Creative Writing: (Beng 111) Bsed 1

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NOTRE DAME OF SALAMAN COLLEGE INC.

Founded in 1965 by the Oblates
Owned by the Archdiocese of Cotabato
Managed by the Diocesan Clergy of Cotabato (DCC)
“Service for the Love of God through Mary”
(B.E.S.T)
Amare Est Servire
Creative Writing (BEng 111)

BSED 1
Week 1-2
Course Instructress : Rosalie M. Blanca

rosaliemallorca0485@gmail.com
Mobile # 0943-136-3836
SECOND SEMESTER 2020-2021

CONTENT STANDARD:
The learners have an understanding of imagery, diction, figures of speech, and variations o
language.
PERFORMANCE STANDARD:
The learners shall be able to produce short story paragraph or vignettes using imagery, diction, FOS, and specific
experiences.
COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
 differentiate imaginative writing from among other forms of writing
 cull creative ideas from experiences
 utilize language to evoke emotional and intellectual responses from readers
 use imagery, diction, FOS, and specific experiences
 read closely as writers with consciousness of craft
Week 1-2
A Course Module for1Creative Writing (BEng 111) BSED 1-English

Name: _____________________________________________ Program/Year: __________________
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Key Concepts:
 Writing involves putting words on paper via a computer, pen, pencil or crayon.
 When you write, you COMMUNICATE a message the reader.
 The MESSAGE of writing is its content. You can present your message in a variety of ways.
 Forms of writing are divided into narration, description, exposition, and persuasion.
 Creative writing is writing from the heart. It’s the real stuff that doesn’t rely on high school tricks and complex sentences
structure; it relies on you!
 Creative writing is an expression of who you are. If you are closed off from yourself, if you hide the person that you are for
fifteen to twenty-four hours per day, and if you have locked yourself into a dream that is no longer yours, you will be hard
pressed to write creatively.
Activity 1: Creative Writing Challenge: What do you write?

Materials:
Long bond paper
Ball point pen
Procedure:
1. Make a list of all kinds of writing you regularly do- shopping lists, class notes, whatsoever.
2. In a paragraph or two, write why some writing experiences are productive and satisfying while others are not.
Process Questions:
Answer:
1. What do you typically write, and why?
______________________________ 2. What kinds of writing do you most often? Least often?
______________________________ 3. What are your usual reasons for writing?
4. Which of your writing experiences are generally productive and satisfying?
______________________________
Unproductive and unsatisfying? Why?
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
Activity 2: Creative writing Definition: Find Me!

Take a look at the following definitions of Creative Writing. Which ones do you agree with? Write the best definition on your paper.
Creative writing is…
 An income tax return
 A grocery list
 A high-impact polymer used in food storage system
 A losing lotto ticket
 “Productive and imaginative”
 “Characterized by expressiveness and originality”
 A writing which uses language imaginatively.
Creative Writing
The word “creative” is synonymous with inventive, imaginative, productive, and characterized by expressiveness and originality.
Based on the synonyms, the meaning of creative writing can be derived. Creative writing is invented writing, writing based on one’s
imagination, writing produced with expressiveness, writing that is original.
Creative writing is most popularly understood to be writing that comes from the imagination, writing that is “not true”. Creative writing
is the very fine art of making things up, in the most attractive, apt, and convincing way possible. It’s the telling of lies in order to reveal
illuminating and dark truths about the world and our place in it. We tend to think of Poetry, Fiction, and Plays. Of course, we do know
that some creative writing is partly based (or) inspired by real events.”
Therefore, a creative writer is one who writes a poem, short, novel, or play. Poets, short story writers, novelists, and playwrights are
creative writers, that is, if they produce literary pieces based on their imagination, with inventiveness, expressiveness, and originality.
VARIETY is the KEY to CREATIVE WRTING

Remember these: Other definitions of Creative Writing:
“Creative Writing is considered to be any writing, fiction, poetry, or non-fiction

that goes outside the
2 bounds atWriting
normal professional, journalistic, academic, and
A Course Module
technical formsfor
of Creative (BEng
literature. Works which 111)
fall into this BSED
category 1-English
include novels,
epics, short stories, and poems. Writing for the screen and stage, screenwriting
and playwriting respectively, typically have their own programs of study, but fit
under the creative writing category as well.”
-Wikipedia
“Creative Writing is writing that expresses the writer’s thoughts and feelings in
an imaginative often unique, and poetic way.”
- Sil.org
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 Writing of any sort is hard, but rewarding work- you’ll gain a huge amount of satisfaction from a finished
piece. Being creative can also be difficult and challenging at times, but immensely fun.
The World of Creative Writing

It is quite wasteful to wait for inspiration to come. Generally, ideas flow once you begin writing. If the ideas
you have initially written about are not good enough, you could always go back and rewrite your false start.
It may be necessary to start writing about the things you already know very well. But even if they are about
things you are familiar with, make sure to plan ahead. If you are planning to write short, story, you should fairly have an
idea of the theme of the story. You are already aware of the conflict that your characters will have to face. You already
have an imagination of some of the descriptive details and scenery that you will utilize in your story.
Some beginning writers are wary about style. Don’t be too worries about it. Perhaps, not just yet. Generally, style
will take care of its own as long as you write honestly and truthfully. You can pick up style of other writers by reading
their works but never imitate completely. You will realize that as you practice writing quite regularly, you will develop
your own distinct way of storytelling.
Different writers come up with how they get started writing. Some begin with an interesting opening dialogue.
Others start with small scattered ideas which they patch all together until a pattern develops. Others are initially fascinated
with a character until they get to weave a story about him or her. Still others begin with a scene and play around it. There
are no hard or fast rules as to how ideas are germinated into writing.
Here are some helpful strategies which you can adopt before you begin writing:
It is suggested, at this point, that you read all forms or writing, even the ones that, at the onset, will have any bearing or
relation to whatever it is you want to write about. Even the ones others call ‘pulp’ or “trash” literature Reading always
helps generate all sorts of ideas.
Keep a notebook handy. You’ll never know when idea will come along. Write in your notebook your observations,
impressions, and the lines that you probably have overheard from someone.
Learn to appreciate the magic and power of words, their meanings and their vagueness. People who love to say and hear
words generally have better chances of putting something on paper.
Observe how people talk and relate to one another. Listen to their conversations. Make guesses about their characters
and personalities and watch out for their mannerism and ways of talking.
Keep articles of interest from newspapers and magazines. You’ll never know when you are going to use them.
Read anecdotes, song lyrics, Facebooks posts, and descriptions people, films, painting, dance and music. Many of these
will not be used, but maybe some will be developed into scenes. Others into stories, eventually.
Once you have started writing something, read your work aloud; perhaps even record it. This is a better way to spot
errors in your language and sentence constructions, dialogues or descriptions that are not working, or phrases that are
awkward.
Have somebody check on your work, even if the piece is not yet finished. Usually, another person’s eyes get to see the
faults of our work better than our own eyes do.
Have open mind about criticisms. Writing is never static. You will realize that the version you wrote is not final one, and
that it can still be improved and developed through time and place.
In writing, writers need to understand the possibilities of intertextual forms. What you write, whether it is a poem, a
story, or a play, any, in one way or another, connect with other types of literature. Also, writers make use of references
that influence readers and add layers of understanding to a text. These references may have basis on the reader’s
previous knowledge and experiences.

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Technical Writing versus Literary Writing

Technical writing differs from other types of writing, particularly literary writing. The difference between technical
writing and literary writing are shown in the table below:
Point of Contrast Technical Writing Literary Writing

1. subject Scientific/technical Non-scientific/non-technical
2. readership specific general
3. purpose Informative/ persuasive entertaining
4. language literal/denotative figurative/denotating
5. style impersonal personal
6. tone heavy/serious light/amusing
7. point of view usually third person, sometimes first person or third person, rarely second
second person person
8. emotionality unemotional emotional
9. objectivity objective/neutral subjective
10. form/format formal informal
Technical writing deals with science topic or a technical subject. If a technical writer focuses on cats, then his treatment is
science-oriented, that is, biological. His readers must be biological students, teachers, and specialists or zookeepers and
other interested parties. His aim is to inform his readers about cats, using words in their literal sense (dictionary-based).
He makes use of an impersonal style, serious tone, and third-person (it, they) point of view. His writing is devoid of
emotions and biases; it conforms with the standard format.
Literary writers can also have cats as topics; however, their treatment is different from that of technical writers. For
example, Japanese writers, Lady Sarashina and Lady Shonagon, wrote about cats in the form of short stories. Using
personal style and amusing tone, they wrote emotion-laden stories serving to amuse English readers of almost all ages.
Both made use of figures of speech, but one used the first-person point of view and the other used the third- person point
of view. Their subjective narratives were written informally.
Activity 3: Creative Writing Distinction: Figure Out!

A.
Creative Writing Technical Writing
Definition
Purpose
Language
Appeal
Structure
Audience
B. Venn Diagram (CW vs. Journalism)

Creative Writing VS. Journalism
Different Same Different

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C. Table
Creative Writing Academic Writing
D. Creative Writing VS. Scientific Writing (Research on these)
Characteristics Creative Writing Scientific Writing

Purpose
Generality
Writer vs. Subject
Audience
Form vs. Content
Reader Interest
Accuracy and Clarity
Passive Voice
Source of Material
Graphics
Format
Forms of Writing
Traditionally, the forms of writing are divided into narration, description, exposition, and persuasion. Let’s look at
each writing form in more detail.
Narration
This writing that tells a story. Narration that tells about real events includes biographies and autobiographies.
Narrations that deal with fictional events include short stories, myths, narrative poems, and novels.
Description
This is a kind of writing that creates a word picture of what something or someone is like. Description is made up
of sensory details that help readers form pictures in their minds.
Description also use images, words that appeal to one or more of our five senses: sight, hearing, taste, touch or
smell, Imagery can be found in all sorts of writing (and should be), but it is most common in poetry.
Exposition
This type of writings explain, shows, tells about a subject. As a result, it is the most common type of everyday
writing. Exposition includes news articles, memos, business reports, and notes to the butcher, baker, and candlestick
maker.
Persuasion

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This is a type of writing that tries to move an audience to though or action. Newspaper editorials,
advertisements, and letters to the editor are all examples of persuasive.
Types of Creative Writing

