CE-228: MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-II

MODULE-1
INTRODUCTION,
COMBINED STRESS

PROF. DR. MOHAMMAD ASHRAF

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR

CONTENTS
• Course Outlines
• Mechanics of Solids-I at a Glance
• Combined Stresses
• Eccentrically Loaded Short Prismatic Member
• Known Principle Axes
• Unknown Principle Axes

• Unsymmetrical Bending
• Known Principle Axes
• Unknown Principle Axes

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COURSE OUTLINES
• Course Information:
• Course Title: Mechanics of Solids-II
• Course Code: CE – 228
• Course Duration: One Semester
• Credit Units: 03 Credit Hrs. (Contact Hrs. 03)
• Level: 4th Semester (2nd Year)
• Medium of Instruction: English
• Prerequisites: Mechanics of Solids-I (CE-225)
• Equivalent Courses: Not Applicable

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COURSE OUTLINES
• Course Aims:
• To enable students, analyze complex state of stress in solid bodies.
• To introduce concepts of inelastic behavior of beams, stability and material failure.
• The students will be able to analyze and evaluate strength & stability of structural members.

• Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs):

CLO Taxonomy
Description PLO
No. Domain
1 Discuss the theory of elasticity and plasticity C2 1
Apply mechanics of materials to beams under the generalized
2 C3 1
loadings and theory of plasticity
Analyze the stresses and strains due to combined effect of all
3 type of forces, unsymmetrical bending, thin and thick wall C4 2
cylinders, curved beams and columns

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COURSE OUTLINES
• Teaching and Learning Activities (TLAs): Course learning outcomes will be achieved through a
combination of the following teaching strategies.
• Classroom discussions
• Solved examples in the classroom
• Class assignments
• Quizzes
• Homework assignments
• Mid-term examination
• Final comprehensive examination

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COURSE OUTLINES
• Weekly Schedule (Before Mid Term)

Week Topic Covered CLO Activities

Introduction to the course, MOS-I at a glance, Stress at a point, Combined
1 1,2 Assig No.1
stresses
2 Analysis of eccentrically loaded short prismatic member, Kern/core of a section 1,2
3 Unsymmetrical bending 1,3 Quiz No.1
4 Stress transformation: Analytical method 1,3
5 Stress transformation: Mohr’s circle 1,3 Assig No.2
6 Strain Transformation, 1,3
7 Relationship between elastic constants, Theories of Failure, 1,3 Quiz No.2
8 Mid Term Examination

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COURSE OUTLINES
• Weekly Schedule (After Mid Term)

Week Topic Covered CLO Activities

9 Shear stress distribution in unsymmetrical beams, Shear flow, Shear center 1,2
10 Thin and thick wall cylinders 1,3 Assig No.3
11 Analysis of columns. short, intermediate and long columns, slenderness ratio 1,3
Rankine-Gordon formula for intermediate columns, Eccentrically loaded
12 1,3 Quiz No.3
columns
13 Analysis of curved beams 1,3
14 Inelastic behavior of beams in flexure, Shape factor of a section 1,2 Assig No.4
15 Analysis of beams on elastic foundation, 1,2
16 Concentration of stresses 1,2 Quiz No.4
17 Preparation Week 1,2
18 Final Term Exam

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COURSE OUTLINES
• Grading Criteria
• Quizzes: 15%
• Assignment: 15%
• Mid Term Exam: 20%
• Final Term Exam: 50%

• Recommended Books and References

• Andrew Pytel and Ferdinand L. Singer, Strength of Materials, 4th edition
• Hibbler, R. C., Mechanics of Materials, Prentice Hall, 6th Edition, 2004.
• E.P. Popov, Mechanics of materials

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MOS-I AT A GLANCE
• Stress:
• When a force is applied on a body, internal resistance (restoring force) is induced with in the body. This internal
resistance per unit area is known as stress.
• While pressure is the external force per unit area.
• The stress produced in a body may be Uniform (simple stress) or Nonuniform

• Types of Stresses:
• Stress may be broadly classified as Normal Stress and Shearing Stress or Shear Stress

• Normal Stress:
• The stress produced by an internal force acting perpendicular to the resisting area is known as normal stress.
Examples of normal stress are: axial stresses (tension and compression), flexural stress, bearing stress, thermal
stress, etc.

