, you could refer to the chairperson of the group or committee:

It was the Dearing Report (NCIHE 1997) which first placed the student at the
heart of the learning process.

In your reference list the full government report would be referenced as:

NCIHE. 1997. Higher education in the learning society. Report of the National
Committee of Inquiry into Higher Education: The Dearing Report. London:
HMSO.

For an act of parliament, it is usual to cite the title of the act in your text, with
the date, and then include it in your reference list in alphabetical order of the
first main word of the act:

Disability Discrimination Act 1995. London: HMSO.

For guidance on referencing government reports found online, see 2.7.

19
2.18 How to reference images, diagrams and tables
2.18.1 Images, diagrams and tables contained in books or other
publications

In general, the book or other work in which the image, diagram or table is
contained should be referenced, rather than the image itself (see also 3.9)

2.18.2 ‘Stand alone’ images, diagrams and tables

Images, diagrams and tables may stand alone outside a specific context, such
as a postcard, advertising image or photograph. There may be limited details
available for referencing purposes, but the following information should be
supplied as far as possible:

Author/artist.
Title or brief description (in italics) (if no author available)
Year produced.
Title or brief description. (in italics) (if author available)
Medium (photograph, painting) [in square brackets]
Location viewed at/publisher.
Date viewed.

Edinburgh tenements 1895. 2007. [postcard] Edinburgh: Heritage Images.

Primark. n.d. We know where you live…[billboard] Lothian Road, Edinburgh.

Viewed July 20 2008.

2.19 How to reference online images, diagrams and tables

Visual information such as pictures, photographs, cartoons and illustrations
should always be acknowledged, even if they are free clip-art. When a
website specifically requests that you cite extra information as a condition of
using their site you should do so because this will ensure providers will
continue to offer such resources freely.
Title of image or a description. (in italics)
Year.
online image [in square brackets]
Available from: followed by the Internet address
Date accessed. [in square brackets]
Boy dressed in vampire costume. 2007. [online image] Available from:
http://www.inmagine.com/ [Accessed July 15 2008].

20
2.20 How to reference physical objects
This section covers physical objects viewed in a collection or exhibition, such
as ceramic items costume or sculpture. Such objects might also be on their
own, outside of an exhibition context. As far as possible, use the following
information to compile a reference:
Artist surname, Initial(s).
Year.
Title of object (in italics)
Material type [in square brackets]
held at (plus location).

Dates of exhibition. (if appropriate/available)

Rodin, A. 1887. Age of Bronze [bronze sculpture] held at Alte Nationalgalerie,

Berlin.

2.21 How to reference broadcasts

The golden rule is always to describe items as fully and clearly as possible,
and in a consistent format. In the case of TV/radio programmes, note the date
and channel of transmission. The format of the item should always be
provided:
Name of presenter or contributor (if appropriate)
Series Title. (in italics if no programme title)
Series number. (if appropriate)
Programme title. (in italics)
Year of production.
Place of publication:
Transmitting organisation,
Date of transmission.
Yes, Prime Minister. Episode 1, The Ministerial Broadcast. 1986. London:
BBC2 January 16.

The Culture Show. 2006. London: BBC 2, April 6.

Barenboim, D. Reith lectures: in the beginning was sound . 2006. London: BBC
Radio 4, April 7 – May 5.

21
2.22 How to reference recordings (DVDs, videos, films,
Internet and other recorded formats)
In the case of videos, films or DVDs, follow the same order as above including
directors’ names but starting with the film title:
Series Title. (if appropriate)
Title. (if appropriate. In italics if no series title)
Year. (for films the preferred date is the year of release in the
country of production)
Director. (note the name is not written with family name first)
Place of production:
Organisation responsible for production
medium:format [In square brackets].

Donnie Darko. 2004. Directed by Richard Kelly. New York: Pandora [DVD].

Dispatches. Ofsted. 1998. London: Channel 4, March 19 [video: VHS].

The Learning Curve. Music education and the music manifesto. 2005. London:
BBC Radio 4, July 12 [audio recording: MP3].

The Apprentice. Series 1. Tim in the firing line 2005. London: BBC 2,
November 23 [DVD].