Here are the main types of creative writing.
1.Journals
Journals are often confused for diaries. Technically, a diary is a type of journal, but a journal is any written
log. You could keep a gratitude journal, a memory journal, a dream journal, or a goals journal.
2.Diaries
A diary is a specific kind of journal where you write down the events of each day, resulting in a chronicle
of your life.
3.Essays
Not all essays are creative, but plenty of essays flow creative thinking. Some examples include personal
essays, descriptive essays, and persuasive essays.
4.Fiction
One of the most popular types of creative writing is fiction. Prose fiction, or narrative fiction, includes
novel, short stories, myths, parables, romances, and epics. Fiction originally meant anything made up, crafted, or
shaped, but as we understand the word today, it means a prose story based in the imagination of an author.
Although fiction, like all imaginative literature, may introduce true historical details, it is not real history, for its
purpose primarily to interest, divert, stimulate, and instruct. The essence of fiction is narration, the relating or
recounting of a sequence of events or actions. Works of fiction usually focus on one or a few major characters and
undergo some kind of change as they interact with other characters and deal with problems.
5.Poetry
Another popular but under -appreciated type of writing ids poetry, which is easily the most artistic,
creative form of writing. Poetry is more economical than prose fiction in the use of words, and it relies heavily on
imagery, figurative language, and sound. You can write structured poetry, free-form poetry, and prose poetry. Or
try writing a story in rhyme (perfect for kids).
6. Memoir
Memoir are personal accounts (or stories) with narrow themes and specific topics. They are usually the
length of novels or novellas; shorter works of this kind would be considered essays. Memoir topic focus on
specific experiences rather than providing a broad life story (which would be a biography).
For example, one might write a travel or food memoir, which is an account of one’s personal experiences
through the lens of travel or food (or both).
7.Vignettes
A vignette is defined as “a brief evocative description, account, or episode.” Vignettes can be poems,
stories, description, personal accounts…anything goes really. The key is that a vignette is extremely short-just a
quick snippet.
8.Letters
Because the ability to communicate effectively is increasingly valuable, letter writing is a useful skill.
There is a longer tradition of publishing letters, so take extra care with those emails, you’re shooting off to
friends, family, and business associates. In, fact, one way to get published if you don’t have a lot of clips and
credits is to write letters to the editor of a news publication.
9.Scripts
Hit the screen or the stage by writing screenplays, (for film), scripts (for plays), or teleplays (for TV).
You can even write scripts for videos games! As a bonus, script have the potential to reach a non-reading
audience.
10. Song Lyric
Close cousin of poetry, song lyrics are fun and creative way to merge the craft of writing with the art of
music. Writing lyrics is an excellent path for writers who can play an instrument or who want to collaborate
musicians.
11. Drama
Drama is a literary work which is designed to be performed by actors. Like fiction, drama may, focus on
single character or a small number of characters, and it presents fictional events as if they were happening in the
present, to be witnessed by an audience. Dramas can be read as well as acted.
12. Blogging
A blog is nothing more than a publishing platform-a piece of technology that displays content on the web
or an electronic device. A blog can be just about anything from a diary to a personal platform to an educational

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tool. In terms of creative writing, blogs, are wide open because you can use the to publish any (or all) types of
creative writing.
13. Fiction
Fiction that contains imagery situation and characters that are very similar to real life is called creative
nonfiction. It’s just writing which is true, but which also contains some creativity. It uses literary styles and
techniques to create factually correct narratives.
“Only in men’s imagination does every truth find an effective and undeniable existence.
Imagination, not invention, is the supreme master of art as of life.”
-Joseph Conrad
END OF THE LESSON

(B.E.S.T)
Amare Est Servire
Creative Writing
Week 3-4
CONTENT STANDARD:
The learners have an understanding of imagery, diction, figures of speech, and variations on language.
The learners shall be able to produce short story paragraph or vignettes using imagery, diction, FOS, and specific
experiences.
COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
 differentiate imaginative writing from among other forms of writing
 cull creative ideas from experiences
 utilize language to evoke emotional and intellectual responses from readers
 use imagery, diction, FOS, and specific experiences
 read closely as writers with consciousness of craft
LESSON OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
 value the significance of the different kinds of imagery in a creative writing piece.
 identify the different kinds of imagery
 use the different kinds of imagery in creative writing
Imaging and the Use of Imagery

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Exploratory Activity
Exploratory Activity
You are inside a house. Look at the objects in front of you. Try to listen to different sounds and smell the
familiar and unusual scents. Then close your eyes. Be sure to record in your mind the things that you saw, listened,
and smelled. You can write about them.
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
Key Concepts:
Imagery
One of the helpful devices that a writer can use in his writing is imagery wherein the writer can use words and
phrases to create “mental pictures’ for the reader. Imagery, in a literary text, occurs when an author uses an object that is
not really there, in order to create a comparison between one that is, usually evoking a more meaningful visual experience
for a reader. Imagery helps the reader to visualize more realistically the author’s writings.
In creative writing, you will be making a lot of descriptions. These descriptive details are necessary to make your
writing clear because they help generate specific mood of emotion about people, places, and circumstances. They are
called images and sensory impressions or symbols. The use of imagery appeals to how you see, hear, smell, taste, touch,
and feel the things that you are writing about. If you write from memory, these images can also help readers imagine or
relate to some of your specific experiences.
 Visual
- is a picture in words; something that is concrete and can be seen.
Example: Broken hula-hoops, hollow blocks and tires are crowded atop a thatched roof.
 Auditory/Sound
- is something that you can hear through your mind’s ear.
Example: The puttering of the rain is heard against the window pane.
 Olfactory/Smell
- is something that you can smell through your mind’s nose.
Example: The aroma of freshly-brewed Colombian coffee wafted the entire room.
 Gustatory/ Taste
- is something that you can taste through your mind tongue.
Example: Mouth-watering ripe mangoes, tender melons and luscious cherries are served on a
tray.
 Tactile/ Touch
- is something that you can touch through your mind’s skin
Example: The soft velvety feel of silk and satin caressed my skin.
 Thermal
- is something that depicts temperature
Example: The scorching heat of a midday tropical sun made my eyes squint.
 Erotic
- is something that suggests sensation and feeling.
Example: His eyes follow her wherever she goes like a blin servant following her omnipresent master.
Activity 1: Sensory Experience:
Direction: Using the underlined words, determine the sensory details. Write your answer on a short bond paper.
Love is not all: it is not meat nor drink nor slumber nor a roof against the rain; Nor yet a
floating spar to men that sink and rise and sink and rise and sink again; Love cannot feel the
thickened lung with breath. Nor clean the blood, nor set the fractured bone; Yet many a man is
making friends with death Even as I speak, for lack of love alone. It well may be that in a
difficult hour, Pinned down by pain and moaning for release, or nagged by want past
resolution’s power, I might be driven to sell your love for peace, or trade the memory of this
night for food. It well may be. I do not think I would.
TOUCH TASTE SMELL SOUND SIGHT
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Activity 2: Sensory Experience:

Direction: Cite words or phrases showing the given imageries in the following situations. The first one is done for you.
SITUATION VISUAL AUDITORY OLFACTORY KINESTHETIC THERMAL

setting of the sun crimson disk murmuring stinking water garbage being Cool breeze
in Manila Bay waves tossed toward the
seawall
Black Nazarene
Festivity
Melting of snow
at winter’s end
All Saints’ Day
celebration
Sightseeing in
Baguio City
C.S. Lewis wrote a moving book on grief titled A Grief Observed, written after the death of his beloved wife, Helen Joy.
The following passage is an excerpt and it uses a lot of imagery.
When The House Is Empty

No one ever told me that grief felt so like fear, I am not afraid. The same fluttering in the stomach, the same
restlessness, the yawning. I keep on swallowing.
At other times I feels like being mildly drunk, or concussed. There is as sort of invisible blanket between the world
and me. I find it hard to take in what anyone says. Or perhaps, hard to want to take it in. It is so interesting. Yet, I
want the others to be about me. I dread the moments when the house is empty. If only they would talk to one another
and not to me.
There are moments, most unexpectedly, when something inside me tries to assure me that I don’t really mind so
much, not so very much, after all. Love is not the whole of a man’s life. I was happy before I ever met H. I’ve plenty
of what are called ‘resources’… One is ashamed to listen to this voice but it seems for a little to be making out a
good case. Then comes a sudden jab of red-hot memory and all this ‘commonsense’ vanishes like an ant in the mouth
of a furnace.
And no one told me about the laziness of grief.
Not only writing but even reading a letter is too much. Even shaving. What does it matter now whether my cheek is
rough or smooth? They say an unhappy man wants distractions- something to take him out of himself. Only as a dog-
tired man wants an extra blanket on a cold /night; he’d rather lie there shivering than get up and find one.
Activity 3: Critical Thinking Spot

Direction: Do answer the following questions.
1. What is the general tone of the piece?
2. In the first sentence, Lewis associates grief with fear. Explain the connection.
3. What other descriptions did the author associate grief with?
4. Identify some sensory images of the piece. Are they visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, thermal or erotic?
5. If you will be writing about the same theme, what images or objects will you be using as a descriptive detail?
Imagery and Sensory Experience
Imagery is the creation of a picture or images in the mind of the readers/s by the use of words that appeal to the
sense. To create imageries, poet makes use of his sensory experiences. He recalls what he perceives through his eyes, ears,
nose, tongue, hands, skin, and other sensory organs.
Visual Imagery The imagery produced by the use of words that appeal to the sense of sight, as in dark,
scintillating, and neon signs
Auditory Imagery The imagery produced by the use of words that appeal to the sense of hearing, as in loud,

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explosion, and creaking

Olfactory Imagery The imagery produced by the use of words that appeal to the sense of smell, as in odorous,
fragrant, and stinks
Gustatory Imagery The imagery produced by the use of words that appeal to the sense of taste, as in succulent,
sour, and flavorful
Tactile Imagery The imagery produced by the use of words that appeal to the sense of touch, as in slimy,
greasy, and stiff
Kinesthetic Imagery The imagery produced by the use of words that appeal to the sense of movement, as in
galloping, squinting, and pirouette
Thermal Imagery The imagery produced by the use of words that appeal to the sense of heat, as in lukewarm,
frigid, and steamy
Diction
Diction simply means word choice. To express his ideas effectively, a writer chooses the words from an inventory
of words at his disposal. Thus, he whose vocabulary is limited grope for the right words to complete his paper. He has to
use a dictionary or thesaurus to facilitate his creative writing. Below is a table showing generic word (left side0 and their
corresponding specific words (right side)
Cat cheetah, puma, jaguar, lynx, lion, tiger, bobcat, tomcat,
House tenement, apartment, condominium, bungalow, mansion, palace
Attach clip, paste, glue, staple, nail, tack, tie, tape, band, screw, weld
Manufacturer/Producer baker, confectioner, milliner, haberdasher, publisher, filmmaker
Writer poet, fictionist, novelist, essayist, playwright, fabulist, sonneteer
Artist Painter, sculptor, architect, musician, actor, dancer, designer
Professional Doctor, lawyer, teacher, engineer, marine, officer, nurse, midwife
Man/Male Mr. Bean, Dr. Jones, chairman, captain, lad, king, prince, rajah
Woman/ Female Mrs. Jones, Ms. Ganda, chairwoman, lass, queen, princess
Figure of Speech
Figures of speech constitute a rhetorical or literary device that departs from the literal meaning of an idea. They
may be employed to make the articulation of an idea. They may be employed to make the articulation of an otherwise
familiar idea more vivid and more colorful. Among the figures of speech are:
1. Simile—indirect comparison of ideas using like or as
Example: Mr. Mayamot is like a hungry tiger when he gets furious.
2. Metaphor—more direct than simile
Example: When he gets furious, Mr. Mayamot is one hungry tiger.
3. Personification—using human attributes in describing nonhuman or inanimate objects
Example: The country wants us to perform our civic duties.
4. Parallelism—use of the same grammatical structure
Example: Peace can only be achieved through dedication, peace can only be achieved through diligence, peace can
only be achieved through fidelity to the rule of law.
5. Apostrophe—addressing a person who is either dead or absent when the utterance is made
Example: Mabini, Bonifacio, Rizal, let your guiding spirits influence our leaders in this time of great crisis
6. Metonymy—substitution of a word/phrase for an idea to which it is closely related (say, an author for his/her works)
Example: I cannot help crying when I read Carlos Bulosan (a Filipino expatriate writer).
7. Allusion—comparison that involves making references to a famous fictional or historical figure, event or idea
Example: Only five-year-old, this prodigy, this Mozart has composed at least a dozen short piano pieces and performed in
the Philippine musical Center.
8. Rhetorical Question—A question that is not meant to be answered because the answer is obvious
Example: Has information technology advanced slowly or by leaps and bounds?
9. Hyperbole—use of exaggeration to emphasize an idea
Example: I was so hungry I could eat a hundred cups of rice
10. Synecdoche- the “part” to represent the “whole”
Example: Ka Herming was the brains and the heart of the movement during those dark days of the dictatorship.
11. Oxymoron- Juxtaposition (placing side by side) of two contrasting words
Example: Sound of silence.
12. Irony- A statement of one idea, the opposite of which is meant
Example: For Brutus is an honorable man.
13. Alliteration- Repetition of the initial letter or sound in a succession of words
Example: Pedro Paterno picked a pack of pad paper.
14. Onomatopoeia- Use of word to indicate a sound
Example: In the field, birds chirp, cows moo, dogs bark, cats’ meow, snakes hiss.

