TLE: AGRICULTURE 7

MODULE 11: INTERPRET IRRIGATION PLAN AND DESIGN

I.INTRODUCTION

What is the vital role of irrigation in agricultural crop production? What are essential features of a plan?
Proper design of an irrigation system is based on the pumping system so that the pressure and flow rate are
efficiently provided. Irrigation water management should determine the time to irrigate and the amount of water
to apply. The main management objective is to handle effectively the production system for profit, not discounting
environment and water availability. Irrigation scheduling considering the irrigation method and other filed
characteristics is one prime activity of management. It supplies water at a time when growing crops need it most.
It is, therefore, a more efficient way of supplying water to big farm.

II. TOPIC: INTERPRETING IRRIGATION PLAN AND DESIGN

A. OBJECTIVES
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
a. Interpret the irrigation plan system plan according to established procedures.
b. Enumerate the essential and function of irrigation system according to standard procedures.

B. DEFINITION OF TERM

Irrigation-is the application of water to the soil for the purpose of supplying the moisture essential to
plant growth.

C. CONTEXT
Proper system planning and design is essential to Irrigation Water Management (IWM) and requires the
thoughtful consideration of many elements. Selecting a system must include the following major items:
Management, water, soil, and crops.

1. MANAGEMENT – The irrigator and planner need to collaborate in order to develop the best plan. The
discussion of desired system type needs to include an understanding of management, operation, and maintenance
requirements.

2. WATER – The source, whether surface or ground, and the quantity, quality, availability, and flow rate, are
needed to determine the type of system that is appropriate. Most sources of ground water require power, no matter
which type of system is planned. With micro irrigation, a ground water source might only need an inline screen
to clean the water while a surface water source would require a sophisticated filtration system. Some sources, due
to high salinity (EC), may not be suitable for sprinkler irrigation. A micro irrigation system works best with a
constant source while a surface system can operate on a longer interval between water applications. A surface
system, in turn, requires a relatively high flow for most efficient application, while sprinkler or micro irrigation
systems can function well at a lower rate of application.

3. SOIL – Many soil qualities are important when planning an irrigation system. Soil texture is a good indicator
of water holding capacity (who), permeability, and transmissivity. Who is particularly important when
considering a surface system, due to intervals between irrigations? Permeability plays a key role in surface system
design, and to a lesser extent, sprinklers. Transmissivity, the ability of water to move through the soil, is important
when considering a point source of irrigation, such as with drip emitters. The water needs to be able to move into
and through the root zone.

4. CROPS – Selection of crops to be grown can be limited due to water quality and quantity. High salinity (EC)
can cause yield reduction and even crop failure, depending upon the crop planted.

Important considerations should include growing season and location

1. Growing season - The length of growing season is important for crop selection and also is important for
justifying the expense for any system planned
2. Location - System structures and hardware must be able to withstand climate extremes of temperature,
humidity, precipitation, or wind. Proximity to wildlife, cattle, and humans also suggest necessary
precautions to con
3. Proper planning -can help ensure that the best system will be installed.

IRRIGATION SYSTEM PLAN AND DESIGN

Water required by crops is supplied by nature in the form of precipitation, but when it becomes scarce or
its distribution does not coincide with demand peaks, it is then necessary to supply it artificially, by irrigation.
Several irrigation methods are available, and the selection of one depends on factors such as water availability,
crop, soil characteristics, land topography, and associated cost.

Proper design of an irrigation system requires that the pumping system precisely match to the irrigation
distribution system so that the pressure and flow rate required can be efficiently provided by the pumping system.
The energy required to pump water is determined by the total dynamic head (water lift, pipe friction, system
pressure, etc.), the water flow rate desired and the pumping system's efficiency.

Irrigation water management involves determining when to irrigate, the amount of water to apply at each
irrigation event and during each stage of plant, and operating and maintaining the irrigation system. The main
management objective is to manage the production system for profit without compromising environment and in
agreement with water availability. A major management activity involves irrigation scheduling or determining
when and how much water to apply, considering the irrigation method and other field characteristics.

FUNCTIONS OF FARM IRRIGATION SYSTEMS

The primary function of farm irrigation systems is to supply crops with irrigation water in the quantities
and at the time it is needed. Specific function includes:

1. Diverting water from the water source.

2. Conveying it to individual fields within the farm.
3. Distributing it within each field.
4. Providing a means for measuring and regulating flows.

Other functions of farm irrigation system include crop and soil cooling, protecting crops from frost
damage, delaying fruit and bud development, and controlling wind erosion, providing water for seed germination,
application of chemicals, and land application of wastes.

REASONS FOR AN IRRIGATION PLAN

• A project plan enables the designer to lay out the irrigation system in the most cost-effective way. The
plan is used to generate a material list and to evaluate the anticipated project costs.

• The plan provides step by step information on system installation. Information on crop spacing, sprinklers,
pumping requirements, pipeline sizes and lengths should be included on the plan. Pertinent obstructions
such as roads, trees, and gas, oil, water, telephone or transmission lines must also be indicated.

• Specification, design standards and work schedules as set out on a plan form the basis of any contractual
agreements between the installation contractor and the farmer.

• The plan provides a record for future reference. It can be used for overall farm planning and identifies
limits of expansion potential.

ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF A PLAN

• Topographic Data - the field shape must be accurately drawn showing pertinent obstructions, features
and elevation details.