• Shear Stress:
• The stress produced by an internal force acting parallel to the resisting area is known as shear stress. Examples
are direct shear stress, torsional stress, beam shear stress, punching shear stress, thermal stress

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MOS-I AT A GLANCE
• Cartesian coordinate system: In the analysis:
• x-axis is taken along axis of the member
• y-axis is taken any axis parallel to the x-section
• z-axis is taken perpendicular to y-axis. Direction of z-axis is
decided based on right hand rule “if you rotate fingers of your
right hand from x to y, your thumb will point the z-axis”
• Forces acting at a section:
• Axial Force, 𝑃𝑥
• Torque, 𝑇𝑥
• Bending Moment about y-axis, 𝑀𝑦
• Shear along y-axis, 𝑉𝑦
• Bending Moment about z-axis, 𝑀𝑧
• Shear along z-axis, 𝑉𝑧

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MOS-I AT A GLANCE
• Forces acting at a section:
• Normal stresses are produced due to 𝑃𝑥 , 𝑀𝑦 and 𝑀𝑧
• Shear stresses are produced due to 𝑇𝑥 , 𝑉𝑦 and 𝑉𝑧

• Axis stress: 𝜎𝑥 = 𝑃𝑥 /𝐴
• where 𝑃𝑥 is the axial force and 𝐴 is the cross sectional area

• Bending (flexural) stress: 𝜎𝑥 = − 𝑀𝑧 /𝐼𝑧 𝑦 and 𝜎𝑥 = 𝑀𝑦 /𝐼𝑦 𝑧

• Where 𝑀𝑧 and 𝑀𝑦 are the bending moments about z-axis and y-axis respectively,
• 𝐼𝑧 and 𝐼𝑦 are the 2nd moment of area (moment of inertia) of the section about z-
axis and y-axis respectively.
• y and z are distance from neutral axes along y-axis and z-axis respectively
• As per assumption, y and z shall be the principle axes of the section. Principle axes
are two orthogonal centriodal axis about which the product of inertia is zero and
moment of inertia is maximum about one axis and minimum about the other.

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MOS-I AT A GLANCE
• Torsional Stress:
𝑇𝑥 𝜌
𝜏𝑥𝑦 , 𝜏𝑥𝑧 =
𝐽
• Where 𝑇𝑥 is the torque about x axis, 𝐽 is the polar moment of inertia
about x-axis and ρ is the radial distance from the x-axis.
• Shearing Stress:
𝑉𝑦 𝑄𝑧 𝑉𝑧 𝑄𝑦
𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 𝜏𝑥𝑧 =
𝐼𝑧 𝑏𝑧 𝐼𝑦 𝑏𝑦
• Where 𝑉𝑦 and 𝑉𝑧 are shear forces along y-axis and z-axis respectively
• 𝑄𝑧 and 𝑄𝑦 are the first moments of area about z-axis (σ 𝐴𝑦)
ത and y-axis
(σ 𝐴𝑧)ҧ respectively
• 𝐼𝑧 and 𝐼𝑦 are moment of Inertia about z-NA and y-NA respectively and
• 𝑏𝑧 and 𝑏𝑦 are widths of the beam along z-axis and y-axis respectively.