The Zimmers (New video edit v.2). 2007. [online] Available from:
http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=jNV5bgsv984 [Accessed 11 July 2007].

2.23 How to reference staged performances

This section covers ‘traditional’ staged performances. The author cited for a
performance will either be the choreographer or the director of the
performance rather than the original composer or author of the work:
Choregrapher/Director.
Year of performance.
Title of performance. (in italics)
Performance viewed followed by the date and location of the
performance [in square brackets].
Nunn, T. 2002. As You Like It. [Performance viewed September 6 at the
Traverse Theatre Edinburgh].

22
 Nureyev, R. 1999. Swan Lake. [Performance viewed July 9 at the Paris Opera
Ballet].

2.24 How to reference live performances on the Internet

Choregrapher/Director.
Year of performance.
Title of performance. (in italics)
Performance viewed live online followed by the date and location of
the performance [in square brackets].
Available from: followed by the Internet address.

Edinburgh Theatre Workshop. 2006. Black Sun over Genoa. [Performance

viewed live online August 7 from the Festival Theatre Edinburgh] Available
from: http://erc.qmu.ac.uk/streaming_video.php.

2.25 How to reference online communications

2.25.1 Publicly available discussion lists

Discussion lists should include the following information:

Author.
Year.
Title of message.
Discussion list name, month and day. (in italics)
online [in square brackets]
Available from:
E-mail list address or Internet address
Date accessed. [in square brackets]

Dahal, R. M. 2005. Assistive Technology Conference - Balancing the Equation.

Lis-link, April 4. [online] Available from: http://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/ [Accessed
July 27 2005].

2.25.2 Closed discussion lists

Some discussion lists are not accessible to the general public and are only
available to certain individuals, for example, a discussion list in WebCT at
QMU is only available to the students who are matriculated on that module

23
and their tutors. If you refer to a message within a closed discussion list, it is
important to cite this in the same way as a public list while showing that it is
not publicly available. It is good practice to obtain permission from any author
you cite in this way:
Author.
Year.
Title of message.
Discussion list name, month and day. (in italics)
online [in square brackets]
Available from:
E-mail list address or Internet address
Date accessed [in square brackets]
Closed discussion list.

Smith, R. M. 2005. Learning technology in today’s world. WebCT Online

discussion, April 4. [online] Available from: http://learn.qmu.ac.uk [Accessed
July 27 2006]. Closed discussion list.

2.25.3 Blogs

Note that the month and day, as well as the year, are provided after the
author’s name:
Author.
Month
Day
Year.
Subject of message.
Blog title. (in italics)
online [in square brackets]
Available from:
Email list address or Internet address
Date accessed. [in square brackets]

Stevens, J. June 21 2007. Yahoo is winning in the portal wars.

GUtechnologyblog. [online] Available from:
http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/technology [Accessed June 25 2007].

24
2.25.4 Email messages

Referencing personal emails may occasionally be required, especially if you

are involved in group work, or are corresponding with a subject expert. You
should include the following information in this order:

Author /sender.
Sender’s email address (in brackets)
Year.
Subject of email. (in italics)
Month and day.
Email to:
Recipient name (email address).

Cormie, V. (v.cormie@aol.com) 2005. Make poverty history. July 2. Email to:

Tony Blair (tony@gov.uk).

Laurillard, D. (d.laurillard@ou.ac.uk) 2005. Re. Learning Styles Dissertation.

August 4. Email to: Susi Peacock (speacock@qmu.ac.uk).

2.25.5 Social networking sites

You may need to reference materials from a social networking site such as
My Space, Bebo or YouTube. Before using these sites as a source for
academic work, it is important to consider whether they are relevant for an
academic assignment. In some cases, for example, they may be appropriate
to provide examples of society in transition. Bear in mind, however, that the
site you refer to may have limited access, and you may have to provide
additional evidence for your source. To reference such sources, use the same
principles as when referencing a website or an online video (2.6 and 2.22).

2.26 Reference with no author or organisation

If the source does not have an author or organisation, list alphabetically by the
title in your reference list. Include the whole title and ignore words such as:
‘a’; ‘an’; ‘the’; at the beginning of the reference title. Any reference starting
with a number precedes the alphabetical list; if there is more than one, they
are organised numerically:
The 2001 Census: measuring democracy in the United Kingdom. 2001.
London: Bacoprint.