• Water Source Capacity - the water supply must be clearly indicated showing location and available
capacity.

• Depending on the water source, a well log or water license must accompany the irrigation plan.
Irrigation reservoirs also require Water Management Branch licensing.

• Soil and Crop Characteristics - soil and crop limitations must be accounted for to reduce runoff and
deep percolation by mismanagement of the irrigation system.
 • Design Parameters - soil water holding capacity, maximum application rate and climatic data must be
used to select the correct irrigation system design.

• Design Data - the nozzle selected, operating pressure, discharge rate and sprinkler spacing must all be
shown on the plan. The irrigation interval, set time, application rate and net amount applied must also be
calculated.

STUDENT ASSESSMENT QUESTION (SAQ). Write your answer in your notebook.

SAQ #1: Nowadays, what are the circumstances that are faced by the farmers? Does the needed supply of water
sustained? (10%)

III. SUMMARY

✓ Element of Proper system planning and design of Irrigation (Management, Water, Soil and Crops)
✓ REASONS FOR AN IRRIGATION PLAN
1. Cost effectively
2. Provides step by step information
3. Specification, design standards and work schedules
4. Provide record for future reference
✓ ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF A PLAN
1. Topographic Data
2. Water Source Capacity
3. Depending on the water source, a well log or water license must accompany the irrigation plan
4. Soil and Crop Characteristics
5. Design Parameters
6. Design Data

IV. EVALUATION
A. What are the four functions of farm irrigation systems? (2%)
B. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if the statement is wrong. (5%)

1. The plan provides chronological information on system installation

2. The plan is used to generate a material list and to evaluate the anticipated project costs.
3. One reason for irrigation plan is diverting water from the water source.
4. Proper design of an irrigation system requires that the pumping system precisely match to the irrigation
distribution system so that the pressure and flow rate required can be efficiently provided by the pumping
system.
5. The elements of proper system planning and design are management, water, soil and irrigation.

C. Interpret this drip irrigation. (10%)

V.REFERENCES
Learning Module: TLE- Agriculture pp. 83-84.
 MODULE 12: DIFFERENT DESIGNS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEMS

I.INTRODUCTION

What are the common designs of irrigation? Is there intended design of irrigation to every farmland area?
There are many different types of irrigation systems, depending on how the water is distributed throughout the
field. Some common types of irrigation systems include: Surface irrigation, Localized irrigation, Drip irrigation,
Sprinkler irrigation, Center pivot irrigation, Lateral move irrigation, Sub-irrigation, Manual irrigation.
However, this module focuses only to the three Designs of Irrigation systems: Surface irrigation,
Sprinkler irrigation and drip or trickle irrigation which the most common irrigation system in the Philippines. A
well-designed irrigation system should operate at peak efficiency and be designed and installed to improve water
use efficiency by focusing on water placement and distribution. The design should maximize water use, reduce
operational cost, conserve supply, and protect water resources.

II. TOPIC: DIFFERENT DESIGNS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEMS

A. OBJECTIVES

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

a. Interpret the irrigation plan system plan according to established procedures; and
b. Enumerate the different design of irrigation system according to standard procedures.

B. DEFINITION OF TERMS
▪ Water Use Efficiency (WUE)- represents the ratio between effective water use and actual
water withdrawal.
▪ Surface irrigation- refers to systems that deliver water to crops using a gravity-fed,
overland flow of water.
▪ Drip irrigation is a form of irrigation that saves water and fertiliser by allowing water
to drip slowly to the roots of many different plants, either onto the soil surface or directly
onto the root zone, through a network of valves, pipes, tubing, and emitters.
▪ Sprinkler irrigation is a method of applying irrigation water which is similar to natural
rainfall. Water is distributed through a system of pipes usually by pumping. It is then
sprayed into the air through sprinklers so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall
to the ground.

C. CONTEXT

SURFACE IRRIGATION- water is applied to the field in either the controlled or uncontrolled manner.

Surface irrigation consist of:

1.1 Furrow system A. Furrow Irrigation by Cutting the Ridge
B. FURROW IRRIGATION WITH SIPHONS

THE MAJOR DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS IN SURFACE IRRIGATION INCLUDE:

1. Storing the readily available moisture in the root zone, if possible;

2. Obtaining as uniform water application as possible;
3. Minimizing soil erosion by applying non-erosive streams;
4. Minimizing runoff at the end of the furrow by using a re-use system or a cut –back stream;
5. Minimizing labor requirements by having good land preparation,
6. Good design and experienced labor and
7. Facilitating use of machinery for land preparation, cultivation, furrowing, harvesting etc.

1.2 BORDER IRRIGATION SYSTEM

1. In a border irrigation, controlled surface flooding is practiced whereby the field is divided up into strips
by parallel ridges or dikes and each strip is irrigated separately by introducing water upstream and it
progressively covers the entire strip.
2. Border irrigation is suited for crops that can withstand flooding for a short time e.g. wheat.
3. It can be used for all crops provided that the system is designated to provide the needed water control for
irrigation of crops.
4. It is suited to soils between extremely high and very low infiltration rates.
5. In border irrigation, water is applied slowly.
6. The root zone is applied with water gradually down the field.
7. At a time, the application flow is cut-off to reduce water loses.
8. Ideally, there is no runoff and deep percolation.
9. The problem is that the time to cut off the inflow is difficult to determine.
DESIGN PARAMETERS OF BORDER IRRIGATION SYSTEM
A) STRIP WIDTH: Cross slopes must be eliminated by levelling.