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GEOMETRIC PROPERTIES
• Area, 𝐴 = ‫𝐴𝑑 ׬‬

• First Moment of Area, 𝑄𝑧 = ‫ = 𝐴𝑑 𝑦 ׬‬σ 𝐴𝑦ത 𝑄𝑦 = ‫ = 𝐴𝑑 𝑧 ׬‬σ 𝐴𝑧ҧ

• Moment of Inertia, 𝐼𝑧 = ‫ 𝑦 ׬‬2 𝑑𝐴 𝐼𝑦 = ‫ 𝑧 ׬‬2 𝑑𝐴

• Polar Moment of Inertia 𝐼𝑥 = ‫𝜌 ׬‬2 𝑑𝐴 = ‫ 𝑧 ׬‬2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴 = 𝐼𝑦 + 𝐼𝑧

• Product of Inertia, 𝐼𝑦𝑧 = ‫ = 𝐴𝑑 𝑧𝑦 ׬‬σ 𝐴𝑦ത𝑧ҧ

• Centriodal Axes: 𝑦ത = σ 𝐴𝑦 / σ 𝐴 𝑧ҧ = σ 𝐴𝑧 / σ 𝐴
• For composite section:
2 2
𝐼𝑧 = σ 𝐼𝑧ҧ + 𝐴 𝑌 𝐼𝑦 = σ 𝐼𝑦ത + 𝐴 𝑍 𝐼𝑦𝑧 = σ 𝐼𝑦𝑧 + 𝐴𝑌𝑍
• Principal axes are two orthogonal centriodal axis about which the product
of inertia is zero and moment of inertia is maximum about one axis and
minimum about the other

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GEOMETRIC PROPERTIES
Example 1.1:
Calculate Geometric Properties of the given angle section.
A = 60 x 10 + 10 x 70 = 1300 mm2.
𝑦ത = σ 𝐴𝑦 / σ 𝐴 = (600 x 5 + 700 x 45) / (1300) = 26.54 mm
𝑧ҧ = σ 𝐴𝑧 / σ 𝐴 = (600 x 30 + 700 x 5) / (1300) = 16.54 mm
𝐼𝑧 = σ 𝐼𝑧ҧ + 𝐴 𝑌 2 = 60x103/12 + 600x(26.54 –5)2+10x703/12 + 700 (45-
26.54)2 = 807,756 mm4.
𝐼𝑦 = σ 𝐼𝑦ത + 𝐴 𝑍 2 = 10 x 603/12+600 (30-16.54)2 + 70x103/12 + 700 (16.54 –
5)2 = 387,756 mm4.
𝐼𝑦𝑧 = 𝐼𝑦𝑧 + 𝐴𝑌𝑍 = 0 + 600 (5-26.54)(30-16.54) + 0 + 700 (45-26.54)(5-16.54)
= -323,077 mm4.
𝐼𝑥 = ‫𝜌 ׬‬2 𝑑𝐴 = 𝐼𝑦 + 𝐼𝑧 =387,756 + 807,756 = 1,195,512 mm4.

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COMBINED STRESS
• On a particular plan, normal stress and shear stress do not interact with each other.
• The normal stress produced in x-direction by axial force (𝑃𝑥 ), bending moment
about z-axis (𝑀𝑧 ) and bending moment about y-axis (𝑀𝑦 ) can be combined using
principle of superposition to get expression for combined normal stress.
𝑃𝑥 𝑀𝑧 𝑀𝑦
𝜎𝑥 = + − 𝑦 + + 𝑧
𝐴 𝐼𝑧 𝐼𝑦
• The shear stress produced due to 𝑉𝑦 (𝜏𝑥𝑦 ) and due to 𝑉𝑧 (𝜏𝑥𝑧 ) may be combined
with shear stress produced due to torque (𝜏𝑥𝑦 and 𝜏𝑥𝑧 ).
𝑉𝑦 𝑄𝑧 𝑇𝑥 𝜌
𝜏𝑥𝑦 = +
𝐼𝑧 𝑏𝑧 𝐽
𝑉𝑧 𝑄𝑦 𝑇𝑥 𝜌
𝜏𝑥𝑧 = +
𝐼𝑦 𝑏𝑦 𝐽
Where 𝜏𝑥𝑦 is the shear stress on x-plane in y-direction and 𝜏𝑥𝑧 is the shear stress
on x-plane in z-direction.