This example would appear at the beginning of the alphabetical list of

references as the first word is a number and because the word ‘the’ is
ignored. See example reference list in section 5.

25
2.27 Reference with no publication date
Sometimes sources do not have a date of publication. In this case, use any of
the following terms but be consistent: (undated); (no date) or (n.d.) in
brackets. This demonstrates that you have checked the date and not just
forgotten it. If there are any clues which might help you to place the date
within a particular decade (198?), then do so as this is considered better than
no date. Searching for the most recent dates referred to in the text or the
references of the publication will help.

26
3. How to cite references within the text
Understanding the link between your citation and your
reference list
In the Harvard system, every time you refer to a particular document or writer
in your text, you must insert the author’s surname and the year of publication.
The citation within your text is always made up of the first two elements of the
full reference, which appear in your reference list at the end of your work: The
author’s surname and year (in brackets). This is known as citing a reference
and the same author/date principle applies to all citations including books,
journal articles, films or websites in the text.
Readers of your work can link straight from the citation in the text to the
alphabetical reference list with ease and speed. It is therefore important that
you guide them to the correct author. Don’t confuse the editor of a publication
with the contributor to the publication (see also 2.2 and 3.6). Citations can be
fitted into the text in a variety of ways, as illustrated below:

3.1 Author/date
3.1.1 When you put an author’s ideas in your own words, or refer to their
work to support your argument, you put the author’s name and date in
brackets within your text:
The description of Baker Days (Jones 2001) includes some cynical
observations.

3.1.2 If you include the author’s name in your sentence, only the year needs
to go in brackets:
Specific measurements taken by Smith and Brown (1999) show that there is a
direct correlation between diet and height.

3.1.3 In the next example the ‘author’ is the name of a series:

A recent television programme discussed the important role of food in religion
(World in Action 2000).

3.1.4 If you need to refer to two or more items by the same author in the same
year, use lowercase letters to show the difference:
Recent research in Edinburgh confirms that boys are still more likely to commit
serious delinquent acts than girls (Smith 2004a). In his research at Edinburgh
University, Smith (2004b) also asserts that ‘styles of parenting’ are closely
related to crime and antisocial behaviour, although being the victim of assault
or harassment remains one of the strongest predictors of delinquency (Smith
and McAra 2004).

27
3.1.5 If you need to refer to two or more items by the same author, published
in different years, the year alone will distinguish each one in the text.
Note:
• In the reference list, you should list each work in date order (the oldest
first).
3.1.6 Citing a performance in your text
You apply the same formula to a performance as you would to a book, a
journal or a film. The two key elements of the Harvard System are cited in the
text and lead to the full details within your reference list (see 2.23):

Watching a contemporary performance of Swan Lake (Nureyev 1999) in Paris

inspired the unlikely creation of a comedic performance at the Edinburgh
Festival six years later.

In a recent production of As You Like It (Nunn 2002) at the Traverse Theatre in

Edinburgh, the potential of the new lighting system was fully realised in the
contrast in atmosphere between Acts 1 and 2.

Note:
• The author cited will be the choreographer or director of the
performance or production rather than the original composer or author
of the work.
3.2 Direct quotations
In the following two examples, you are giving a direct quotation so you must
also include the page number.

Haralambos and Holborn (1990, p.143) state that “the family has been seen as
a universal social institution, an inevitable part of human society.”

Thinking and reflecting play an important role in the learning process. “These
resting times provide periods for reflection and permit time for new things to be
learned, mastered and brought to fruition” (Jones 1995, pp.122-3).

Note:

• you do not use italics or bold typeface to indicate a quotation

• the citation in brackets is part of the whole quotation. Therefore, the full
stop comes after the brackets and NOT at the end of the quotation.
This allows short quotations to blend into your work and the text to flow
naturally.

• Note the use of ‘p.’ for page and ‘pp.’ for pages (see 3.5 for more on
abbreviations).