Since there are no furrows to restrict lateral movement, any cross slope will make water move down one side
leading to poor application efficiency and possibly erosion.

-The stream size available should also be considered in choosing a strip width.

-The size should be enough to allow complete lateral spreading throughout the length of the strip.

-The width of the strip for a given water supply is a function of the length -The strip width should be at least
bigger than the size of vehicle tract for construction where applicable.

B. STRIP SLOPE: Longitudinal slopes should be almost same as for the furrow irrigation.
C. CONSTRUCTION OF LEVEES: Levees should be big enough to withstand erosion, and of sufficient
height to contain the irrigation stream.
D. SELECTION OF THE ADVANCE STREAM: The maximum advance stream used should be non-erosive
and therefore depends on the protection afforded by the crop cover. Clay soils are less susceptible to erosion but
suffer surface panning at high water velocities.
E. THE LENGTH OF THE STRIP: The ideal lengths can be obtained by field tests.

1.3 BASIN IRRIGATION SYSTEM

CHARACTERISTICS

1. In basin irrigation, water is flooded in wider areas. It is ideal for irrigating rice.
2. The area is normally flat.
3. In basin irrigation, a very high stream size is introduced into the basin so that rapid movement of water
is obtained.
4. Water does not infiltrate a lot initially.
5. At the end, close the water inlet to avoid water loss in the pond.
6. The opportunity time difference between the upward and the downward ends are reduced.
The size of basin is related to stream size and soil type.

SUGGESTED BASIN AREAS FOR DIFFERENT SOIL TYPES AND RATES OF WATER FLOW

Flow rate Soil Type

Sand Sandy loam Clay loam Clay
3
l/s m /hr ................. Hectares................................
30 108 0.02 0.06 0.12 0.20
60 216 0.04 0.12 0.24 0.40
90 324 0.06 0.18 0.36 0.60
120 432 0.08 0.24 0.48 0.80
150 540 0.10 0.30 0.60 1.00
180 648 0.12 0.36 0.72 1.20
210 756 0.14 0.42 0.84 1.40
240 864 0.16 0.48 0.96 1.60
300 1080 0.20 0.60 1.20 2.00

Note: The size of basin for clays is 10 times that of sand as the infiltration rate for clay is low leading to higher
irrigation time. The size of basin also increases as the flow rate increases. The table is only a guide and practical
values from an area should be relied upon. There is the need for field evaluation

1. SPRINKLER IRRIGATION

The sprinkler system is ideal in areas where water is scarce.

A Sprinkler system conveys water through pipes and applies it with a minimum amount of losses.
-Water is applied in form of sprays sometimes simulating natural rainfall.

-The difference is that this rainfall can be controlled in duration and intensity.
-If well planned, designed and operated, it can be used in sloping land to reduce erosion where other systems
are not possible.

Components of a Sprinkler Irrigation System

TYPES OF CONVENTIONAL SPRINKLER SYSTEMS

a. FULLY PORTABLE SYSTEM: The laterals, mains, sub-mains and the pumping plant are all portable.
The system is designed to be moved from one field to another or other pumping sites that are in the same
field.

b. SEMI-PORTABLE SYSTEM: Water source and pumping plant are fixed in locations. Other
components can be moved. The system cannot be moved from field to field or from farm to farm except
when more than one fixed pumping plant is used.

c. FULLY PERMANENT SYSTEM: Permanent laterals, mains, sub-mains as well as fixed pumping
plant. Sometimes laterals and mainlines may be buried. The sprinkler may be permanently located or
moved along the lateral. It can be used on permanent irrigation fields and for relatively high value crops
e.g. Orchards and vineyards. Labor savings throughout the life of the system may later offset high
installation cost.

2. DRIP OR TRICKLE IRRIGATION

Advantages:
✓ Water is applied directly to the crop (ex. entire field is not wetted).
✓ Water is conserved
✓ Weeds are controlled because only the places getting water can grow weeds.
✓ There is a low pressure system.
✓ There is a slow rate of water application somewhat matching the consumptive use. Application rate can
be as low as 1 – 12 l/hr.
✓ There is reduced evaporation, only potential transpiration is considered. e.g. There is no need for a
drainage system.

COMPONENTS OF A DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM

STUDENT ASSESSMENT QUESTION (SAQ). Write your answer in your notebook.
SAQ #1: Which of the 3 main types or design of irrigation system is costly? Why? (5%)

III. SUMMARY

3 MAIN TYPES OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM:

1. SURFACE IRRIGATION
• Surface irrigation consists of:
1. Furrow system
1.1.Furrow irrigation by cutting the ridge
1.2.Furrow irrigation with siphons
2. Border Irrigation System
• Design Parameters of Border Irrigation System
1. Strip width 4. Selection of the Advance Stream:
2. Strip Slope 5. The Length of the Strip
3. Construction of Levees
2. SPRINKLER IRRIGATION
Types of Conventional Sprinkler Systems
1. Fully portable system
2. Semi-portable system
3. Fully permanent system
3. DRIP OR TRICKLE IRRIGATION
Components of a Drip Irrigation System
1. Mainline or manifold 4. Lateral
2. Control head unit 5. Emitter
3. Wetting pattern

IV. EVALUATION
A. List the seven (7) Advantages of drip or trickle irrigation. (7%)

B. SKETCH IRRIGATION PLAN

MATERIALS NEEDED:

Quantity Description

2 sheets Bond paper short

1 pc Pencil

1 pc Ruler

INSTRUCTIONS:

1. After knowing different irrigation designs, select 1 design applicable in your area.
2. Using the materials above sketch the irrigation design applicable in your locality.
3. Explain, why did you considered this design on another sheet of bond paper
4. Submit your output to your teacher.