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PROBLEMS: COMBINED STRESS
Problem 902: Compare maximum stress in bent rod 1/2“
square, where the load P is 1/2“ off center as shown in figure,
with maximum stress if the rod were straight and the load
applied axially. This problem illustrate why the lateral
deflection in column is so dangerous.
Solution: From the FBD of bent bar:
Px = -P and Mz = -P x 1/2 = -P/2
Geometric properties are:
A = 1/2 x 1/2 = 1/4 in2.
Iz = (1/2)(1/2)3/12 = 1/192 in4.
𝑃𝑥 𝑀𝑧 −𝑃 −𝑃/2
𝜎𝑥 = + − 𝑦 = + − 𝑦
𝐴 𝐼𝑧 1/4 1/192
𝜎𝑥 = −4𝑃 + 96𝑃𝑦
This is called fiber stress equation.

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PROBLEMS: COMBINED STRESS

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PROBLEMS: COMBINED STRESS
Problem 904: To avoid interference, a link in a machine is designed so that its cross sectional area is reduced one half at
section A-B as shown in figure. If the thickness of the link is 50 mm, compute the maximum force that can be applied if the
maximum normal stress on section A-B is limited to 80 MPa.

Solution: From the FBD of the link:

𝑃𝑥 = P and 𝑀𝑧 = -P x 20 = -20P
Geometric properties of the section are:
𝐴 = 50 x 40 = 2,000 mm2.
𝐼𝑧 = (50)(40)3/12 = 266,667 mm4.
𝑃𝑥 𝑀𝑧 +𝑃 −20𝑃
𝜎𝑥 = + − 𝑦 = + − 𝑦
𝐴 𝐼𝑧 2,000 266,667
𝜎𝑥 = 0.0005𝑃 +1 + 0.15𝑦
This is called fiber stress equation.
For NA, 0.0005𝑃 +1 + 0.15𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = −6.67 𝑚𝑚

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PROBLEMS: COMBINED STRESS
Problem 904:
For stress in top and bottom fibers
𝜎𝑇𝑜𝑝 = 0.0005𝑃 +1 + 0.15 +20 = +0.002𝑃
𝜎𝐵𝑜𝑡 = 0.0005𝑃 +1 + 0.15 −20 = −0.001𝑃

Therefore, the maximum stress is at top fiber

𝜎𝑀𝑎𝑥 = 0.002𝑃
Comparing this stress with the limiting value of 80 MPa:
0.002𝑃 = 80 ⇒ 𝑃 = 40,000 𝑁
⇒ 𝑃 = 40 𝑘𝑁

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PROBLEMS: COMBINED STRESS
Problem 906: For the 2-in by 6-in wooden beam shown in figure, determine the normal stress at A and B.
Are these the points of maximum normal stress? If not, where are they located and what are their values.
Solution: Geometric properties of the section are:
𝐴 = 2 x 6 = 12 in2.
𝐼𝑧 = (2)(6)3/12 = 36 in4.
At section A-B
𝑃𝑥 = 0 and 𝑀𝑧 = +9108 lb-in
𝑃𝑥 𝑀𝑧 +9108
𝜎𝑥 = + − 𝑦 =0+ − 𝑦
𝐴 𝐼𝑧 36
𝜎𝑥 = −253𝑦
At top 𝜎𝐴 = −253 3 = −759 𝑝𝑠𝑖
At Bottom 𝜎𝐵 = −253 −3 = +759 𝑝𝑠𝑖
The stresses at section A-B are not the maximum because the
moment under load is greater than the moment at A-B.