28
3.3 Citing long quotations
• long quotations of 40 words or more must be indented from the left
margin to make the quotation clear

• indent from the left margin by 1 cm

• left indentation shows that it is a quotation so it does not require

quotation marks, italics or bold typeface

• the lead-in statement ends with a colon

• separate the quotation from the lead-in sentence with one blank line

• leave one blank line after the quotation or two blank lines if you are
starting a new paragraph

• note: when you use a long quotation, the full stop is placed after the
last sentence of the quotation and before the author date citation, as
shown below:

Singh states that there is:

. . . a good deal of evidence that high-quality, cognitively enriched

day care has beneficial effects in many children’s overall cognitive
development. It has an equally powerful impact on the development
of the child’s social and communication skills. This effect is
particularly vivid for infants and children from poor families. (Singh
1998, p.150)

3.4 Unfinished sentences or quotations

The omission of a word, phrase, line, paragraph, or more from a quoted
passage is indicated by three spaced dots or ellipsis points. The quotation
must maintain the same sense as the original:

“. . . research techniques are engulfing researchers in a deluge of data. JISC

and other organisations are funding studies . . . to gain new insight and
knowledge . . . within this resource” (Redfearn 2006, p.6).

3.5 Abbreviations
Page numbers must be used within the text when using a direct quotation or
when referring to tables, illustrations or figures. If such detail is required, i.e.,
page numbers, or track numbers of sound recordings, these appear after the
date within the brackets. The abbreviations are:

29
 • page (p.) table (tab.)

• pages (pp.) diagram (diagr.)

• section (s.) figure (fig.)

• sections (ss.) illustration (illus.)

• track (tr.) volume (vol.).

In this example, you are referring to a specific track on a CD:

On the song ‘Madame George’ from the album ‘Astral Weeks’ (Morrison 1968,
tr.6) the use of poetic phrasing and the repetition and stretching of sounds,
words and phrases, has more emotional impact than the words alone.

3.6 Using ‘in’ references within the text

An ‘in’ reference is used when you are referring to a piece of work which is
contained within another publication. For example:
• a chapter in a book of collected writings, brought together by an editor

• a conference paper in a collection of papers presented at a conference

and gathered together in one book with an editor as the main author.

In the text of your work you would cite the author of the paper/chapter as
usual:

Kozinets (1998) coined the term ‘netnography’ to describe a methodology he

employed to analyse consumer online communications.

You will always reference at least two names and possibly two dates in the
reference list:

Kozinets, R.V. 1998. On netnography. Initial reflections on consumer

investigations of cyberculture. In: Bumbag, Z. ed. Research methodologies and
walking on the wild side. Bolton: Widget Press, pp.22-32.

On some occasions, the author/editor may be the same person but you would
still follow the same format.

Once the work has been fully referenced in the reference list your reader will
be able to see where to find the original work and who the editor is. Note that
you must also include the page numbers of the relevant chapter or section of
the book in the reference list.

30
3.7 Citing multiple authors
If a cited work has three or more authors, state the first author listed, followed
by ‘et al.’ in your text:

(Jenkins et al. 2005)

If there are two authors then you must cite both of them in your text.

(Bell and Peacock 2006)

In your reference list you should always include all authors regardless of the
number.

Jenkins, C., Beasley, S., Bell, V. and Chapman, A. 2005. Punctuate but don’t
deviate. London: Saga.

3.8 Citing multiple references

If you want to cite several references together to support a point that you
make, they should be listed in chronological order, with the oldest first:
Reflective practice is considered an essential element within the caring
professions (Palmer 1994; Brown 1996; Davidson and Marsh 1999).

or:
Palmer (1994), Brown (1996) and Davidson and Marsh (1999) all argue that
reflective practice is considered an essential element within the caring
professions.

3.9 Referring to an author cited in someone else’s work

Citing the work of an author you have read within someone else’s work is
known as secondary referencing. If at all possible, you should read the
original work yourself. However, due to lack of availability you may sometimes
need to use a secondary reference:

In an article of 1991 Wilford also maintains that Columbus’ treatment of native

people following his conquests is frequently seen in an ambiguous light (cited
in Ransby 1992, p.81).

Or:

Columbus’ treatment of native people following his conquests is frequently

seen in an ambiguous light (Wilford 1991, cited in Ransby 1992, p.81).