EVALUATION:
Your work will be evaluated by your teacher using the following criteria:
1. Content 30%
2. Applicability 10%
3. Presentation 5%
4. Neatness 5%
TOTAL 50%
V. REFERENCE

Learning Modules: TLE- Agriculture 8 pp. 86-91.

MODULE 13: APPLY APPROPRIATE SAFETY MEASURES WHILE WORKING IN THE FARM

I. INTRODUCTION

Many hazards are present in the farm. If the farmers are not aware of these hazards these may cause injury
to their body or may cause diseases and even death. Farmer should always apply appropriate safety measures
while working in the farm. In this lesson the students with the guidance and supervision of their teacher should
identify farm works that involve the use of chemicals and hazardous tools and equipment; determine the uses of
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and determine farm emergency procedures regarding safety working
environment.

II. TOPIC: APPLY APPROPRIATE SAFETY MEASURES WHILE WORKING IN THE FARM

A. Objectives:
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
a. Apply safety measures based on work requirement and farm procedures;
b. Utilize tools and materials in accordance with specification and procedures; and
c. Worn outfit in accordance with farm requirements.

B. DEFINITION OF TERMS

CLEANING- the act or process of removing dirt from tools, containers and farm facilities.
DISINFECTION CHEMICALS- refers to the chemical used in cleaning which has the ability to kill
microorganisms especially pathogens.
HEALTH-a sound state of the body and mind of the workers that enable him or her to perform the job
normally.
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY- the practices related to production and work process
SAFETY-the physical or environmental conditions of work which comply with the prescribed
Occupational Health Safety (OHS) standards and which allow the workers to perform his or
her job without or within acceptable exposure to hazards
SHARPENING- the process of thinning the edge of the tools like knife, pruning shears, hedge shears,
etc.

C. CONTEXT

HAZARD, RISK AND EXPOSURE IN THE FARM

Agricultural crop production deals with a lot of activities to be done in the different workplace. While
performing these activities we expose ourselves to a lot of risk. Workplace hazard is a major cause of accident,
injury, or harm to a worker who performs such task. These hazards should be the major concern of all who are
involved in a certain job or work.

It is important to distinguish hazard, risk and exposure when undertaking risk management.

• Hazard is the potential for harm, or adverse effect on an employee’s health. Anything which may cause
injury or ill health to anyone at or near a workplace is a hazard.
• Risk is the likelihood that a hazard will cause injury or ill health to anyone at or near a workplace. The
level of risk increases with the severity of the hazard and the duration and frequency of exposure.
• Exposure occurs when a person comes into contact with a hazard.
 TYPES OF HAZARD

Hazards are classified into five different types. They are:

1. Physical - includes floors, stairs, work platforms, steps, ladders, fire, falling objects, slippery surfaces,
manual handling (lifting, pushing, pulling), excessively loud and prolonged noise, vibration, heat and cold,
radiation, poor lighting, ventilation, air quality

2. Mechanical and/or electrical - includes electricity, machinery, equipment, pressure vessels, dangerous
goods, fork lifts, cranes, hoists

3. Chemical - includes chemical substances such as acids or poisons and those that could lead to fire or
explosion, like pesticides, herbicides, cleaning agents, dusts and fumes from various processes such as
welding

4. Biological - includes bacteria, viruses, mold, mildew, insects, vermin, animals

5. Psychosocial environment - includes workplace stressors arising from a variety of sources.

FARM EMERGENCY PROCEDURES REGARDING SAFETY WORKING ENVIRONMENT

1. Identify the potential emergencies.

The emergencies that may occur on a crop production farm could include:

• Fire • snake or spider bite

• Flood • chemical exposure
• Typhoon • injuries
• machinery entrapment • illness and
• electrical shock • accidents

2. Provide emergency facilities appropriate for the sorts of emergencies that might occur on the farm (e.g.
deluge showers, eye washes, firefighting equipment, first aid kits).
3. Make sure that the correct equipment is available to contain and handle any chemical or other dangerous
materials spills that might happen.
4. To help minimize the risk of personal injury or property damage in the event of an emergency, people
working on and visiting the farm need to know and understand the emergency procedures and their
responsibilities.
5. Instruct everyone working on the farm in the emergency response procedures
6. Everyone should know the location of fire alarms, fire extinguishers and first aid kits; how and
7. Where to contact emergency services; and where to safely assemble in the event of an emergency.

The following factors may increase risk of injury or illness for farm workers:
1. Age – injury rates are highest among children age 15 and under and adults over 65.
2. Equipment and Machinery – most farm accidents and fatalities involve machinery. Proper machine
guarding and doing equipment maintenance according to manufacturers ‘recommendations can help prevent
accidents.