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15. Assonance- Repetition of the vowel sound (not necessarily the initial sound) in a succession of words
Example: Haste makes waste.
16. Consonance- Repetition of the consonant sound (not necessarily the initial sound) in a succession of words.
Example: Ninety-nine nannies renewed their contracts.
ESSENTIAL LEARNING
 The word “creative” is synonyms with inventive, imaginative, productive, and characterized by expressiveness and
originality.
 Creative writing is invented writing, writing based on one’s imagination, writing produced with expressiveness,
writing that is original.
 Creative writing is most popular understood to be writing that comes from the imagination, writing that is ‘not
true.’
 Creative writing is the very fine art of making things up, in the most attractive, apt, and convincing way possible. It
is the telling of lies in order to reveal illuminating and dark truths about the world and our place in it.
 Creative writer is one who writes a poem, short story, novel, or play.
 Poets, short story writers’ novelists, and playwrights are creative writers, that is, if they produce literary pieces
based on their imagination, with an inventiveness, expressiveness, and originality.
 Creative writing is fiction-poetry, short stories, plays, and novels-and is most different from technical writing.
 The opening paragraph and the title are the first impressions the reader has of your story. They should capture the
reader’s attention. Any word types can be used for sentence beginnings. They will add sparkle and interest to your
story writing. Thus, use variety in sentence beginnings.
 Using all the senses...
 Sight- Many students rely heavily on what is seen. This is important, as sight is one of our most important
senses when developing a story. However, it is not the only sense with which we can take in information.
 What do you feel? Using the sense of touch can add impact to your story.
 What do you hear? Using the sense of hearing can add dramatically to your story.
 What do you smell? Using the sense of smell can add to the atmosphere of your story.
 In using the language in creative writing, showing is a must rather than telling. Many readers try to tell the reader
too much and often too quickly. It also helps to arouse the reader’s interest if you don’t tell them everything at
once.
 Metaphors and similes are two of the main tools of figurative language. They should be used with care. Sometimes
a single word can act as a metaphor.
 Similes do not always have to be at the end of the sentence.
 Personification and hyperbole can add impact. Personification is giving human qualities to non-human things and
hyperbole is exaggeration for effect.
 Let you create your atmosphere to the reader. It is the mood or feelings a story creates in the reader’s mind.
 Value AIDA in your creative creating journey. It means Attention, Interest, Desire, and Action. “Giving
ATTENTION while reading is in progress and when you are reading something, make you have INTEREST on
it. DESIRE will help you travel around the world and you cannot be successful if you don’t put reading into
ACTION. “So, in ultimate sense, you have to read, read and read and after reading, you need to write, write and
write.
 Your heart speaks for your CREATIVITY in WRITING keep on reading the great mysteries of the past.
Fill your paper with the breathings of your heart. – William Wordworth
End of the Lesson
NOTRE DAME OF SALAMAN COLLEGE

INC.
(B.E.S.T)

 NDSC COLLEGE
Amare Est Servire
CREATIVE WRITING
BENG III
Week 5-8
CONTENT STANDARD:
The learners have an understanding of poetry as a genre and how to analyze its elements and
techniques.
The learners shall be able to produce short, well-crafted poem.
LEARNING COMPETENCIES:
 Identify the various elements, techniques, and literary devices in poetry
 Determined specific forms and conventions of poetry
 Use selected elements of poetry in short exercises
 Explore innovative techniques in writing poetry
 Write a short poem applying the various elements, techniques, and literary devices
What is Poetry?
Poetry is derived from the Greek word “poiesis” which literary
translates to “a making or creating,” The implication is important: poetry is
made and the poet is the maker. The word made suggests materials; the
word maker suggests effort.
Poetry is a literary art where the evocative and aesthetic qualities of a
language are brought out in lieu, or together with the language’s apparent,
meaning. It is writing the communicate intensely and intimately through and
beyond language, using rhythm, sound, style, and meaning. It consists largely
of oral or literary works in which language is used in a manner that felt by its
user and audience to differ from ordinary prose. Poems frequently rely for
their effect on imagery, word association, and the musical qualities of the
language used.
Poetry might be defined, initially, as a kind of language that says more
and says it more intensely than ordinary language does. A poem is created when the poet composes it; it is re-
created each time it is read with understanding. Before we appreciate a poem, we must know first how to read.
It will not difficult if we remember five things about poetry.
1. Poetry is concerned thought. A poem stays much in little; therefore, we should try to anticipate that
concentration. We must focus our attention on the thought and not hurry fast the idea.
2. Poetry is a kind of music. A poem has a tune of its own. In reading aloud we should be careful not
so spoil the music by using a high-pitched tone or a sing-s0ng voice. Follow the beat naturally; give it
full value, but do not force it.
3. Poetry expresses all the senses. A poem communicates thoughts by the poet’s choice of words;
therefore, to extract full meaning from the words we should listen with all our faculties.
4. Poetry answers our demand for rhythm. A poem beats time simply and strongly; therefore, we
need only respond to it with our own natural rhythm.
5. Poetry is observation plus imagination. The poet has written under the spell of emotional and
intellectual excitement. He has been seized by some mood or the force of some incident, and there has
been conceived in him this living thing, this order out of chaos: a poem.
Poetry vs. Prose

According to the English Romantic poet and critic Samuel Taylor Coleridge, “Prose consists
of words in their best order. Poetry consists of the best word in the best order.” The primary
difference between poetry and prose is concreteness. A single word of poetry says far more than a single
word of prose. That’s because the language of poetry in poetry resonates worlds of the meaning.
Activity 1:

 NDSC COLLEGE
Can you distinguish any other differences between these two genres of writing? Copy the format below
on your paper and differentiate poetry and prose.
POETRY PROSE
Elements of Poetry
It is useful when examining poetry to be armed with a certain knowledge of the formal elements of poetry.
The elements of poetry are a set of devices used to make a poem. Exploring these formal elements helps us
to comprehend more deeply a poem’s meaning and the nuances that enhance that meaning. This kind of formal
close reading of the text is essential to any analysis of literature.
Most good poems contain these elements in various forms. The basic elements of poetry include the
speaker, audience, content, theme, shape, and form, tone, imagery, diction, figure of speech,
and atmosphere.
A. Speaker/Persona: The speaking voice of the Poem

The speaker is the created narrative voice of the poem, i.e., the reader is supposed to imagine
talking or speaking in the poem. The poet reveals the identity of the speaker in various ways. This
speaker is the persona whose voice the reader hears in his or her inner ear.
B. Audience
The audience in the poem is the person or people to whom the speaker is speaking. Identifying
the audience within a poem helps you understand the poem better.
C. Content
The content of the poem is the subject or the idea or the thing that the poem concerns or
represents. Poetry often tells a story, describes a scene, event, or feeling or otherwise comments on the
human predicament.
D. Theme
The theme of the poem relates to the general idea or ideas continuously developed throughout
the poem. It is a thought or idea the poet represents to the reader that may be deep, difficult to
understand, or even moralistic.
E. Structure
The structure used in poems varies with different types of poetry. Some structural elements
include the line and stanza. Poets combine the use of language and a specific structure to create
imaginative and creative work.
F. Shape and Form
Basically, the actual shape of poems can vary dramatically from poem. Shape is
one of the main things that separate prose and poetry. Poetry can take on many formats,
but one of the most inventive forms is for the poem to take on the shape of its subject.
A form is a pattern of making the poem. Some poems come with rules about the
number of lines, line length, rhyme schemes, meter and refrain.
G. Tone: The attitude of the Poet towards the Audience
The tone of a poem is the is the attitude you feel in it-the writer’s attitude toward
the audience.
H.Imagery
Imagery refers to the “pictures” which we perceive with our mind’s eyes, ears, nose, tongue,
skin, and through which we experience the “duplicate world” created by poetic language. Imagery
evokes the meaning and truth of human experiences not in abstract terms, as in philosophy, but in more
perceptible and tangible forms. This is a device by which the poet makes his meaning strong, clear and
sure.
I. Diction
Poetic diction is a term used to refer to the linguistic style, vocabulary, and the metaphors usen
in the writing of poetry.

 NDSC COLLEGE
J. Figure of Speech
Figure of Speech is a type of that varies from the norms of literal language, in which words
mean exactly what they say for the sake of comparison emphasis, clarity, or freshness.
K. Atmosphere: the dominant emotional aura of the poem
In literature, atmosphere refers to the dominant aura or general feeling created in the readers or
audience by a work at any given point. It describes the overall feelings or emotions experienced by the
readers or audience.
Activity 2
Writing Exercise
Write a short love poem where you compare the

experience of love or the beloved person to a concrete object
using it as a simile or a metaphor. The more specific the details
of your love poem the better.
Activity 3: More Than a Feeling!

Questions to Ponder: What is the strongest emotion have you experienced? Is it anger, happiness, or fear? Have
you experienced something you could not describe because it was a mix of different things? Often, we have
emotions we are not so sure how to label or name; and poetry, to a certain extent, helps in fleshing out or
putting into words that feeling.
Take a look at the following ways we express emotions. What do you notice about them? Do they encapsulate
what you really want to say? In one to two sentences, restate orally the following in your own words
without using the generic adjective for that emotion. See how else you can express yourself.
I am in love. I feel anxious
I’m excited! I’m feeling happy.
I am hopeful.
I am handsome/beautiful.
Process Questions:
1. What is poem?
2. Is it mere self-expression? How does poetry put into words and translate experience?
3. How does it thoughtfully recreate emotion?
Genres of Poetry
Poetry can be classified into three genres:
A. Narrative Poetry
B. Lyric Poetry
C. Dramatic Poetry
A. Narrative Poetry
It is a form of poem that tells a series of events using poetic devices such as rhythm, rhyme,
compact language, and attention to sound. In other words, narrative poetry tells a story, but it does with
poetic flair. Character, setting, conflict, and plot are some elements of narrative poetry that are
important.
Examples of narrative poem includes:
1. Epic
 Epic is a long unified narrative poem, recounting in dignified language the adventures of a
warrior, a king, or a god, the whole embodying the religious philosophical beliefs, the moral
code, customs, traditions, manners, attitudes, sciences, folklore, and culture of the people or
country from which it came.