31
Please note:
• only include works in your reference list that you have actually read
• use ‘cited in’ to show that you have not seen the original article by
Wilford but only what Ransby says about it
• Wilford must not appear in your reference list
• you must include details of the work by Ransby and the page numbers
which refer to the ideas of Wilford.

The full reference appears as follows:

Ransby, B. 1992. Columbus and the making of historical myth. Race and
Class, 33 (3) Jan-Mar pp.79-86.

3.10 Citing from a website

You cite from a website in the same way as you cite from a book. The first
two elements of the full reference, which you include in the reference list, are
cited in the text of your work:
The Chartered Society for Physiotherapy (CSP 2009) provide important
guidance for dealing with a sprain, that can be passed on to a patient.

This would appear in the reference list as:

The Chartered Society for Physiotherapy. 2009. How to help yourself. [online]
Available at: http://www.csp.org.uk/director/public/howhelpyourself.cfm.
[Accessed June 16 2009].

Please note:
The web address only appears in the reference list. It does not appear in the
text of your work See 2.6 for full guidance on referencing from websites.

3.11 Citing a website within the text

Citing a website in the text follows the same principle as for books. Whatever
makes up the first two elements of the full reference, which you have included
in your reference list, is what you will be referring to within the text of your
work:
The BBC web pages (BBC 2006) contain a range of support materials which
aim to improve basic skills.

This would appear in the reference list as:

BBC. 2006. Skillswise. [online] Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/skillswise/
[Accessed April 10 2006].

32
3.12 Citing images, diagrams and tables
When you reproduce a table or diagram in your text, you should provide the
author, date and page number, as for a quotation. This information should be
placed underneath the diagram in your text.

3.12.1 Table created by the author of a work:

TV ownership in
Scotland

Date 1970 1980

Percentage 60 70

(Thirlwell 2002, p.45)

3.12.2 Table cited by the author (taken from another source):

TV ownership in
Scotland

Date 1970 1980

Percentage 60 70

(National Statistics Office1985, cited in Thirlwell 2002, p.45)

In both examples, only Thirlwell will appear in your reference list.

3.13 Citing personal conversations

Personal conversations or interviews are not normally included in the
reference list but these may be cited in the text. Personal conversations and
interviews should only be included in the reference list where they have been
recorded and/or transcribed and are available in the public domain, for
example, in a library or on a website. The purpose of the reference list is to
guide future researchers to original material. If there is no record of the
personal conversation or interview, it does not appear in the reference list:

In a telephone conversation on March 7 2006, the Director of Age Concern,

Peter Paul, reported that ageism continued to impact on the employment
potential of elders.

There would be no entry in the reference list for Paul 2006.

33
4. Additional information
4.1 Publications in a language other than English
If you are referencing a book or journal article written in a language other than
English, you should either give the title exactly as it appears on the page, or
an English translation of it with the language acknowledged. Whichever
method you choose, you must be consistent with all other references to such
works in your reference list.
Either:
Garcia, M. and Martin, F. 1999 Socios 2: curso basico de espanol orientado al
mundo del trabajo: libro del professor. Barcelona: Difusion.

Or:
Garcia, M. and Martin, F.1999 Series 2: basic Spanish course about the world
of work: tutor book (in Spanish). Barcelona: Difusion.

4.1.1 Publications translated into English

For a book or journal article translated into English you will need to include the
translator’s details and the original language from which it has been
translated:

Canetti, E. 2000. Crowds and power. Translated from the German by Stewart,
C. London: Phoenix.

Note:
The date given will be the date of the translation you have used, not the date
of first publication of the work in the original language.

4.2 Gender balance and the Harvard system of referencing

In the reference list, in order to maintain consistency, you use only the initial
letter of the author’s given name rather than including the full name. If you do
not wish to obscure the gender of the research base, it is possible to refer
within your text to the author’s full name:

A recent study by Carol Smith (Smith 1990) revealed that blue eyes were more
common than brown eyes in the U.K. However the findings were challenged in
a study funded by the Ophthalmic Lens Association (Jones 2005) . . .

34
4.3 Footnotes
Footnotes are not part of the Harvard system of referencing.

