IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol.

3, Issue 10, 2015 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613

A Review Paper on Design, Modelling and Analysis of Shaft of Two

Furrow Reversible Plough
Sumit N. Balwani1 Dr. Anil R. Sahu2
1
M.Tech. Student 2Associate Professor
1,2
Department of Mechanical Engineering
1,2
BDCE, Sewagram
Abstract— In the field of agriculture there is a remarkable next furrow, again working the field in a consistent
development, the farmers are using plough, harvester, direction.
tractors and advance farm equipment’s. Plough is one of the A reversible plough can be turned over by the
very important agricultural equipment and thus the various tractor’s hydraulics or manually at the end of the furrow and
parts of plough such as frame, shaft, tilting mechanism, the next pass made against the previous strip. The
mould board should be reliable and strong. In this paper, ploughman drives backwards and forwards across the field
various parameters are identified for optimum design of untilall is done.
shaft of two furrow plough. That can be useful for further 2) Non Reversible Type of Plough:
analysis and optimum designing of plough. Non reversible plough can only turn the soil one way. If the
Key words: Plough, Furrow Reversible Plough ploughman were to run back alongside the previous furrow
the soil would pile up in the middle. Instead the field is
I. INTRODUCTION divided into lands. A land is an arbitrary area around which
In last few decades we all are witnessing the development in the ploughman drives in an elongated spiral. All the soil is
each and every field of life. In the field of agricultural also turned the same way and there is only one slight ridge in the
we had seen remarkable development, farmers of developed middle where the soil was turned together. As each land is
nations are now a day’s using harvester, tractor, advance finished and the next started there is a shallow trench left
machine tools and advance farm equipment’s but country between the adjacent lands.
like India most of the farmers are still using traditional B. Functions of Plough:
method of farming may be because of poor financial 1) To obtain a seedbed of good tilth.
conditions or unavailability of cheap and reliable farm 2) To add humus and fertility to the soil by covering
equipments. Farmers are facing the various problems with vegetation and manure.
the agricultural equipments viz. High cost, heavier in 3) To destroy the weeds and prevent there growth.
weight, less reliable, etc,, it’s also observed that the 4) To leave the soil in condition to retain the moisture
agricultural equipments are mostly manufactured by local from rain.
manufacturing companies and they do not having any R & 5) Precision leveling of land for irrigation and other
D facilities also they manufactured the equipments without operations.
applying any type of scientific tools, techniques and 6) For circulation of air freely.
methods. Therefore there is a need of improved agricultural
tools so that it does not get failed at the time of uses. III. VARIOUS COMPONENTS OF PLOUGH AND THEIR
DESCRIPTION
II. PLOUGH
Plough is used to turn the heavy growth of green manure to
help proper decay and addition of humus to soil. It is
generally done to create a favorable condition for seed
placement and plant growth. It is the mechanical
manipulation of soil which is used to maintain, modify or
promote changes in soil environment for plant growth. The
mould board plough is one of the oldest of all agricultural
implements. In general, this plough is used in the areas
where there is sufficient rainfall to produce a good crop. Of
all the types of mould board plough, the one with single
bottom and animal drawn and walking type is the most
common among the farmers. However, some farmers who
own tractors drawn multi bottom mould board plough. They
are classified further as-
A. Types of Plough The various component of two furrow reversible plough are
given as –
1) Reversible type of Plough:
The reversible plough has two mouldboard ploughs mounted A. Main Frame:
back-to-back, one turning to the right and other to the left. The frame is important component on which shaft is fitted
While one is working the land, the other is carried upside with the help of bolt and mould board is also attached to
down in the air. At the end of each row, the paired ploughs frame. The frame is reversed by connecting rod which is
are turned over, so the other can be used. This returns the attached to mechanism.

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 A Review Paper on Design, Modelling and Analysis of Shaft of Two Furrow Reversible Plough
(IJSRD/Vol. 3/Issue 10/2015/047)

B. Shaft: analyzing, drafting and manufacturing. Modeling creates a

The shaft rotates with help of mechanism which is useful for data base in the computer which represents the object
reversing the frame with the help of two bearing at its front generated. The various types are -
inside housing. A. Geometric Modeling
C. Tilting Mechanism: It involves the use of a CAD system to develop a
This is the mechanism used for reversing the frame. It is mathematical description of the geometry of an object. The
operated with the help of lever. It may be operated manually mathematical description, called a geometric model, is
or hydraulically. contained in computer memory. This permits the user of the
CAD system to display an image of the model on a graphics
D. Housing: terminal and to perform certain operations on the model. It
The housing consists of the front end of shaft and the shaft has various capabilities which permit the user to develop the
is fixed to it by spring washer and hexagonal nut. The tilting existing model as well as modify it.
mechanism is also attached to housing.
B. Wire Frame Modeling
E. Plough Bottom: It uses interconnecting lines (straight line segments) to
It consists of mould board, share bar and landslide bolted depict the object. Wire-frame models of complicated
and welded to the frog. geometries can become somewhat confusing because all of
the lines depicting the shape of the object are usually shown.
F. Bearings:
Two bearings are mounted on the shaft at its front end which C. Solid Modeling
is useful for its rotation and supporting during the operation. In solid modeling, an object is modeled in solid three
It has been observed that there are different types dimensions, providing the user with a vision of the object
of failure occurred in mould board plough like failure of very much like it would be seen in real life. The object is
tilting mechanism, failure of mould board, bending of shaft. modeled as seen in real life.
In this paper we are analyzing the shaft of two
furrow reversible plough.