 NDSC COLLEGE
 Two of the most famous epic poems are the Iliad and Odyssey by Homer, which tell about
the story of Trojan War and the adventures of Odysseus on his voyage home after the war.
Other examples from western literature include, Virgil’s Aeneid, and Milton’s Paradise
Lost.
2. Metrical Romance
 A metrical romance recounts the quest undertaken by a single knight in order to gain a lady’s
favor. Frequently, its central interest is courtly love, together with tournaments fought and
dragons and monster slain for the damsel’s sake. It stresses the chivalric ideals of courage,
loyalty, honor, mercifulness to an opponent, and exquisite and manners; and it delights in
wonders and marvels.
3. Metrical Tale
 A metrical tale is a simple, straightforward story verse. It narrates strange happenings in s
direct manner, without detailed descriptions of character.
 Petronius’ “The Widow of Ephesus” is an example.
4. Ballad
 A ballad is a narrative poem which is meant to be sung, usually composed in ballad stanza.
Although some ballad (literary ballad) are carefully crafted poems written by literate authors
and meant to be read silently, the folk ballad (or popular ballad or traditional ballad) is
derived from the oral tradition.
 “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” by Samuel Taylor Coleridge is an example of ballad. All
stanzas end with the same one-line refrain.
Activity 4:
Creative writing Challenge: Narrative Poems
Use this chart below to define the different types of narrative poems.
Type of Narrative Meaning Famous Examples
1.
2.
3.
4.
B. Lyric Poetry
In the most common use of term, a lyric is any fairly short poem, consisting of the utterance by a
single speaker, who expresses a state of mind or process of perception though and feeling.
It is generally considered the most intense genre of poetry, the form the honors its musical
origins. The term Lyric comes from the Greek word lyre a stringed instrument similar to a guitar.
Examples of lyric poems include:
1. Ode
 An ode is a dignified and elaborately structure lyric poem praising and glorifying an
individual, commemorating an event, or describing nature intellectually rather than
emotionally. Odes originally were songs performed to the accompaniment of a musical
instrument.
2. Elegy
 An elegy is a lyric poem, written in elegiac couplets, that expresses sorrow or lamentation,
usually for one who has died. This type of work stemmed out of a Greek word known as
elegus, a song of mourning or lamentation that is accompanied by the lyre.
3. Sonnet
 A sonnet is a short poem with fourteen lines, usually written in iambic pentameter
4. Song
 A song is as short lyric or narrative text set to music.
5. Simple Lyric
 A simple lyric is a short poem expressing the poet’s thought feeling or emotion.
Activity 5:
Creative writing Challenge: Lyric Poems
Use this chart below to define the different types of lyric poems.

 NDSC COLLEGE
Type of Lyric Poem Meaning Famous Examples

1.Ode
2.Elegy
3.Sonnet
4.Song
5.Simple Lyric
C. Dramatic Poetry
Dramatic poetry is any poetry that uses discourse of the characters involved to tell story or
portray a situation. It involves the technique of drama, and it tells story. Dramatic poetry is typically
meant to be performed for an audience.
Examples of dramatic poetry include:
1. Dramatic Monologue
 A dramatic monologue is a literary device that is used when a character reveals his or her
innermost thoughts and feelings, those that are hidden throughout the course of the story line,
through a poem or a speech.
 In monologue a character usually makes a speech in the presence of the other characters.
2. Soliloquy
 A soliloquy is the act of speaking while alone, especially when used as a theatrical device
that allows a character’s thoughts and ideas to be conveyed to the audience
 In soliloquy the character or speaker speaks for himself.
Activity 6:
Creative writing Challenge: Dramatic Poems
Use this chart below to define the different types of dramatic poems.
Type of Dramatic Poetry Meaning Famous Examples
1.Dramatic Monologue
2. Soliloquy
Key Concepts:
Be Familiar of Western Poetic Forms: Sonnet, Ode, Elegy, Villanelle
There are many types and forms of poetry. In ancient times, poetry has been traditionally classified into
three categories or genres based on their most dominant rhetorical strategies: narrative poetry, dramatic
poetry, and lyrical poetry.
Narrative poetry intends to tell a story through verses. A narrative poem can tell a very short chronicle
like in a ballad, a moderately lengthy narrative like in a metrical tale or a metrical romance, or an extremely
stretched out yarn like in an epic.
Dramatic poetry, on the other hand, in its original context is drama written in verse that is meant to be
spoken or chanted, like the Greek tragedies. In more modern usage, the literary term refers to certain poems (the
dramatic monologue and the soliloquy) whose main characteristic is their exploitation of dramatic situation.
Lyric poetry, in contrast, conveys the extremely personal emotions, powerful feelings or nostalgic
sentiments of the persona (the speaking voice of the poem). In Ancient Greece lyrical poetry refers to the poem
that are meant to be recited to the accompaniment of the lyre, a chordophone or stringed musical instrument.
Lyrical poems are characterized by their brevity, intensity, and musicality.
Sonnet
The Sonnet is a fixed lyrical form of poetry composed of fourteen lines that follows a certain set of
pattern or rhyme scheme. There are two major types of sonnet whose histories are intertwined but whose
respective developments are quite different: the Italian or Petrarchan sonnet, and the English or Shakespearean
sonnet. The sonnet is probably the most popular and well- known of the western fixed forms of poetry.
The sonnet first emerged in Italy probably in the 13 th century. Francesco Petrarca (better known as
Petrarch) in the 14th century elevated it to the highest level of its Italian perfection.
The Italian or Petrarchan form of sonnet is distinguished by its division into the octave (octet) and
sestet (sextet): the octave rhyming abbaabba and the sestet cdecde, cdcdcd, or cdedce. The octave
states a problem, asks a question, or expresses an emotional tension; while the sestet resolves the problem,
answer the question, or relieves the tension. The Italian or Petrarchan sonnet is usually made up of iambic
hexameters or six pairs of iambs. Iambic hexameters are also known aa Alexandrine lines.

 NDSC COLLEGE
The English or Shakespearean form of the (each with a rhyme is typically has four divisions: three
quatrains (each have a rhyme scheme of its own, usually rhyming line that alternate), and a final or concluding
couplet. The usual rhyme of English or Shakespearean sonnet is ababa cdcd efef gg.
Ode
The ode is a lyrical form of poetry that is exalted both in terms of tone and subject matter. As a literary
form it is characterized by solemnity, dignity and gallantry, as well as emotional intensity powerful imagination
and vivid imagery. The main intention of the ode is to elevate its subject matter.
Elegy
The elegy a lyrical form of poetry that laments the demise of a person, usually someone important, or a
contemplation of the phenomena of death itself? The elegy usually provides the surrounding circumstances of
passing away of a love one or a special individual, and the effects of the tremendous loss on the persona or
speaking voice. Elegy unlike the sonnet or the villanelle, is not a metrical form, and does not follow any
required set pattern or rhyme scheme, or even a particular cadence or rhythm.
Villanelle
The villanelle is a fixed lyrical poem composed of nineteen lines that follows a certain set pattern or
rhyme scheme. The first five stanzas of the villanelle are made up of tercets (each stanza of three line each),
while the final stanza is made up of quatrain (or four lines). The first line of the first stanza is repeated as the
last line of the second and fourth stanzas. These two lines (which serve as the refrain of the villanelle) follow
each other to become the penultimate (or second-to-the-last) and the ultimate (or last) lines of the poem,
respectively. The rhyme scheme of the villanelle is aba aba aba aba aba abaa, and the rhymes are repeated
according to the refrains.
The Eastern Poetic Forms: Haiku, Tanka, Tanaga, Diona

Before you are introduced to these two poetic traditions, read first the short poem below for a taste of
poetry originally written in English that is heavily influenced by Japanese poetry
Japanese Poetry
Haiku
(light verse) is a traditional Japanese fixed poetic from composed of three unrhymed lines comprising 17
syllables. It is a three-line poem having 5-7-5 syllables count. Historically it involved during the 17th
century from the hokku or opening of a renga (linked verse). By convention, haiku contains three
sections, a kereji or cutting word, usually located at the end of one of the poem’s three sections, and a
kigo or a word that indicates the season of the year or the time of the story.
 The three most famous practitioners of haiku are Matsuo Basha, Yusa Buson, and
Kobayashi Issa, all of whom belong to the Edo Period (1603-1868)
Tanka
(short song, as opposed to choka or long song) is a Japanese fixed poem form composed of five unrhymed
lines comprising thirty-one syllables. The first and third lines contain five syllables each, while second,
fourth and fifth lines contain seven lines a piece, or 5-7-5-7-7. It is longer than the haiku. It provides a
more complete picture of an event or a mood than the haiku.
 It is also referred to as waka, which is the generic term for Japanese song, as opposed to
kanshi, a poem written by a Japanese poet in classical Chinese.
Tagalog Poetry

 NDSC COLLEGE
Tanaga
Is an indigenous or native Tagalog poetic form. It is composed of four heptasyllabic lines or four lines
containing seven syllables each. It is made up of two couplets that have a rhyme scheme aabb. The
strength of tanaga is to be found in its central image or controlling metaphor. According to Vocabulario
de la lengua Tagala, this metaphor which Tagalog people refer to as talinghaga is closely associate with,
mystery (itinaling hiwaga), a figurative language (matalinghaga), and ambiguity.
Here is an example of a tanaga in its original Tagalog archaic orthography followed by its modern
Filipino rendition and its contemporary translation by Jardine Davies:
Diona
The diona is another indigenous or native Tagalog fixed poetic form. It is composed of three octosyllabic
lines with a monorhyme or three lines containing eight syllables each that all rhyme with one another.
Since it is made up three lines, the diona has been labelled by some Filipino literary enthusiast as the
Pinoy haiku. Like other traditional Tagalog songs, the diona was originally sung rather than recited.
Diona is then known as domestic song which could either be a courting song or wedding song.
Noceda and Sanlucar have preserved the diona below which pertains to marriage in their Vocabulario:
You don’t write because you want to say something. You write because you have something to say.
-F. Scott Fitzgerald
End of the Lesson

(B.E.S.T)
Amare Est Servire
Creative Writing (BEng 111)

BSED 1
 NDSC COLLEGE
Week 9-12
LEARNING COMPETENCIES:
 Identify the various elements, techniques, and literary devices in fiction
 Determine various modes of fiction;
 Write journal entries and other short exercises exploring key elements of fiction
 Write a short scene applying the various elements, techniques, and literary devices.
Chapter Outline:
1. What is Fiction?
2. Some Quotes about Fiction
3. Types of Prose Fiction
4. Forerunners of the Modern Short Stories
5. Types of Modern Short Stories
6. The Formal Elements of Fiction
7. Literary Devices
8. Modernism vs. Postmodernism
9. Postmodern Literary Techniques
10. Reading Fiction
1. What is Fiction?
Fiction is a general term used to describe an imaginative work of prose, either a novel short story, or
novella. A work of fiction is a creation of the writer s imagination. It is an imagined story, usually written down,
that the author tells in ordinary, natural language. It chiefly uses an array of narrative techniques and has a wide
range in terms of length. It deals, in part or in whole, with information or events that are not factual, but rather,
invented and imaginary -that is, made up by the author.
Examples of works of prose fiction include novels, short stories, novelettes, tables fairy tales, legends,
myths, etc. but it now also encompasses films, comic books, and video games
Ibsen's Nora is fictional, a "make-believe" character in a play, as are Hamlet and Othello.
Characters like Robert Browning's Duke and Duchess from his poem "My Last Duchess" are fictional as
well, though they may be based on actual historical individual.
And, of course, characters in stories and novels are fictional, though they, too, may be based, in some
way, on real people. The important thing to remember is that writers embellish and embroider and alter actual
life when they use real life as the basis for their work. They fictionalize facts, and deviate from real-lite
situations as they "make things up.”
2. Some Quotes about Fiction

