TCP/IP Protocol Suite

Applications of TCP/IP network

Xiaolan Tang
 Internet
Healthcare

+ Internet +
Education Finance

+
Agriculture

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 Question

Any architecture for the complex Internet?

Try to construct an architecture for the

Internet

3
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 Outline
1. Layered architecture
2. Layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite
3. Encapsulation and decapsulation

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 An example, postal system
Beijing Shanghai

Write letter Read letter Customer

Pick up Delivery Delivery man

Sorting Sorting Sort center

Departure Arrival Mode of transport

Traffic lines Traffic lines Traffic lines

Sender Receiver

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 Layering structure

Layering Each layer provides a service Structure

Take some actions Current layer Feature 1

Use the service provided by

the lower layer Service Feature 2

Modularization Change the implementation of one

Idea
layer will not affect others layers

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 Outline
1. Layered architecture
2. Layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite
3. Encapsulation and decapsulation

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 ？

Internet ？

Physical
？

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 Physical layer
Twisted pair fast LANs
10Mbps～10Gbps
Coaxial cable
Wired home broadband access
tens of Mbps

Data (bits) transmission in

the form of electromagnetic Physical Fiber core network
wave or optical pulse Media 100Gbps [400G]

Wi-Fi WLAN
Wireless 4G cellular access 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac
100Mbps (40 Mbps) ac (Wi-Fi 5), 1Gbps
[5G, 10+ times] (300～400 Mbps)

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 ？

Internet ？

Data
？link

Physical

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 Data link layer
Data link layer: communication link
between neighbor nodes

How to deliver a packet to a

neighbor Source

One-hop delivery
 Link: wired/wireless
 Different protocols for different
kinds of links
 e.g., 1st link: Ethernet, inter-
router link: PPP, Destination
last link: 802.11

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 ？

Internet ？
Network

Data link

Physical

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 Network layer
Network layer: Routing
communication between
hosts Path delivery
Forwarding table
Dest addr Out port
1
0100 3
0101 2 2 Destination
0111 2 3
1001 1

Source destination
address

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 ？

Transport
？

Internet Network

Data link

Physical

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 Transport layer
Transport layer: communication between processes

Email S W W S Live sports

Reliability Throughput

Timing Security
Reliable Fast transmission
transmission
TCP protocol W S S W UDP protocol

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 Application
？

Transport

Internet Network

Data link

Physical

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 Application layer
Application layer: communication between application programs

Public
POP3 HTTP
Private
Weixin

FTP DNS
BitTo-
SMTP
rrent
RTP

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 TCP/IP protocol suite

TCP/IP protocol suite

Internet architecture

Hourglass structure

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 Application

Transport
TCP/IP
protocol Network
suite
Data link

Physical

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 Outline
1. Layered architecture
2. Layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite
3. Encapsulation and decapsulation

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 Data transmission process
Amy Bob

Message M Application --Application-- Application M

Segment /
User datagram Ht M Transport --- Process --- Transport Ht M

Datagram Hn Ht M Network ----- Host ----- Network Hn Ht M

Frame Hl Hn Ht M Data link -- Neighbor -- Data link Hl Hn Ht M

bits Physical 网络 Physical

核心
Encapsulation Sender Receiver Decapsulation

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 Question

The hosts have five layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite. What layers are
involved in a link-layer switch or a router? Why?

Application
Transport Router

Network
Link-layer
Data link switch

Physical

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 Layers in link-layer switches and routers
Sender
message M Application
segment Ht M Transport
datagram Hn Ht M Network Link-layer
switch
frame Hl Hn Ht M Data link
bits Physical Hl Hn Ht M Data link Hl Hn Ht M
Physical bits

Receiver
M Application
Ht M Transport Hn Ht M Network Hn Ht M
Hn Ht M Network Hl Hn Ht M Data link Hl Hn Ht M
Hl Hn Ht M Data link bits Physical
Physical
Router

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 Layers in link-layer switches and routers
Sender
message M Application
segment Ht M Transport
datagram Hn Ht M Network Link-layer
switch
frame Hl Hn Ht M Data link
bits Physical Hl Hn Ht M Data link Hl Hn Ht M
Physical bits

Receiver
M Application
Ht M Transport Hn Ht M Network Hn Ht M
Hn Ht M Network Hl Hn Ht M Data link Hl Hn Ht M
Hl Hn Ht M Data link bits Physical
Physical
Router

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 History of TCP/IP protocol suite

Application

Transport

Network

Vinton Cerf Robert Kahn Data link

Father of Physical
the Internet

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 Summary

TCP/IP protocol suite

Internet architecture

Encapsulation

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 Quiz

1. What are the five layers in TCP/IP protocol suite, and what are
the main services provided by each layer?
2. Which layers of the TCP/IP protocol suite are involved in a
router, a link-layer switch or a host?
3. What are the message in the application layer, the segment in
the transport layer, the datagram in the network layer and the
frame in the data link layer?
4. In an internet, we change the LAN technology to a new one.
Which layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite need to be changed?

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 Thanks!

工科类 20 号
教师：唐晓岚

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