STUDENT ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS (SAQ). Write your answer in your notebook.

SAQ #1. Say for instance, you are applying an insecticide using sprayer and you accidentally in-take chemical
droplets due to wind blow, what will you do first? (5%)
SAQ #2: Why injury rates are dominant for children and adults? State your answer with a scientific explanation
in relation to human immune system. (10%))

III. SUMMARY

• There are 5 classification of Hazard:

1. Physical 4. Biological
2. Mechanical and/or electrical 5. Psychosocial environment
3. Chemical
 • Farm emergency procedures regarding safety working environment:
1. Identify the potential emergencies.
2. Provide emergency facilities appropriate for the sorts of emergencies.
3. Correct equipment is available.
4. Understand the emergency procedures and their responsibilities.
5. Instruct the worker about the procedures.
6. Contact emergency services.
• Factors may increase risk of injury or illness for farm workers: age and Equipment and Machinery.

IV. EVALUATION
A. IDENTIFICATION. (10%)

1. What do you call to the potential to harm, or adverse effect on an employee’s health?

2. What hazard will cause injury or ill health to anyone at or near a workplace, the level of risk increases with
the severity of the hazard and the duration and frequency of exposure?

3. It occurs when a person comes into contact with a hazard.

4. What type of hazards that includes floors, stairs, work platforms, steps, ladders, fire, falling objects, slippery
surfaces, manual handling (lifting, pushing, pulling), excessively loud and prolonged noise, vibration, heat and
cold, radiation, poor lighting, ventilation, air quality.

5. What hazard includes electricity, machinery, equipment, pressure vessels, dangerous goods, fork lifts, cranes,
hoists?

6. What hazard includes chemical substances such as acids or poisons and those that could lead to fire or
explosion, like pesticides, herbicides, cleaning agents, dusts and fumes from various processes such as
welding?

7. What hazard includes bacteria, viruses, mold, mildew, insects, vermin, and animals?

8. What do you call to the workplace stressors arising from a variety of sources?

9. What do you call to the physical or environmental conditions of work which comply with the prescribed
Occupational Health Safety (OHS) standards and which allow the workers to perform his or her job without or
within acceptable exposure to hazards?

10. What do you call to the practices related to production and work process?

IV. REFERENCE

Learning modules: TLE- AGRICULTURE pp. 99-101.

MODULE 14: FARM WORKS THAT INVOLVE USING CHEMICALS AND

HAZARDOUS TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

I. INTRODUCTION

How do you safely handle the farm tools and equipment? What are the farm emergency procedures
regarding safety working environment? What are the safety measures when using chemicals?
Farming is one of the most dangerous occupations. Children under 15 years and adults over 65 years are
more likely than others to be injured or killed on farms. Males are more likely to be injured than females. You
can reduce the risk of farm injuries and illness at your farm by evaluating the risks and minimizing them.
Accidents can be prevented through better farmer and worker education, making sure equipment is well
maintained and has adequate safety features, having safety procedures in place, and training every worker and
family member about potential dangers. In this module, we will discuss the rules and regulation in keeping the
hazardous chemical.

II. TOPIC: FARM WORKS THAT INVOLVE USING CHEMICALS AND HAZARDOUS TOOLS AND
EQUIPMENT

A. OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
a. Apply safety measures based on work requirement and farm procedure;
b. Utilize tools and materials in accordance with specification and procedures;
c. Effectively check shelf life and or expiration of materials against manufacturer’s
specifications; and
d. Respond and prevent emergency and accidents.

B. DEFINITION OF TERMS

Hazard- something that can cause harm, e.g. electricity, chemicals, working up a ladder, noise, a
keyboard, a bully at work, stress, etc.
Risk- is the chance, high or low, that any hazard will actually cause somebody harm.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) - is equipment that will protect the user against health or safety
risks at work. It can include items such as safety helmets, gloves, eye protection, high-visibility
clothing, safety footwear and safety harnesses.
Chemicals- are sprayed to control pests and diseases on farms, around the home and in gardens, parks
and reserves. When chemicals are used, droplets are produced that can remain suspended in air
and may be carried by wind away from the target area.

C. CONTEXT

1. SPRAYING CHEMICALS- Many different chemicals are used on a farm including pesticides. These
chemicals are used to fertilize and control pests such as insects, weeds, mollusk, etc. Most of these chemicals are
applied by spraying

Examples of chemical hazards:

• Spraying in a strong wind and the spray drifting over a dam or the farm house.
• Washing spray equipment and the water running into open drains, collecting in puddles, or running into
stockyards or dams.
• Containers or chemicals left lying around. Empty containers lying in a heap.

Some ways you can reduce the risk of hazards from chemicals are:

• Use personal protective equipment such as respirators, waterproof clothes, rubber gloves and waterproof
footwear.
• Make sure chemicals are safely stored and cupboards locked.
• Never spray chemicals on days when there is a high wind.
• Know first aid procedures.
• Keep a list of all hazardous substances used on the farm.

Safe use of chemicals

• Consider if a chemical substance is really needed.

• Eliminate a hazardous substance, or if that is not possible, substitute it with less hazardous one.
• Safe work practices or personal protective equipment should be used
• Keep records of farm chemicals.