1. "That's what fiction is for. It's for getting at the truth when the truth isn't sufficient for the truth." -Tim
O'Brien
2. "Fiction is the lie through which we tell the truth"- Albert Camus
3. "Fiction is art and art is the triumph over chaos.. to celebrate a world that lies spread out around us
like a bewildering and stupendous dream. -John Cheever
4. "If you will practice being fictional for a while, you will understand that fictional characters are
sometimes more real than people with bodies and heartbeats."- Richard Bach
5. "Fiction was invented the day Jonah arrived home and told his wife that he was three days late because
he had been swallowed by a whale."- Gabriel García Márquez
6. "Sometimes fiction is more easily understood than true events. Reality is often pathetic." -Young-Ha
Kim
7. "Fiction is the only way to redeem the formlessness of life" Martin Amis
8. “Fiction is the truth inside the lie.” - Stephen King
3. Types of Prose Fiction

 NDSC COLLEGE
The two main types of fiction are literary and commercial. Commercial fiction attracts a broad
audience and may also fall into any subgenre, like mystery, romance, legal thriller, western, science fiction, and
so on.
Literary fiction, on the other hand, tends to appeal to a smaller, more intellectual adventurous
audience. What sets literary fiction apart, however, is the notable qualities it contains excellent writing,
originality of though, and style -that raise it above the level ordinary written works.
Looking at form or style is another way to categorize prose fiction. Another wayis to look at their
length:
Novel: A work of 50,000 words or more (about 170+ pages
Novella: A work of at least 17,500 words but under 50,000 words. (60-170 pages) Joseph
Conrad's Heart of Darkness (1899) is an example of a novella.
Short Story: A work of at least 2,000 words but under 7,500 words (5-25 pages).
The boundary between a long short story and a novella is vague. ("Fiction – Wikipedia 2017)
A. Novel
B. Novella
C. The Short Story
A. Novel
E.M. Forster in Aspects of the Novel cites the definition of a Frenchman named Abel
Chevalley: "a fiction in prose of a certain extent" and adds that he defines "extent" as over
50,000 words. The novel is one form of an extended fictional prose narrative. It differs from
allegory (which functions to teach some sort of moral lesson) and romance (with its
emphasis on spectacular and exciting events designed to entertain) in its emphasis on
character development.
The novel, however, arises from the desire to depict and interpret human character. The reader of the
novel is both entertained and aided in a deeper perception of life's problems. The novel deals with a human
character in a social situation, man as a
social being. The novel places more emphasis on character, especially one-well rounded character, than on plot.
A Novel is a work of 50,000 words or more (about 170+ pages).
Here are some types/ kinds of novel:
1. Realistic Novel 18. Novel of Incident
2. Picaresque Novel 19. Novel of Manners
3. Historical Novel 20. Novel of the Soil
4Epistolary Novel 21. Utopian Novel
5. Bildungsroman 22. Dystopian Novel
6. Gothic Novel 23. Graphic Novel
7. Autobiographical Novel 24. Science Fiction (Sci-Fi) Novel
8. Detective Fiction 25. Pulp Fiction
9. International Novel 26. Erotic Novel
10. Psychological Novel 27. Roman-fleuve
11. Political Novel 28. Anti-Novel
12. Sociological Novel 29. Interactive Novel
13. Romantic Novel 30. Fantasy Novel
14. Roman á clef 31. Children's Novel
15. Dime Novel 32. Mystery Novel
16. Hypertext Novel 33. Western Novel
17. Novel of Sensibility 34. Horror Novel
1. Realistic Novel (Leo Tolstoy)

A type of novel that emphasizes truthful representation or the actual. The characters in realistic novel
interact with other characters and undergo plausible and everyday experiences.
Notable examples include Leo Tolstoy's War and Peace, Theodore Dreiser's An American
Tragedy, Jay Asher's Thirteen Reasons Why, and John Green's Looking for Alaska.
2. Picaresque Novel (Henry Fielding)

 NDSC COLLEGE
A chronicle, usually autobiographical, presenting the life story of a rascal of low degree engaged in
menial tasks and making his living more through his wits than his industry. The picaresque novel tends to be
episodic and structureless. The picaro, or rogue through various pranks and predicaments and by his
association with people of varying degree, affords the author an opportunity for satire of the social classes.
Henry Fielding's The History of Tom Jones, A Foundling is Henry Fielding Picaresque novel, as is
Daniel Defoe's Moll Flanders. The first significant picaresque novel in English is The Unfortunate
Traveller: The Life of lack Wilton (1594) by Thomas Nash. A more recent example of a picaresque hero is
Ignatius P. Riley of John Kennedy 1oole s A Confederacy of Dunces.
3. Historical Novel (Robert Graves)

A novel that reconstructs a past age.
Scot, Thackeray, Dumas, Hug0, Tolstoy, and Cooper are practitioners of this novel form. More
recently, historical novels have been attempted by Robert Graves, Gore Vidal, Norman Mailer, E.L Doctorow,
and William Kennedy.
4. Epistolary Novel (Samuel Richardson)

A novel in which the narrative is carried forward by letters written by one or more of the characters.
Samuel Richardson's Pamela, Fanny Burney's Evelina Choderlos de Laclos's Dangerous Liaisons,
Alice Walker's The Color Purple, John O’Hara's Pal Joey and Modesto de Castro's Urbana at Felisa are
notable examples of the epistolary novel.
5. Bildungsroman (Thomas Mann)

A novel that deals with the development of a young person, usually adolescence to maturity. It is
frequently autobiographical.
Candide's Voltaire, Charles Dickens's David Copperfield, Thomas Mann's The Magic Mountain,
J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter, Haruki Murakami's Norwegian Wood, Samuel Butler's The Way of All
Flesh and James Joyce's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man are standard examples of
bildungsroman.
6. Gothic Novel (Daphne du Maurier)

A novel in which magic, mystery, and chivalry are the chief characteristics. Horrors abound: One may
expect a suit of armor suddenly come to life among ghosts, clanking chains, and charnel houses.
Horace Walpole's The Castle of Otranto, Anne Radcliffe’s The Mysteries of Udolpho, Mary
Wollstonecraft Shelley's Frankenstein, and Daphne du Maurier's Rebecca are significant
examples of gothic novels. Daphne
7.Autobiographical Novel (D.H. Lawrence)

A novel based on the life of the author. Novels can on occasion be autobiography in the guise of fiction.
Examples are those of Thomas Wolfe and in Charles Dickens's Great Expectations, D. H. Lawrence's Sons
and Lovers, Sylvia Plath’s The Bell Jar. and James Joyce's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man.
8. Detective Fiction (Ian Fleming)
A subgenre of crime fiction and mystery fiction in which an investigator or a detective-either professional or
amateur investigates a crime, often murder.
This genre includes the great espionage writers, including John Le Carre, Len Deighton, Ian Fleming, Clive
Cussler, and Frederick Forsythe. It also includes the police procedurals of Patricia Cornwell, Tony Hillerman, and
Lawrence Sanders, as well as the courtroom bestsellers of Scott Turow, Richard North Patterson, Steve Martini, and John
Grisham, and the military thrillers of Tom Clancy and Stephen Koontz.
9. International Novel (Henry James)

A novel in which one important spring of conflict is national difference, especially among characters who must
travel.
Many of Scott's historical novel involve such conflict, but the most brilliant exploitation of the mode has been in
the novels of Henry James, such as The Americans and The Golden Bowl. Many novels of Maugham Lawrence
Huxley, Hemingway, and Fitzgerald have to do with international themes.
10. Psychological Novel (Elizabeth Gaskell)

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Prose fiction that places unusual emphasis on interior characterization and on the motives, circumstances, and
internal action that spring from, and develop external action. The psychological novel, not content to state what happens,
goes on to explain the why of the action.
The term was first importantly applied to a group of novelists in the middle of the action 19 th century of whom
Elizabeth Gaskell, George Eliot, and George Meredith were the chief. The modem psychological novel may at one
extreme record the inner experience of characters as reported by the author, as Henry James tends to do, or at the other
extreme utilize he interior monologue to articulate the nonverbalized and subconscious life of a character, as in some of
the work of James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, and William Faulkner.
11. Political Novel (Robert Penn)

A novel that deals with aspects of political life and in which these aspects are essential ingredients of the work.
Such works as Robert Penn Warren's All the Kings Men, John Passos's District of Columbia, Joyce Cary's
Chester Nimmo, CP. Snow's Strangers and Brothers, and Ninotchka Rosca's State of War are political novels.
12. Sociological Novel

A form of the problem novel that concentrates on the nature, function, and effect of the society in which the
characters live. Usually, the sociological novel presents a thesis as a resolution to a social problem, but it is by no means
always a propaganda novel.
Dickens's Hard Times, Eliot's Middlemarch, Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin, Steinbeck's The Grapes of
Wrath, Caldwell's Tobacco Road and Rizal's Noli Me Tangere are novels whose central issues are sociological.
13. Romantic Novel

A novel marked by strong interest in action, with episodes often based on love, adventure, and combat. It is often
set in the historical past with a plot that emphasizes adventure and an atmosphere removed from reality. The characters in
a prose romance are either sharply drawn as villains or heroes, masters or victims; while the protagonist is isolated from
the society.
First-class romance writers include Jude Deveraux, Victoria Holt Judith McNaught, Daphne Du Maurier, Jennifer
Greene, and Nora Roberts.
14. Roman á clef (Aldous Huxley)

A novel in which actual persons are presented under the guise of fiction. Notable examples have been W.
Somerset Maugham’s Cakes and Ales, Aldous Huxley's Point Counter Point, Ernest Hemingway's The Sun Also
Rises, Truman Capote's Answered Prayers, Carrie Fisher's Postcard from the Edge, and Prayers, and almost all of
Jack Kerouac's novels
15. Dime Novel (Prentiss Ingraham)

Short works of fiction, usually focused on the dramatic exploits of a single heroic character. As evidenced by their
name, dime novels were sold for a dime (sometimes a nickel or penny dreadful), and featured colorful cover illustrations.
They were bound in paper, making them light, portable, and somewhat ephemeral. Dime novels are, at least in spirit, the
antecedent of today's mass market paperbacks, comic books, and even television shows and movies based on the dime
novel genres.
Adventures of Buffalo Bill from Boyhood to Manhood falls under this category.
16. Hypertext Novel (Mark Z. Danielewski)

A genre of electronic literature, characterized by the use of hypertext links which provide a new context for non-
linearity in literature and reader interaction. The reader typically chooses links to move from one node of text to the next,
and in this fashion arranges a story from a deeper pool of potential stories. Its spirit can also be seen in interactive fiction.
Mark Z. Danielewski's House of Leaves, Enrique Jardiel Poncela's La Tournée de Dios, Jorge Luis Borges's The
Garden of Mark Z. Danielewski’s Forking Paths, and Julio Cortázar's Rayuela (translated as Hopscotch) may be classified
as hypertext novels.
17. Novel of Sensibility

The novel of sensibility or the sentimental novel 1s an 18th-century literary genre which celebrates the emotional
and intellectual concepts of sentiment, sentimentalism, and sensibility. ` Samuel Richardson's Pamela, or Virtue
Rewarded sensibility. or Virtue Rewarded Laurence Sterne's Tristram Shandy, Oliver Goldsmith's The Vicar of
Wakefield, and Henry Mackenzie's The Man of Feeling are major examples of novels of sensibility.
18. Novel of Incident

A term for a novel in which episodic action dominates, and plot and characters are subordinate. The structure is
loose and emphasis is on thrilling incident rather than on characterization or suspense.