4.4 Latin terms

Et al.
Et al. is used in Harvard when citing several authors in the text. It is an
abbreviation of the Latin term ‘et alii’, meaning ‘and others’. It is used to cite a
work with multiple authors:

Mkandawire, A., Flower, C., Bray, M. and Algozzine, R. 1999. Accessibility of

Special Education Program Home Pages. Journal of Special Education
Technology, 14 (2) pp. 21–26.
The above work would be cited in the text of your document as:
(Mkandawire et al. 1999)

The following Latin terms do not form part of the Harvard system of
referencing. However, it is useful to understand them when reading work by
authors using a different referencing system.
Ibid.
This is an abbreviation of the Latin term ‘ibidem’ meaning ‘in the same place’.
It is used as a ditto instead of repeating the previous reference:
Hayes, K. 1998. Skilled interpersonal communication. London: Sage.
Ibid., p.666.
Ibid., p.723.

Op.cit.
This is an abbreviation of the Latin term ‘opere citato’ meaning ‘in the work
cited’. This is used after an author’s name to refer to the same work cited
previously for this author:
Edmonds, M. 2005. Managing the diabetic foot. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell.
Adair, J. 1997. Effective Communication. London: Pan Macmillan.
Edmonds, M. op.cit. p.77.

Sine loco (s.l.)

This is the Latin term for ‘without place’. If there is no place of publication
use (s.l.) to indicate location unknown:

(s.l.): Blackwell’s Bookshops.

35
Sine nomine (s.n.)
This is the Latin term for ‘without name’. If there is no publisher’s name use
(s.n.). If the publisher is unknown, it is probable that the place of publication is
also unknown, in which case use the following:

Brown, J. 1842. Libraries as a metaphor for anomie. (s.l):(s.n.)

4.5 Publishing in journals and books

Note that Harvard is NOT necessarily the same as a publisher’s house style.
When writing an article for inclusion in a professional journal, you must
consult the editor’s notes on style used in the specific publication.

36
5. Example reference list
The 2001 census: a measure of democracy in the UK. 2001. London:
Bacoprint

Bell, V., Dee, M. and Peacock, S. 2006. Writing, citing and suffering: a guide
to the Harvard System of Referencing. Edinburgh: Queen Margaret University
College.

Birn, R. 2004. The effective use of market research: how to drive and focus
better business decisions. [electronic book] London: Kogan Page. Available
from: http://site.ebrary.com/lib/qmu [Accessed January 7 2006].

Boy dressed in vampire costume. 2007. [online image] Available from:

http://www.inmagine.com/ [Accessed July 15 2008]

British Broadcasting Corporation. 2006. Skillswise. [online] Available from:

http://www.bbc.co.uk/skillswise/ [Accessed April 10 2006].

Brown, S.T. 1996. Caring for the carers: professional updating for carers.
Social Work Today, 3 (1) pp.12 -18.

Clifford, M.R. 2004. Pharmaceutical care in diabetes mellitus. [online] PhD

thesis, Curtin Institute of Technology. Available from:
http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au/R [Accessed June 23 2008].

Cormie, V. (v.cormie@aol.com) 2005. Make poverty history. July 2. Email

to: Tony Blair (tony@gov.uk).

Davidson, B. and Marsh, F. 1999. Theory into practice: a practical guide for
carers. In: Wilde, R. ed. Essential readings in social work: ten case studies.
Bradford: Linen Press, pp.99 -118.

Donnelly, M. (ed.) 2006. Trade unions: learning communities: proceedings of

the fifth Scottish Trade Union Research Network conference. Edinburgh:
Queen Margaret University College.

Edinburgh tenements 1895. 2007. [postcard] Edinburgh: Heritage Images.

Edinburgh Theatre Workshop. 2006. Black Sun over Genoa. [Performance

viewed live online August 7 at the Festival Theatre Edinburgh] Available from:
http://erc.qmu.ac.uk/streaming_video.php.

Garcia, M. and Martin, F. 1999. Socios 2: curso basico de espanol orientado

al mundo del trabajo: libro del professor. Barcelona: Difusion.

Haralambos, M. and Holborn, M. 1990. Sociology: themes and perspectives.

3rd ed. London: Unwin Hyman.

37
Hawkes, N. 2008. NHS ‘abandons’ many dementia patients and their families.
The Times (London ed.) [online] January 24, p.22. Available from:
http://www.newsuk.co.uk [Accessed June 20 2008].