2. Land Preparation Using Tractor

• Victims fall off or are thrown from the tractor

• Run over by either the tractor or an implement being towed, or both.
• Overturn
Safety Reminders

• Tractors are not passenger vehicles.

• Use seat belts when driving tractors.
• ROPS will protect the operator from serious injuries.

Causes of run over accidents

• Sudden stops
• Driving over holes, stumps and debris, or a sharp turn

How to prevent run over

• Never allow riders on tractors.

• Discuss with family members and farm workers the potential risks of riding tractor.
• It's also helpful to post 'no riders' decals on all tractors to remind others about the policy.
• Use or provide other vehicles that allow passengers, such as trucks or cars, when transportation is
needed to fields or remote work sites.

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)

Personal protective equipment (PPE) can reduce the number and severity of farm work related injuries
and illnesses. Personal protective equipment not only helps protect people but also improves productivity and
profits. Farmers and ranchers can share in these benefits by using the appropriate protective equipment for
themselves, family members and employees when the job and its potential hazards call for it.

Protect your head with a hard hat when performing construction work,
trimming trees, repairing machinery, and doing other jobs with head injury
risks. Use a sun safety hat (one with a wide brim and neck protection) to assist
in the prevention of skin cancer.

Protect your vision with appropriate safety eyewear (safety glasses, goggles,
face-shields) when applying pesticides, fertilizers, working in the shop, or in
heavy dust conditions.

Protect your hearing with acoustic earmuffs or plugs when operating

noisy equipment such as grain dryers, feed grinders, older tractors, chain
saws, etc.

Protect your lungs with the correct respiratory equipment (dust masks,
cartridge respirators, gas masks, air pacts) when working in dusty or moldy
conditions, spray painting, applying chemicals, working in bins, tanks, silos,
and manure storage places.

STUDENT ASSESSMENT QUESTION (SAQ). Write your answer in your notebook.

SAQ #1: What are some examples of chemical hazards in agricultural crop production? (5%)
SAQ #2: How do you safely handle the farm tools and equipment? (5%)
III. SUMMARY

Farmworkers are exposed to numerous safety, health, environmental, biological, and respiratory hazards.
These include hazards related to grain bins and silos, hazard communication of chemicals, noise, musculoskeletal
injuries, heat, and others.
Pesticides pose risks of short- and long- term illness to farmworkers and their families. Workers who mix,
load or apply pesticides (known as pesticide handlers) can be exposed to toxic pesticides due to spills and splashes,
defective, missing or inadequate protective equipment, direct spray, or drift. Workers who perform hand lab or
tasks in areas that have been treated with pesticides face exposure from direct spray, drift or contact with pesticide
residues on the crop or soil.
Respiratory hazards in barns, manure pits, machinery and silos range from acute to chronic air
contaminants. Farmworkers' most common respiratory hazards is organic dusts, microorganisms, and chemical
toxicants from the breakdown of grain and chemical comes from the machinery.

IV. EVALUATION

CONDUCT HAZARD REPORT

MATERIALS NEEDED:
Quantity Description

2 sheets Bond paper short

1 pc Pencil/Ballpen

INSTRUCTIONS: Write your observation in bond paper (Short).

• Visit farm near your home.
• Observe the surroundings
• List all the possible hazard observed
• Classify these hazards
• Identify persons who are at risk with these hazards
• Suggest all possible solution to reduce or eliminate the risk
• Report your findings to your teacher

EVALUATION: Your work will be evaluated by your teacher using the following criteria:

• Potential hazards are properly identified

• Report is properly made
• Suggestions are made to reduce the risk
• Potential victims are properly identified

V. REFERENCE

Learning Modules: TLE- Agriculture pp. 102-104.

MODULE 15: SAFEKEEP/DISPOSE TOOLS, MATERIALS AND OUTFIT

I. INTRODUCTION

What is the proper way to store tools, materials and outfit? How do you dispose/safe keep chemical
container? In this module, you will learn how to safe keep or dispose those hazardous tools, equipment, materials
and chemical. The disposal and safekeeping will be in accordance with the manufacturers’ manual and safety
precautions. Making sure your tools are properly stored, cleaned, and well maintained, will save you time and
money as well as making your projects and jobs much easier. When it comes to storing your tools, you have to
work with the space that you have. Likewise, maintaining the cleanliness of your PPE is necessary as it is
expensive and not available as always needed.
II. TOPIC: SAFEKEEPING/DISPOSING TOOLS, MATERIALS AND OUTFIT

A. OBJECTIVES

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

a. Clean and store the used tools and outfit in line with farm procedure;
b. Label and store the unused materials according to manufacturer’s recommendation and
farm requirements; and
c. Dispose waste materials according to manufacturers, government and farm requirements.

B. DEFINITION OF TERMS

SAFETY - the physical or environmental conditions of work which comply with the prescribed
Occupational Health Safety (OHS) standards and which allow the workers to perform their job without
or within acceptable exposure to hazards.
HEALTH-a sound state of the body and mind of the worker that enables him or her to perform the job
normally.
SHARPENING- the process of thinning the edge of the tools like knife, pruning shears, hedge shears, etc.
Cleaning- the act or process of removing dirt from tools, containers and farm facilities.
DISINFECTION CHEMICALS- refers to the chemical used in cleaning which has the ability to kill
microorganisms especially pathogens.