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Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe and duma’s Three Musketeers are examples of novels of incident.
19. Novel of Manners

A novel dominated by social customs, manners, conventions, and habits of a definite social class. In the true novel
of manners, the mores of a specified group, described in detail and with great accuracy, become powerful controls over
characters.
The novels of Jane Austen, Edith Wharton, and John P. Marquand are novels of manners.
20. Novel of the Soil

A special kind of regionalism in the novel, in which the lives of people struggling for existence in remote rural
sections are starkly portrayed.
Examples are Ellen Glasgow's Barren Ground, O.E. Rolvaag's Giants of the Earth, Elizabeth Madox
Robert's Time of Man, and Pearl S. Buck's The Good Earth.
B. Novella
A novella is a written, fictional, prose narrative normally longer than a short story but shorter than a
novel. The English word "novella' is derived from the Italian word "novella," feminine of "novella," which
means new. The novella is a common literary genre in several European languages. As a literary genre, the
novella's origin lay in the early Renaissance literary work of the Italians and the French. As the etymology
suggests novellas originally were news of town and country life worth repeating for amusement and edification.
C. The Short Story

According to the English fictionist William Somerset Maugham, the short story is "a piece of fiction
dealing with a single incident that can be read at a sitting. It is original. It must sparkle,
excite or impress; it must have unity of effect and it must move in an even line from its exposition up to its
close."
A short story can be a fable or a parable, real or fantasy, a true presentation or a parody, sentimental or
sarcastic, serious in intent or a light-hearted diversion-it can be any of these, but to be memorable it must catch
the eternal in casual, invest a moment with the immensity of time.
A Short story is a work of at least 2,000 words but under7,500 words (5-25 pages). The boundary
between a long short story and a novella is vague.
("Fiction Wikipedia," 2017)
What Makes a Good Short Story?

 A short story is a piece of prose fiction which can be read at a single sitting.
 It ought to combine matter-of-fact description with poetic atmosphere.
 It ought to present a unified impression of temper, tone, color, and effect.
 It mostly shows a decisive moment of life.
 There is often little action, hardly any character development, but we get a snapshot of life.
 lts plot is not very complex (in contrast to the novel), but it creates a unified impression and leaves us
with a vivid sensation rather than a number of remembered facts.
 There is a close connection between the short story and the poem as there is both unique union of idea
and structure.
4. Forerunners of the Modern Short Stories

Before the 19th century the short story was not generally regarded as a distinct literary form. But
although in this sense it may seem to be a uniquely modern genre the fact is that short prose fiction is nearly as
old as language itself. Throughout history the humankind has enjoyed various types of brief narratives: jests,
anecdotes, studied digressions, short allegorical romances, moralizing fairy tales, short myths, and abbreviated
historical legends. None of these constitutes a short story as it has been defined since the 19th century, but they
do make up a large part of the milieu from which the modern short story emerged. (Encyclopedia Britannica,
2017)
Here are some of the forerunners of the modern short stories:
A. Myths E. Folktales
B. Fables F. Fairy Tales
C. Parables G. Legends

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D. Allegories H. Romances
A. Myths
A myth may be broadly defined as a narrative that through many retellings has become an accepted
tradition in a society. Myths are tales involving the gods of old. They may deal with a conflict among the gods
themselves, or ways in which the gods would reveal themselves as unique characters unto the lowly creatures of
the Earth, including, of course, man. Myths exist in almost all cultures. They typically date from a time before
the introduction of writing, when they were passed orally from one generation to the next. Myths deal with
basic questions about the nature of the world and human experience, and because of their all-encompassing
nature, myths can illuminate many aspects of a culture
Famous examples of Myths are found in Greek Mythology:
1. Aphrodite and the Trojan War
2. Apollo and Cassandra
3. Apollo's Oracle and Delphi
4. Daedalus and lcarus
5. Demeter and Persephone
6. Eros and Psyche
7. Hades and the River Styx
8. Hermes and Apollo
9. Jason and the Golden Fleece
10. King Midas and The Minotaur
B. Fables
The fable is a short literary composition in prose or verse They cautionary or moral truth. The moral is
usually summed up at the end of the story, which would generally tells of conflict among animals that are given
the attributes of human beings.
The fable differs from the parable, also a short narrative designed to convey are the moral truth, in that
the fable is concerned with the impossible and improbable, whereas the parable always deals with possible
events.
Both fables and parables are forms of allegory.
Generally, fables are short narratives that revolve around particular moral lessons. Animals are the
heroes in most fables. They are made to stand for certain traits of the human race, and to teach the ways of the
world through vivid characterization and lively interaction.
The famous examples of Fables are:

1. Bee-Keeper and the Bees -While a beekeeper was away, someone stole the honey. When the bees
returned, they started stinging the keeper. He called them ungrateful because they let someone steal the
honey and then attacked person who looked after them. The moral is, Things are not always what they
seem."
2 The Ants and the Grasshopper-The ants saved food for the winter and the grasshopper did not. The
moral is “It is best to prepare for the days of necessity.”
3. The Ass and the Grasshopper - An ass heard grasshoppers chirping and wanted to do the same. He
asked what kind of food they ate to be able to sing so beautifully. They said they ate dew. The ass ate
only dew and soon died. The moral is, "One person's meal is another's poison."
4. The Ass in the Lion's Skin -The ass put on a lion's skin and walked into the town. All were
frightened of him until he brayed, revealing himself. The moral is "When you talk too much, you can
reveal too much."
5. The Bundle of Sticks - On his deathbed, an old man had servants bring in a bundle of sticks. He told
his sons to break the bundle and none could. He then asked them to untie the bundle, each lake a stick
and break it. They did that easily. The moral is "Union gives strength."
C. Parable
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A parable is a short, fictious narrative, designed to illuminate a spiritual truth, it has been used
similarly by later writers to convey a moral point.
The famous examples of Parables are :
1. Parable of the Good Samaritan - Luke 10:25-37
2. Parable of the Good Shepherd - John 10:1-5 and 11-18
3. Parable of the Great Banquet - Luke 14:16-24
4. Parable of the Growing Seed - Mark 4:26-29
5. Parable of the Hidden Treasure - Matthew 13:44
D.Allegories
An allegory is a fictional literary narrative or artistic expression that conveys a symbolic meaning
parallel to but distinct from, and more important than, the literal meaning. Related forms are the fable and the
parable, which are didactic, comparatively short, and simple allegories.
Here are some examples of allegory in literature:
1. Animal Farm by George Orwell is a political allegory of events in Russia and Communism.
2. Faerie Queene by Edmund Spenser is a religious moral allegory where characters represent
virtues and vices.
3. Pilgrim Progress by John Bunyan is a spiritual allegory about a spiritual journey. The name of
the central character, Pilgrim, epitomizes the book's allegorical nature
4. The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe by Cs. Lewis is a religious allegory with Aslan as Christ
and Edmund as Judas.
5. The Lord of the Flies by William Golding has many allegories about society, morality and
religion, to name a few.
E. Folktales
Folktales are generic of various kinds of narrative prose literature found in the oral traditions of the
world. One of the many forms of folklore, folktales are heard and remembered, and they are subject to various
alterations in the course of retellings. As they are diffused (transmitted through a culture), some folktales may
pass in and out of written literature
and some stories of literary origin may cross over into oral tradition. Nevertheless, an essential trait of folktales-
and all folk literature-is their diffusion, and their passage from one generation to another, by word of mouth.
Examples of Filipino Folktales are:
1. Aponibolinayen and the Sun
2. Bulanawan and Aguio
3. Dogedog
4. Gawigawen of Adasen
5. How Children Became Monkeys
6. How the First Head Was Taken
7. How the Moon and Stars Came to Be
8. How the Tinguian Learned to Plant
9. Juan Gathers Guavas
10. Lumawig on Earth
F. Fairy Tale
A fairy tale is a simple narrative dealing with supernatural beings (such as fairies, magicians, ogres, or
dragons) that is typically of folk origin and written or told for the amusement of children. It contains
supernatural or obviously improbable events, scenes, and personages and often having a whimsical, satirical, or
moralistic character.
Famous examples of Fairy Tales are:
1. Cinderella
2. 2 Elves and the Shoemaker
3. Emperor's New Clothes
4. Frog-Prince
5. The Gingerbread Man
6. Goldilocks and the Three Bears

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7. Hansel and Gretel

8. 6, Jack and the Bean Stalk
9. Little Red Riding Hood
10. The Pied Piper of Hamelin
G. Legends
A legend is a traditional narrative or collection of related narratives, popularity regarded as historically
factual but actually a mixture of fact and fiction.
The Medieval Latin word legenda means "things tor reading" During certain services of the early
Christian church, legenda, or lives of the saints, were read aloud legend is set in a specific place at a specific
time; the subject is often a heroic historical personage. A legend differs from a myth by portraying a human
hero rather than one who is a god. Legends, originally oral, have been developed into literary masterpieces.
Best-known legends are:
1. Atlantis
2. Bloody Mary
3. El Dorado
4. Faust
5. King Arthur
6. Lady Godiva
7. Prester John
8. Robin Hood
9. The Flying Dutchman
10. The Fountain of Youth
11. The Gordian Knot
12. Yamashita's Treasures
H. Romances
A romance is a literary genre popular in the Middle Ages (5th century to 15th century), dealing, in
verse or prose, with legendary, supernatural, or amorous subjects and characters. The name refers to Romance
languages and originally denoted any lengthy composition in one of those languages. Later the term was applied
to tales specifically concerned with knights, chivalry, and courtly love. The romance and the epic are similar
forms, but epics tend to be longer and less concerned with courtly love.
5. Types of Modern Short Stories

Now that we know generally what a short story is, we can discuss the different types of contemporary
short stories This is by no means a comprehensive list, since short stories come in a wide variety of lengths and
styles.
But this is a list of the most common.
A. Anecdote
B. Drabble
C. Feghoot
D. Flash Fiction
A. Anecdote
A short account of something interesting and amusing, which usually tells a story about a real person
and/or incident. Often, anecdotes are used to illustrate or support a point in an essay, article, or chapter. They
are very short, but have no specific limits.
A very famous anecdote in literature is from Swann's Way of Marcel Proust's In Search of Lost Time
novels, when he recalls a specific time that he ate a madeleine cookie.
Below is a small selection from this memory:
Many years had elapsed during which nothing of Combray, save what was comprised in the
theatre and the drama of my going to bed there, had any existence for me, when one day in winter, as I
came home, my mother, seeing that I was cold, offered me some tea, a thing I did not ordinarily take. I
declined at first, and then, for no particular reason, changed my mind. She sent out for one of those