Jenkins, C., Beasley, S., Bell, V. and Chapman, A. 2005. Punctuate but don’t
deviate. London: Saga.

Jones, A.W. 1995. Learners at the centre of the educational process.

Newcastle: Shearer Publishing.

Jones, M.L. 2001. Teachers need time out. British Journal of Education, 6 (3)
pp.22-29.

Jones, V. 2005. Don’t it make your brown eyes blue. Glasses for the masses.
The British Journal of Opthamologists, 4 (2) pp.11-12.

Kozinets, R.V. 1998. On netnography. Initial reflections on consumer

investigations of cyber culture. In: Bumbag, K. ed. Research methodologies
and walking on the wild side. Bolton: Widget Press, pp.22-32.

Laurillard, D. (d.laurillard@ou.ac.uk) 2005. Re. Learning Styles

Dissertation. August 4. Email to: Susi Peacock (speacock@qmu.ac.uk).

Morss, K. and Irvine, L. 2007. Education in action: NM042. Edinburgh:

Queen Margaret University.

Morrison, V. 1968. Astral Weeks. [CD] London: Warner Bros.

Nunn, T. 2002. As You Like It. [Performance viewed September 6 at the

Traverse Theatre Edinburgh].

Nureyev, R. 1999. Swan Lake. [Performance viewed July 9 at the Paris Opera
Ballet].

Palmer, W. 1994. Social work practice in the 21st century. London: Saga.

Primark. n.d. We know where you live…[billboard] Lothian Road, Edinburgh.

Viewed July 20 2008.

Queen Margaret University. 2004. Student regulations. [online] Available at:

http://www.qmu.ac.uk/quality/documents/student_regulation_2004.pdf
[Accessed August 13 2007].

Ramble, J. ed. 2006. Using simple hygiene rules to combat MRSA. Health
Education Series, 42. Bristol: Magpie Publishing.

Ransby, B. 1992. Columbus and the making of historical myth. Race and
Class, 33 (3) Jan-Mar pp.79-86.

38
Redfearn, M. 2006. Information explosion. London: JISC.

Rodin, A. 1887. Age of Bronze [bronze sculpture] held at Alte Nationalgalerie,

Berlin.

Singh, H. 1998. The developing child. 9th ed. London: Allyn and Bacon.

Slade, B. 2005. Women and work in the 21st century: juggling home and
career. London: Sage.

Smith, C. 1990. The genetics of eye colour. International Journal of

Ophthalmic Specialists, 25 (4), pp.34-35.

Smith, D. J. 2002. Case study research. Thousand Oaks CA: Sage.

Smith, D. J. 2004a. The links between victimisation and offending. Edinburgh

University: Centre for Law and Society.

Smith, D. J. 2004b. Parenting and delinquency at ages 12 to 15. Edinburgh

University: Centre for Law and Society.

Smith, D. J. and McAra, L. 2004. Gender and youth offending. Edinburgh

University: Centre for Law and Society.

Smith, J. and Brown, M. 1999. Looking up to our children: An analysis of

height over two centuries. 4th ed. London: Barker.

Smith, R. M. 2005. Learning technology in today’s world. WebCT Online

discussion, April 4. [online] Available from: http://learn.qmu.ac.uk
[Accessed July 27 2006]. Closed discussion list.

Stevens, J. June 21 2007. Yahoo is winning in the portal wars.

GUtechnologyblog. [online] Available from:
http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/technology [Accessed June 25 2007].

Tan, A. 2007. The lost art of sensitive criticism. April 1. [lecture] Edinburgh:
Queen Margaret University.

UNESCO. 2008. Medium-term Strategy 2008-2013. [online] Paris: UNESCO.

Available from: http://portal.unesco.org. [Accessed July 12 2008].

World in Action. 2000. Sacred food. Manchester: Granada TV, January 19.
[Video: VHS].

World Tourism Organization. 2003. Local food and tourism international

conference. Larnaka, Cyprus, November 9-11 2000. Madrid: WTO.