C. CONTEXT
CLEANING, STORING AND WASTE MANAGEMENT

Protect Tools from the Elements

Blades such as electric hedge trimmer blades, hoe, shovel, and other metal surfaces can be sprayed with
lubricant oil. Spray the blades then turn them on to make sure oil works into all areas. All electrical and petrol
gardening equipment need to be covered over with a blanket or sheet if kept in the shed. This will prevent dust
and dirt getting to them.

General Cleaning Procedures

The farmer and/or farm workers responsible for cleaning must adhere as much as possible to the following
procedures:

• Be properly trained on the cleaning procedures

• Develop a cleaning program and schedule according to the recommended frequency and the cleaning
program should be monitored to ensure its effectiveness.
• Cleaning must not take place while fresh vegetables are being harvested, packed, handled and stored.
• Water that is used for cleaning must be safe.
• The cleaning of equipment, tools and containers must take place in a designated area away from field and
the storage of agricultural inputs and fresh vegetables.
• When using cleaning and disinfection chemicals, the farmer and/or farm workers must become familiar
with the instruction use of these products.
• Strictly adhere to all precautionary statements and mixing instructions.
• Protect equipment, tools, containers and fresh vegetables when working with any chemicals.

Cleaning re-usable containers:

The farmer and/or farm workers responsible for cleaning re-usable containers must adhere as much as
possible to the following procedures:

• Remove as much as possible plant debris, soil and residues of any kind, use a brush or appropriate tool
when necessary.

• Inspect containers for physical damage which might injure, spoil and contaminate fresh vegetables, if
found, repair them.
• Inspect containers for any missed plant debris, soil and residues, if found, re-clean.
• If cleaning and/or disinfection chemicals are used, follow label instructions for mixing.
 • Rinse containers with clean water.
• When possible, containers should be placed under the full sun for rapid drying.
• Store re-usable containers properly to avoid contamination.

Cleaning equipment, tools and garbage cans:

The farmer and/or farm workers responsible for cleaning the equipment (e.g. tables, racks, plastic sheet,
etc.), tools (e.g. secateurs, knifes, brushes, etc.) and garbage cans must adhere as much as possible to the following
procedures:

• Remove as much as possible plant debris, soil and residues of any kind, use a brush or another appropriate
tool when necessary.
• Inspect equipment for physical damage which might injure, spoil and contaminate fresh vegetables, if
found, repair them.
• Inspect equipment, tools and garbage cans for any missed plant debris, soil and residues, if found, clean
again.
• If cleaning and/or disinfection chemicals are used, follow label instructions for mixing.
• As required, apply cleaning materials such as detergent and/or disinfection chemicals, and ensure that no
spots are missed.
• Rinse with safe water, if there are parts of the equipment that cannot be rinsed with water, use a clean wet
towel and follow the same procedures for cleaning.
• Ensure that small equipment and tools do not touch the ground floor after the cleaning procedures.
• When possible place in the full sun for rapid drying.
• Store equipment and tools properly to avoid contamination.

Cleaning areas for handling and storing fresh produce:

The farmer and/or farm workers responsible for cleaning these areas must adhere as much as possible to
the following procedures:

• Unplug any electrical equipment and if possible, cover with plastic electrical motors, electrical boxes,
connections, light fixtures, etc. do not use packaging materials for this task.

• Remove trash and any accumulated plant debris from the floors.
• Using low pressure water to:
▪ Rinse the entire ceiling infrastructure and light fixtures to remove any dust and soil build up.
▪ Rinse walls, windows and doors from the top downward
▪ Rinse the entire floor surface to remove any soil build up. Be careful not to splash water onto the
equipment.
• If necessary, scrub areas with brush and cleaning materials such as detergent, and ensure that no spots are
missed.
• After scrubbing areas with cleaning materials, rinse surface areas as described previously wash out drains;
be careful of not splashing water onto equipment’s.
• If cleaning and/or disinfection chemicals are used, follow label instructions for mixing.

Cleaning hygienic facilities:

The farmer and/or farm workers responsible for cleaning hygienic facilities must adhere as much as possible
to the following procedures:

• Pick up trash from the floors and put in trash can.

• By using the proper detergent, clean toilets, sinks and any other fixtures.
• Using low pressure water, rinse the entire floor surface to remove any soil build up.
• If cleaning and/or disinfection chemicals are used, follow label instructions for mixing.
• As required, apply cleaning materials or disinfection chemicals to entire floor surface area, scrub areas
with brush if needed, and ensure that no spots are missed.
• Rinse floor and drains.
• Remove excess water and allow drying out at room temperature.
• Ensure that hygienic facilities have enough toilet paper, soap and disposable towel.
Technique in storing chemicals

Chemicals are used on farms for a variety of purposes. The safe management of chemicals requires access
to information and responsible action. Manufacturers, suppliers and users of farm chemicals all have an important
role to play. Chemical substances present different types of risks to people’s health, safety and the environment.
For this reason, there are different laws controlling them. The purpose of these laws is to ensure that chemicals
are used safely and efficiently so that risks to human health, the environment and damage to property are
minimized.

Safe Management of chemicals involves:

• Correct labelling and packaging;

• Provision of material safety data sheets (MSDS);
• Safe transport, storage, use and disposal of substances.