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short, plump little cakes called petites madeleines,' which look as though they had been molded in the
fluted scallop of a pilgrim's shell.
Proust uses this anecdote in part of an ongoing discussion on memory and remembrance of the past. For
him, this particular childhood moment represents one of his strongest and most intense memories, particularly
of those tied to senses. (Roan, 2014)
B. Drabble
An exceptionally short piece of fiction, usually of exactly 100 words in length-not including the title.
The purpose of a drabble is extreme brevity and to test an author’s skill at expressing himself-herself
meaningfully and interestingly in a very confined space.
Published science fiction writers who have written drabbles include Brian Aldiss and Gene Wolfe (both
of whom contributed to “The Drabble Project) and Lois McMaster Buiold (whose novel Cryoburn finishes with
a sequence of five drabbles, each told from the point of view of a different character).(Roan, 2014)
C. Feghoot
An interesting short story type also known as a story pun or a poetic story joke or a shaggy dog story. It
is a humorous piece ending in an atrocious pun. It can be very short, only long enough
to sufficiently illustrate the context of the piece enough to lead up to the pun. The term feghoot is derived from
Ferdinand Feghoot, the title character in a series of science fiction stories by Reginald Bretnor (1911-1992),
who wrote under the anggrammatic pen name Grendel Briarton.
"Feghoots aren't the most useful form of pun: but they can Reginald Bretnor help you end a story-a big
problem for many of us. We tell a great anecdote to our friends, get some laughs, and things are going well until
we realize we have no clue how to bring the thing to a close. What do you do? Give it a n oral? An alternative,
the Feghoot ending, summarizes your story in a way that makes laugh laugh-or even more satisfying, groan
appreciatively." (Roan, 2014)
D. Flash Fiction
A genre of fiction where all of the stories are very brief. We're talking under 100 words in some cases,
although there's no agreed-upon length for what constitutes a flash fiction story. Some stories are a single
sentence in length; others stretch on for a few hundred words. (Roan, 2014)
Flash fiction is an umbrella term used to describe any fictional work of extreme brevity, including the
Six-Word Story, 140-character stories, also known as twitterature, the dribble (50 words), the drabble (100
words), and sudden fiction (750 words). Some commentators have also suggested that some flash fiction
possesses a unique literary quality, e.g. the ability to hint at or imply a larger story. ("Flash fiction Wikipedia,"
2017)
Here is an example of flash fiction from Padgett Powell's "A Gentleman's C":
My father, trying to finally graduate from college at sixty-two, came, by curious circumstance, to be
enrolled in an English class I taught, and I was, perhaps, a bit tougher on him than I was on the others. Hadn't he
been tougher on me than on other people's kids growing up? I gave him a hard, honest, low C. About what I felt
he'd always given me.
We had a death in the family, and my mother and I traveled to the funeral. My father stayed put to
complete his exams-it was his final term. On the way home we learned that he had received his grades, which
were low enough in the aggregate to prevent him from graduating, and reading this news on the dowdy sofa
inside the front door, he leaned over as if to rest and had a heart attack and died.
For years I had thought that the old man's passing away would not affect me, but it did.
Here is another example of flash fiction: "Sodom Gomorra" By Eliza Victoria
They found a pillar of salt outside the city limits, the shape neatly preserved. A woman caught in the
gesture of longing. Those who found her first wanted to sprinkle her on the burned earth, the trees charred
beyond naming. They then opted for practicality, and rubbed her into the flesh of gutted fish, poured her into
soup, placed her in crystal decanters on the
tables of kings.
All who tasted her wished to go back. Back where? they Eliza Victoria asked, and Home, they
whispered. No matter how dirty, no matter how black, no matter how many times the questions was asked:
How can you live here?

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But this is mine, they said. This foul place. This is mine. And they wept for the streets that no
longer existed, the salt trickling down their cheeks.
6. The Formal Elements of Fiction

In the same way that a painter applies line, color, tone, perspective, texture and other elements or basic
principles of art to paint a painting, a fiction writer uses character, setting, plot, point of view, tone, style,
symbol, dialogue, theme and diction to create artistic effect in fiction. These components or building blocks of a
story are known as the formal elements of fiction. An understanding of the formal elements will increase the
reader's appreciation of any work of fiction, as well as his or her ability to share his or her readings with others.
The Formal Elements of Fiction are:
A. Character
B. Setting
C. Plot
D. Point of View
E. Tone
F. Diction
G. Style
H. Dialogue
I. Theme
A. Character
In fiction character refers to a textual representation of a human being (or occasionally another
creature). Most fiction writers agree that character development is the fiction, character refers key element in a
story's creation, and in most pieces of fiction close identification with the characters is crucial to understanding
the story. The story's protagonist is the central agent in generating its plot and this individual can embody the
story's theme key element the story's theme. The forces working against her/him (whether persons, things,
conventions of society or forces of nature) and the antagonists. Characters can be categorized as the following
depending on their level of development and the extent to which they change in the course of the story:
1. A protagonist is considered to be the main characters lead figure in a novel, play, story, or poem. It may
also be referred to as the "hero" of a work-Hamlet and Othello in the plays named after them, Gregor Samsa in
Katka's Metamorphosis, Paul in Lawrence's " Rocking Horse Winner."
2. An antagonist is a character in a story or poem who deceives, frustrates, or works again the main
character, or protagonist, in some way. The antagonist doesn't necessarily have to be a person. It could be death,
the devil, an illness, or any challenge that prevents the main character from living "happily ever after." Creon is
Antigone's antagonist in Sophocles' play Antigone; Teiresias is the antagonist of Oedipus in Sophocles'
Oedipus the King.
3. An antihero is a protagonist who has the opposite of most of the traditional attributes of a hero. He or she
may be bewildered, ineffectual, deluded, or merely pathetic.
4. Tragic hero/tragic figure -A protagonist who comes to a bad end as a result of his own behavior,
usually caused by a specific personality disorder or character flaw.
5. A stock/ type character is a stereotyped character and is known by having one personality trait (e.g., a
mad scientist, the absent-minded professor, the cruel mother-in-law);
6. A flat character is a character who is the same sort of person at the end of a story as s/he was at the
beginning. Gollum from The Lord of the Rings is a wonderful character who is absolutely flat in that his
character is determined by his obsession with the recovery of the ring, "his precious."
7. A dynamic character is a character who, during the course of a story undergoes a permanent change in
some aspect of his/her personality outlook. In Shakespeare's Othello, Desdemona is a major character, but one
who is static, like the minor character Bianca. Othello is a major character who is dynamic, exhibiting an ability
to change.
8. A round character is a character who is complex, multi-dimensional, and convincing perhaps even
contradictory. E. M. Forster put it succinctly, “The test of a round character is whether it is capable of surprising
in a convincing way." For example, Genly Ai in The Left Hand of Darkness is one or Ursula Le Guin's
many round characters.
9. A Foil is a character who contrasts and parallels the main character in a play or story. In Hamlet, Laertes is
a foil for the main character. In Othello, and Bianca are foils for Desdemona.

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Authors achieve characterization with a variety of techniques: by using the narrative voice to
describe the character, by showing the actions of the character and of those reacting to her, by revealing the
thoughts or dialogue of the character, or by showing the thoughts and dialogue of others in relation to the
character.
Characterization in literature refers to a step-by-step process wherein a character
of a story is brought to notice and then detailed upon in front of the reader.
Characterization is the means by which writers present and reveal character. Although techniques of
characterization are complex, writers typically reveal characters through their speech, dress, manner, and
actions. Readers come to understand the character Miss Emily in Faulkner's story "A Rose for Emily" through
what she says, how she lives, and what she does.
Characterization is a sort of initiation wherein the reader is introduced to the
character. The initial step is to introduce the character with a marked emergence. After the arrival his behavior
is discussed. This is followed by an insight into his thought-process. Then comes the part where the character
voices his opinions or converses with other characters in the story. The last and finalizing part is when others in
the plot respond to the character's presence.
To be submitted:
Creative Writing Challenge #1: Characterization
Fill in as many details as you can to help you create three-
dimensional characters.
CHARACTER WORKSHEET
NAME:
PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION:
AGE:
HEIGHT AND WEIGHT:
EYES:
HAIR:
SPECIAL ABILITIES:
PERSONAL DATA
EDUCATION:
OCCUPATION:
SOCAIL CLASS:
RELIGION:
ETHNICITY:
HOBBIES:
FRIENDS:

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AMBITIONS:
FAMILY
PLACE IN THE FAMILY:
IMMEDIATE FAMILY MEMBERS:

PETS:
PERSONALITY
MAIN PERSONALITY TRAIT:
DISPOSITION:
SELF-IMAGE
B. Setting
Setting is the story's time and place. The elements making up a setting are: the geographical location,
its topography, scenery, and such physical arrangements as the location of the windows and doors in a room; the
occupations and daily manner of living of the characters; the time or period in which the action takes place, for
example, period in history or season of the year and the general environment of the characters, for example,
religious, mental, moral, social, and emotional conditions.
Setting is also one of the primary ways that a fiction writer Jose Rizal establishes mood. It is often
developed with narrative description, but it may also be shown with action, dialogue, or a character's thoughts.
The stories of Sandra Cisneros are set in the American southwest in the mid to late 20th century: those
of James Joyce in Dublin, Ireland in the early 20th century, the novels of Rizal are set in the Philippines in the
late 1800s.
C. Plot
Plot refers to the series or sequence of events that give a story its
meaning and effect. In most stories, these events arise out of conflict
experienced by the main character. The conflict may come from something
external or it may stem from an internal issue. As the character makes choices
and tries to resolve the problem, the story's action is shaped and plot is
generated. The plot is built around a series of events that take place within a
definite period. It is what happens to the characters. No rules exist for the
order in which the events are presented. In some stories, the author structures the entire plot chronologically,
with the first event followed by the second, third, and so on, like beads on a rosary.
In traditional literary terms, a unified plot includes an exposition, a rising action, a climax, a falling
action and a dénouement or resolution or conclusion.
According to Freytag, a drama is divided into five parts, or acts which some refer to as a dramatic arc:
exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and dénouement. Freytag's Pyramid can help writers organize
their thoughts and ideas when describing the main problem of the drama, the rising action, the climax and the
falling action.
Although Freytag's analysis of dramatic structure is based on five-act plays, it can be applied to short
stories and novels as well, making dramatic structure a literary element.
1. Exposition
Exposition is the introductory material that creates the tone, gives the setting, introduces the characters,
and supplies other facts necessary to understanding a work of literature.