The Zimmers (New video edit v.2). 2007. [online video] Available from:
http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=jNV5bgsv984 [Accessed 11 July 2007]

39
6. List of resources used to compile this guide

Booth, W.C., Colomb, C.G. and Williams, J.M. 1995. The craft of research.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
British Standards Institution. 1989. BS 1629:1989. British Standard
Recommendations for references to published materials. London: BSI.
British Standards Institution. 1990. BS 560:1990. Recommendations for citing
and referencing published material. London: BSI.
Central Queensland University. 2005. Harvard author-date system.
Referencing guide. Queensland: Central Queensland University, Division of
Teaching and Learning Services.
The Chicago manual of style. 2003. 15th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press.
Fisher, D. and Hanstock, T. 1998. Citing references. (s.l.): Blackwell’s
Bookshops.
Learning Support Services at Leeds Metropolitan University. 2004.
Quote,Unquote: The Harvard style of referencing published materials. 4th ed.
[online] Learning and Information Services, Leeds Metropolitan University.
Available at: http://skillsforlearning.leedsmet.ac.uk/ [Accessed: June 26 2007].
Li, X. and Crane, N. 1993. Electronic style: a guide to citing electronic
information. Connecticut: Mecklermedia.
Turabian, K.L. 1987. A manual for writers of term papers, theses and
dissertations. 5th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

40
7. Index

Abbreviations 29
Assignment – including references within 6
Audio visual materials – (see 2.22)
Bibliography 7
Blogs – how to reference 24
Book – how to reference 8
Books and journal articles in another language – how to reference 34
Broadcasts 21
Chapters of a book – how to reference 9
Citing references within the text 27
Citing from collections of writings or ‘In’ references 27
Compiling your reference list or bibliography 8
Conference – how to reference 15
Conference papers – how to reference 16
Conference proceedings – how to reference 15
Conversations (see 3.13)
Dates 12
Diagrams – how to reference 20
Discussion lists – how to reference 23
Document 13
Ebooks (online books) 10
Editorial 14
Ejournal articles – how to reference 11
Email message – how to reference 25
Et al. 35
Footnotes 35
Gender balance 34
Government reports/ acts of parliament – how to reference 19
Ibid. 35
Images – how to reference 20
‘In’ references – how to reference 30
Journal article – how to reference 10
Latin terms 35
Lecture or presentation – how to reference 16
Leaflet – how to reference 13
Live performances on the Internet – how to reference 23
Module handbook (see 2.8)
Multiple authors 31
Multiple references 31
Narrated powerpoint (see 2.12)

41
Newspaper – how to reference 13
No author or organisation – how to reference 25
No date – how to reference with no publication date 26
Official publications (see 2.17)
Online communications 23
Online conference papers – how to reference 17
Online documents – how to reference 12
Online images – how to reference 20
Online newspaper 14
Online presentation or lecture 18
Online theses and dissertations 18
Op.cit. 35
Page numbers 28
Pamphlet 13
Performances 22
Personal conversations 33
Physical objects 21
Plagiarism 6
Presentation or lecture 17
Quotations 28
Recordings 22
Reference list and bibliography - definitions 7
Referencing – definition 6
Secondary references 31
Sine loco (s.l.) 35
Sine nomine (s.n.) 36
Social networking sites – how to reference 25
Tables – how to reference 20
Theses and dissertations – how to reference 18
Unpublished conference papers – how to reference 16
Website – how to cite 32
Website – how to reference 11

42
43
Further help and advice
For further advice on referencing you can go to:
• the Academic Handbook for your subject – always check the subject
guidelines on referencing. Remember to use the method selected by
your subject/school;
• the Good Scholarship website. This covers many aspects of academic
practice, including how and why to avoid plagiarism and is available at:
http://www.qmu.ac.uk/goodscholarship/
• the Effective Learning Service website:
http://www.qmu.ac.uk/els
If you have any referencing queries, contact a lecturer within your subject or
an adviser from the Effective Learning Service at:
ELS@qmu.ac.uk
You can also ask in the Learning Resource Centre or contact the LRC at:
LRCHelp@qmu.ac.uk

Please note that within QMU certain subject areas do not use the Harvard
system of referencing. You should always check the Academic Handbook for
your subject, or ask your tutors exactly which style of referencing they would
like you to follow for your assignments.

44