Labelling and Packaging of Chemicals

Chemicals must be supplied in packages that are correctly labelled and suitable for the substance. Information
provided on the label will depend on the type of substance and the risks associated with it. Items to look for are:

1. Signal words such as “CAUTION”, “POISON” or “DANGEROUS POISON”, used for

Scheduled poisons – a signal word alerts users to the possibility of poisoning if the substance is swallowed,
inhaled or absorbed through the skin.
2. The Dangerous Goods (ADG) diamond if there is an immediate risk to health or safety e.g. flammable
liquids.
3. Risk phrases describing the type of health effects e.g. “irritating the skin”, and safety phrases stating
precautions for safe handling, storage, spills, disposal and fire e.g. “keep away from combustible material”

Ensure that containers remain labelled

Farmers must ensure that the original labels remain on containers of substances. If a substance is poured
into a second container such as a spray tank then that container must be labeled with the product name and
appropriate risk and safety phrases. These can generally be copied from the parent container. Labeling is not
necessary if a substance is used immediately and its container is thoroughly cleaned.

There are good reasons for ensuring that proper containers and appropriate labels are used, including:
• Using food containers to store poisons can result in poisoning due to accidental swallowing.
• Insurance companies may question liability if something goes wrong and an unlabelled container has
been the cause of an incident.
• Produce cannot be exported if maximum residue limits are exceeded labels provide advice on permitted
use and withholding periods for agricultural and veterinary chemicals.

Material Safety Data Sheets

Material safety data sheets (MSDS) must be produced by the manufacturer or importer of hazardous
substance. The MSDS is not just a piece of paper. It provides important and useful advice about what is in the
product, its health effects, safe use and handling, storage, disposal, first aid and emergency operation. Farmers
must obtain the MSDS from their supplier and keep them in a register where they are available to people who
could be exposed to the hazardous substance.

The register is a collection of the MSDS and other information which can be kept in a folder, filing
cabinet or other practical system. The register can be kept in the house, workplace or the chemical store, so long
as it remains accessible to emergency service personnel and any employees who may be exposed to hazardous
substances.

Storage and Transport of Chemicals

Safe storage of farm chemicals is needed to protect them from the elements, restrict access to them, prevent
contamination of the environment, food or livestock and ensure separation from other incompatible chemicals.
Arrangements must be in place to contain any spillage of the chemical.
 After considering the potential risk to people’s health or to the environment, a farmer might decide that a
locked shed with a roof and concrete floor, which is bounded to contain any spills, is the best way to provide safe
storage.
Remember, you should never store oxidizing agents with fuels. That is – never store substances labelled
yellow diamond with a red diamond. Safe transport of farm chemicals depends on what the substance is, how
much there is, where it is to be transported and what else is to be transported with it. In general, small quantities
(less than 250 liters) can be transported on vehicle provided that the container is properly secured and safe from
spillage.

Disposal of Farm Chemicals

Empty farm chemical containers and unwanted chemicals need to be disposed of properly. Prior to
disposal of empty containers, wash the container out three times and use the rinse water to dilute further batches
of the chemical to working strength. To wash a container, you do not need to fill it each time. If you only have
six liters of water, it is more efficient to use three washes of two liters each, than it is to rinse once with the full
six liters.

ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS

Presidential Decree (PD) 1152, ―the Philippine Environmental Code, which took effect in 1977,
provides a basis for an integrated waste management regulation starting from waste source to methods of disposal.
PD 1152 has further mandated specific guidelines to manage municipal wastes (solid and liquid), sanitary landfill
and incineration, and disposal sites in the Philippines. In 1990, the Philippine Congress enacted the Toxic
Substances, Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes Control Act, commonly known as Republic Act (RA) 6969, a law
designed to respond to increasing problems associated with toxic chemicals and hazardous and nuclear wastes.
RA 6969 mandates control and management of import, manufacture, process, distribution, use, transport,
treatment, and disposal of toxic substances and hazardous and nuclear wastes in the country.

III. SUMMARY

• All hazardous waste must be declared and practice a zero discharge to drain. In other words, NO hazardous
chemicals or environmentally harmful substances should be flushed into the sink or any places that may
in take by persons or animals.
• It is advisable that all hazardous waste will be disposed in their original packaging containing a minimal
mix of chemicals or hazardous waste. If this is not possible one must make sure to use suitable and
compatible packaging that satisfies the requirements regarding storage of the individual waste.
• Good Quality tools can be a big investment, but if you take good care and safe keep of them, they will last
longer and return the favor. Making sure your tools are properly stored, cleaned, and well maintained will
save you time and money as well as making your projects and jobs much easier.
• Hazardous waste is to be declared using the form "Declaration form for hazardous waste. The waste
producer is responsible for the waste declaration.

IV. EVALUATION
Create a poster on proper waste disposal.

INSTRUCTIONS:
1. Prepare the needed materials: bond paper, crayons, ruler, pencil.
2. You learned the proper way of disposing waste and the government laws regarding this. Imagine you
are a farmer and you need to dispose your farm waste, what will you do?
3. Answer question in the previous number by drawing or illustration.
4. The teacher will select the best poster and will receive additional points for this activity.
5. Send a picture of your finished output in our group chat.

EVALUATION: Your work will be evaluated by your teacher using the following criteria:
1. Content and Message 30%
2. Creativity 10%
3. Neatness 10 %
TOTAL: 50%

V. REFERENCE Learning Modules: TLE- Agriculture pp. 106-115.