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Ibsen's A Doll's House, for instance, begins with a conversation between before the two central
characters, a dialogue that fills the audience in on events that occurred before the action of the play begins, but
which are important in the development of its plot.
2. Rising Action
Rising Action is the second section of the typical Plot, in which the Main Character begins to grapple
with the story's main conflict; the rising action contains several events which usually are arranged in an order of
increasing importance.
3. Climax
Climax is a rhetorical term for a rising order of importance in the ideas expressed... In large
compositions-the essay, the short story, the drama, or the novel-the climax is the point of highest interest, where
the reader makes the greatest emotional response. In dramatic structure climax designates the turning point in
the action, the crisis at which the rising action reverses and becomes the falling action.
The climax of John Updike's "A&P," for example, occurs John Updike when Sammy quits his job as a
cashier.
4. Falling Action
Falling Action is the part of the Plot after the Climax, containing events caused by the climax and
contributing to the Resolution.
The falling action of Othello begins after Othello realizes that lago is responsible for plotting against
him by spurring him on to murder his wife, Desdemona.
5. Dénouement or Resolution
Dénouement or Resolution is the final unraveling of a plot; the living solution or mystery; an
explanation or outcome. Dénouement implies an ingenious untying of the knot of an intrigue, involving not only
a satisfactory outcome of the main situation but an explanation of all the secrets and misunderstandings
connected with the plot complication.
The denouement of Hamlet takes place after the catastrophe, with the stage littered with corpses.
During the denouement Fortinbras makes an entrance and a speech, and Horatio speaks his sweet lines in praise
of Hamlet.
However, many other stories are told with flashback techniques in which plot events from earlier times
interrupt the story's present events. All stories are unique, and in one sense there are as many plots as there are
stories.
Creative Writing Challenge # 2: PLOT

Use the following questions to narrow down your story and
build its structure. Answer each of these questions to
structure your story. SEE PAGE 38 TO ANSWER THIS
ACTIVITY.
D. Point of View
Point of view in fiction refers to the source and scope of the narrative voice. Point of view is vantage point
from which an author presents a story. It is the position the author presents a story. It is the position or the
standpoint from which something is observed or considered.
the first-person point of view, usually identifiable by the use of the pronoun
In the first-person point of view, usually identifiable by the use of the pronoun “I” a character in the
story does the narration. A first-person narrator may be a major and is often its protagonist. The author's choice
of point of view has a significant effect the story's voice and on the type of information given to the reader. In
first-person narration, for example, what can be shown is limited to the character's observation and thoughts,
and any skewed perceptions in the narrator will be passed on to the reader.
The rarest narrative voice in literature is the second-person point of view, in which the narrator
refers to the reader as "you," therefore making the audience member as if he or she is a character within the
story. Third-point of view occurs when the narrator does not take part in the story.
There are four types of third-person point of view.

1. In third-person omniscient, the narrative voice can render information from anywhere, including
the thoughts and feelings of any of the characters. This all-knowing perspective allows the narrator to
roam freely in the story's setting and even beyond. The Omniscient Narrator is not a character in the
story and can tell what any or all characters are thinking and feeling

 NDSC COLLEGE
2. In third-person limited, the narrative voice can relate what is in the minds of only a select few
characters (often only one, the point-of-view character).
3. The third-person objective employs a narrator who tells a story without describing any character's
thoughts, opinions, or feelings; instead, it gives an objective, unbiased point of view.
Often the narrator is self-dehumanized in order to make the narrative more neutral; this type of narrative
mode, outside of fiction, is often employed by newspaper articles, biographical documents, and scientific
journals. This point of view can be described as a "fly on the wall" or "camera lens" approach that can only
record the observable actions, but does not interpret these actions or relay what thoughts are going through the
minds of the characters.
Works of fiction that use this style put a great deal of emphasis on characters acting out their feelings in
an observable way. Internal thoughts, if expressed, are given voice through an aside or soliloquy. While this
approach does not allow the author to reveal the unexpressed thoughts and feelings of the characters, it does
allow the author to reveal information that not all or any of the characters may be aware of. It is also called the
third-person dramatic, because the narrator (like the audience of a drama) is neutral and ineffective toward the
progression of the plot--merely an uninvolved onlooker.
4. The third-person subjective is when the narrator conveys the thoughts, feelings, opinions, etc. of one or
more characters. In third-person subjective, sometimes called the "over the shoulder" perspective, the narrator
only describes events perceived information known by a character. At its narrowest and most subjective scope,
the story reads as though the viewpoint character were narrating it. Dramatically this is very similar to the first
person, in that it allows in-depth revelation of the protagonist s personality, but it uses third-person grammar.
Creative Writing Challenge # 3: POINT OF VIEW

Can you examine the similarities and differences among first person,
second person, and third person points of view? SEE PAGE 38 TO
ANSWER THIS ACTIVITY.
E. Tone
Tone refers to the mood or attitude that the author creates toward the story's subject matter and its
audience. It is the way an author communicates a feeling or attitude toward the subject he is writing about. To
determine tone, you have to consider diction and syntax, the grammatical structure of the sentence. You also
have to consider which details are included and which are left out.
For instance, if the author is listing reasons and answering likely objections in advance, the is
argumentative or persuasive. If the poet goes on and on about the snowy, picture-perfect holidays of childhood,
nostalgia is a good bet.
When you're determining tone, "hear" the poem in your head. Put yourself in the author's shoes and
imagine what she feels. Examine the language closely, and bring your
own experience to the poem.
F. Diction
Diction is the writer's choice of words. The author chooses each word carefully so that both its meaning
and sound contribute to the tone and feeling of the literary work. The author must consider a word's denotation-
its definition according to the dictionary and its connotation-the emotions, thoughts and ideas associated with
and evoked by the word.
A work's diction forms one of its centrally important literary elements, as writers use words to convey
action, reveal character, imply attitudes, identify themes, and suggest values. We can speak of the diction
particular to a character, as in lago's and Desdemona's very different ways of speaking in Othello. We can also
refer to a poet's diction as represented over the body of his or her work, as in Donne's or Hughes's diction.
G. Style
Style in fiction refers to the language conventions used to construct the story. A fiction writer can
manipulate diction, sentence structure, phrasing, dialogue, and other aspects of language to create style.

 NDSC COLLEGE
Thus, a story's style could be described as richly detailed, flowing, and barely controlled or sparing and
minimalist to reflect the simple sentence structures and low range of vocabulary. Predominant styles change
through time, therefore the time period in which fiction was written often influences its style.
Style is the manner of expression of a particular writer, produced by choice of words, grammatical
structures, use of literary devices, and all the possible parts of language use. Style is the way a writer uses words
to create literature. It is difficult to enjoy a story's characters or plot without enjoying the author s style. The
style of an author is as important as what he is trying to say.
H. Dialogue
Dialogue is a literary and theatrical form consisting of a written or spoken conversational exchange
between two or more ("dia" means through or across) people.
It is the conversation between characters in a narrative. It is the lines or passages in drama which are
intended to be spoken.
In fiction, dialogue is typically enclosed within quotation marks. In plays, characters' speech is preceded
by their names.
Functions of Dialogue
1. It moves the action along in a work and it also helps to characterize the personality of the speakers,
which vary depending on their nationalities, jobs,
2. It also gives literature a more natural, conversational flow, which makes it social classes and
educations more readable and enjoyable.
3. By showcasing human interaction, dialogue prevents literature from being nothing more than a list of
descriptions and actions.
4. Dialogue varies in structure and tone depending on the people participating
in the conversation and the mood that the author is trying to maintain in his or her writing.
In great fiction, dialogue is not intuitive, and it does not come naturally to writers. Most importantly, for
effective dialogue in fiction, authors cannot simply describe a dialogue from real experience or from an
imagined scene.
Basically, dialogue is always created for a purpose of story development, therefore, it cannot function as
a taped recording of reality; and it must be stripped of nuances that may not be true to the story or confuse the
reader.
I. Theme
Theme is the meaning or concept we are left with after reading a piece of fiction. It can be a revelation of
human character or it may be stated briefly or at great length. It develops from the interplay of character and
plot. A theme is the central and unifying concept of the story. It must adhere to the following requirements:
1. must account for all the major details of the story.
2. It must not be contradicted by any detail of the story.
3. It must not rely on supposed facts-facts not actually stated or clearly implied
by the story.
A theme is not the "moral" of the story. A theme is the author's way of communicating and sharing
ideas, perceptions, and feelings with readers, and it may be directly stated in the text, or it may only be implied.
CREATIVE WRITING CHALLENGE # 2: PLOT

Use the following questions to narrow your story and build its structure. Answer each these questions to
structure your story.
Who? Characters
What? Conflict
When? Time
Why? Characters’ Motivation
How? Resolve the Conflict

 NDSC COLLEGE
Another creative way to generate story ideas is the “story triangle.” The story triangle helps you describe
characters, events, and problems.
Follow these directions:
Name of Character:
Two words describing the main character:
Three words describing the setting:
Four words describing the main problem:
Five words describing the first problem
Six words describing the second problem:
Seven words describing the third problem:
Eight words describing the solution:
1. __________
2.__________ __________
3.__________ __________ __________
4.__________ __________ __________ __________
5.__________ __________ __________ __________ __________
6.__________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________
7. ___________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________
8. __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ ___________
CREATIVE WRITING CHALLENGE # 3: POINT OF VIEW

Can you examine the similarities and differences among first person, second person, and third person points of
view?


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 NDSC COLLEGE

NOTRE DAME OF SALAMAN COLLEGE INC.

Creative Writing (BEng 111)

Course Instructress : Rosalie M. Blanca

SECOND SEMESTER 2020-2021

A Course Module for1Creative Writing (BEng 111) BSED 1-English

Activity 1: Creative Writing Challenge: What do you write?

Activity 2: Creative writing Definition: Find Me!

VARIETY is the KEY to CREATIVE WRTING

“Creative Writing is considered to be any writing, fiction, poetry, or non-fiction

The World of Creative Writing

A Course Module for3Creative Writing (BEng 111) BSED 1-English

Technical Writing versus Literary Writing

Point of Contrast Technical Writing Literary Writing

Activity 3: Creative Writing Distinction: Figure Out!

B. Venn Diagram (CW vs. Journalism)

A Course Module for4Creative Writing (BEng 111) BSED 1-English

Creative Writing Academic Writing

D. Creative Writing VS. Scientific Writing (Research on these)

Characteristics Creative Writing Scientific Writing

A Course Module for5Creative Writing (BEng 111) BSED 1-English

Types of Creative Writing

A Course Module for6Creative Writing (BEng 111) BSED 1-English

END OF THE LESSON

NOTRE DAME OF SALAMAN COLLEGE INC.

Imaging and the Use of Imagery

A Course Module for7Creative Writing (BEng 111) BSED 1-English

Activity 2: Sensory Experience:

SITUATION VISUAL AUDITORY OLFACTORY KINESTHETIC THERMAL

When The House Is Empty

Activity 3: Critical Thinking Spot

A Course Module for9Creative Writing (BEng 111) BSED 1-English

explosion, and creaking

A Course Module for10Creative Writing (BEng 111) BSED 1-English

NOTRE DAME OF SALAMAN COLLEGE

A Course Module for11Creative Writing (BEng 111) BSED 1-English

Amare Est Servire

Poetry vs. Prose

A Course Module for12Creative Writing (BEng 111) BSED 1-English

A. Speaker/Persona: The speaking voice of the Poem

A Course Module for13Creative Writing (BEng 111) BSED 1-English

Write a short love poem where you compare the

Activity 3: More Than a Feeling!

A Course Module for14Creative Writing (BEng 111) BSED 1-English

A Course Module for15Creative Writing (BEng 111) BSED 1-English

Type of Lyric Poem Meaning Famous Examples

A Course Module for16Creative Writing (BEng 111) BSED 1-English

The Eastern Poetic Forms: Haiku, Tanka, Tanaga, Diona

A Course Module for17Creative Writing (BEng 111) BSED 1-English

NOTRE DAME OF SALAMAN COLLEGE INC.

Creative Writing (BEng 111)

2. Some Quotes about Fiction

A Course Module for19Creative Writing (BEng 111) BSED 1-English

1. Realistic Novel (Leo Tolstoy)

2. Picaresque Novel (Henry Fielding)

A Course Module for20Creative Writing (BEng 111) BSED 1-English

3. Historical Novel (Robert Graves)

4. Epistolary Novel (Samuel Richardson)

5. Bildungsroman (Thomas Mann)