IV. LITERATURE REVIEW

The literature review has been carried out for finding
various important parameters which are required to be
considered while optimum designing. By field survey and
literature review it has been observed that following are the
failures generally occurs in the shaft –
 Bending of shaft
 Breakage of shaft
According to V. Jankauskas et al. (2008) the
welding of different parts of plough is very important for
reliable application of plough. Anil R. Sahu et al. (2011) has
focused on tilting mechanism of plough and they identified
the proper spring diameter and weld thickness is important
parameter for reliable reversible mechanism. Sneha S. Wasu VI. FOLLOWING ARE IMPORTANT PARAMETERS TO BE
et al. (2015) has done design and modeling of two furrow CONSIDERED FOR DESIGNING OF SHAFT
reversible plough and they identified that shear plate is 1) Forces acting
important component of reversible plough and they 2) Diameter of shaft
suggested that the boron steel is suitable material for shear 3) length of shaft
plate. PoojaM. Raut et al. (2014) has done FEM analysis of 4) Stresses
nine type duty cultivator and they optimize the life of shovel 5) Self-weight
and they have changed the material of shovel to boron steel. 6) Shaft material
From the above literature review it has been 7) Pulling force
observed that most of the authors optimize the design of 8) Soil condition
different components of mould board like shovel, shear 9) Velocity of ploughing
plate, tilting mechanism and welding of different 10) Tractor’s power
components. But nobody has done the optimization of shaft. 11) Operating conditions
Therefore in this paper we are suggesting the various
important parameters which have to be considered while VII. DESIGNING OF SHAFT
designing shaft so that the reversible plough work efficiently
without fail at the time of use. In this paper the author has designed the shaft of two furrow
reversible plough which is used in black cotton soil.
V. MODELLING A. Forces Acting
Modeling is a process of generating three dimensional In two furrow reversible plough following forcs are acting-
objects of the real world for the purpose of designing,  Draft force

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 A Review Paper on Design, Modelling and Analysis of Shaft of Two Furrow Reversible Plough
(IJSRD/Vol. 3/Issue 10/2015/047)

 Pulling force Journal of Science & Technology E-ISSN: 2348-0831

1) Draft Force Volume 1, Issue V (JULY-AUGUST 2014) PP 58-65
It increases with increase in speed, due to rapid acceleration [5] A textbook on Elements of agricultural Engineering by
of any soil. It is given as- Dr.Jagdishwarsahay P -237
a) Draft,

(Reference –Elements of agricultural Engineering by Dr.

Jagdishwarsahay P -237 )
Where,
Ds = draft at speed S
Do = static component of draft independent of speed
S = forward speed
K = constant, depending upon type of implement and soil
condition
2) Soil Friction,
=
(Reference – Elements of agricultural Engineering by Dr.
Jagdishwarsahay P -237)
Where,
µ = coefficient of friction
F = frictional force, tangent to surface
N = normal force
Ѳ = angle of friction
3) Pulling Force,
Pull =
(Reference – Elements of agricultural Engineering by Dr.
Jagdishwarsahay)
Where,
Ѳ = angle of pull
B. Self Weight

Where,
m = mass
g = gravity

VIII. CONCLUSION
While optimum designing of the shaft the forces acting on it,
soil condition and tractor’s pulling force are the important
parameters that should be considered for reliable operation
of mould board plough so that the shaft will not get bend of
failed at the time of uses.

REFERENCES
[1] V. Jankauskas, R. Kreivaitis, D. Stonkus, A. Andriušis
“Research of strenthening plough parts by welding”
International journal of mechanical engineering 2008
Research, ISSN 1392– 1207,Mechanika 2008
[2] Anil R. Sahu, Dr. S. B. jaju, Prof. N. K.
Mandavgade“Fem Analysis Of Tilting Mechanism Of
Three Furrows reversible plough”International journal
of science andTechnology Vol. 3 No. 5 may 2011,
pp3960-3971, ISSN 0975-5462
[3] Sneha S.Wasu, Dr.A.R.Sahu, Prof. R.D.Thakare Prof.
U. D. Gulhane “Design, modelling and Analysis of two
bottom reversible plough” International engineering
Journal for research and development E-ISSN No.
2349-0721 Vol.2 issue 4
[4] Ms.Pooja M. Raut, Dr. G. V. Thakre , Prof. R. D.
Thakre ,Prof. U. D. Gulhane “FEM ANALYSIS OF
NINE TYNE MEDIUM DUTY CULTIVATOR“IORD

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