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PROBLEMS: COMBINED STRESS
Problem 906:
At section just to the right of point load,
𝑃𝑥 = 0 and 𝑀𝑧 = +12,144 lb-in
𝑃𝑥 𝑀𝑧 +12,144
𝜎𝑥 = + − 𝑦 =0+ − 𝑦 = −337𝑦
𝐴 𝐼𝑧 36
At top 𝜎𝑇𝑜𝑝 = −337 3 = −1011 𝑝𝑠𝑖

At Bottom 𝜎𝐵𝑜𝑡 = −337 −3 = +1011 𝑝𝑠𝑖

At section just to the left of point load:
𝑃𝑥 = +1932 and 𝑀𝑧 = +6360 lb-in
𝑃𝑥 𝑀𝑧 +1932 +6360
𝜎𝑥 = + − 𝑦 = + − 𝑦 = 161 − 177𝑦
𝐴 𝐼𝑧 12 36
At top 𝜎𝑇𝑜𝑝 = 161 − 177 +3 = −370 𝑝𝑠𝑖

At Bottom 𝜎𝐵𝑜𝑡 = 161 − 177 −3 = +692 𝑝𝑠𝑖

Therefore the maximum stresses are at section just to the right of
point load

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PROBLEMS: COMBINED STRESS
Problem 911: A concrete dam has the profile shown in figure. If the
density of concrete is 2400 kg/m3 and that of water is 1000 kg/m3,
determine the maximum stress on section m-n if the depth of water behind
the dam is h = 15m.
Solution:Various load applied on dams are:
𝑊1 = 𝛾𝑉 = 2400𝑥9.81 3𝑥20𝑥1 /1000 = 1412.6 𝑘𝑁
𝑊2 = 𝛾𝑉 = 2400𝑥9.81 6𝑥20𝑥1/2 /1000 = 1412.6 𝑘𝑁
𝑃 = 𝛾ℎ2 /2 = 1000𝑥9.81 15 2 /2 = 1103.6 𝑘𝑁

From equilibrium conditions:

𝑃𝑥 = − 𝑊1 + 𝑊2 = − 1412.6 + 1412.6 = −2825.2
𝑀𝑦 = − 𝑃𝑥5 − 𝑊1 𝑥3 + 𝑊2 𝑥0.5 = − 1103.6𝑥5 − 1412.6𝑥3 + 1412.6𝑥0.5
= −1986.5 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

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PROBLEMS: COMBINED STRESS
Problem 911:
Geometric properties of the section are:

𝐴 = 9 x 1 = 9 m2 . 𝐼𝑦 = (1)(9)3/12 = 60.75 m4.

𝑃𝑥 𝑀𝑦 −2825.3 −1986.5
𝜎𝑥 = + 𝑧 = + 𝑧 = −313.92 − 32.69𝑧
𝐴 𝐼𝑦 9 60.75
At point m and n
𝜎𝑚 = −313.92 − 32.69 +4.5 = −461.02 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝜎𝑛 = −313.92 − 32.69 −4.5 = −166. 82 𝑘𝑃𝑎

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SHORT PRISMATIC MEMBER (KNOWN PRINCIPLE AXES)
• Consider a prismatic (constant cross section) member subjected to an
eccentric load 𝑃 as shown in the figure.

• y and z are the principle axes of the section, i.e. the product of inertia (𝐼𝑦𝑧 )
is zero

• 𝑒𝑦 and 𝑒𝑧 are the eccentricity of load with reference to z and y axes

respectively.

• 𝐴, 𝐼𝑦 and 𝐼𝑧 are the geometric properties of the section.

• The eccentric load ( 𝑃 ) may be shifted to the centroid of section
accompanied by moments about y and z axis as shown in the figure.

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SHORT PRISMATIC MEMBER (KNOWN PRINCIPLE AXES)
• The step by step procedure of shifting eccentric load P to the centroid of section is given below.

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SHORT PRISMATIC MEMBER (KNOWN PRINCIPLE AXES)
• Thus the forces acting on the section are:
𝑃𝑥 = 𝑃 𝑀𝑦 = 𝑃𝑒𝑧 𝑀𝑧 = −𝑃𝑒𝑦
• This is the problem of combined stress.The combined stress is given by:
𝑃𝑥 𝑀𝑧 𝑀𝑦 𝑃 −𝑃𝑒𝑦 𝑃𝑒𝑧
𝜎𝑥 = + − 𝑦 + + 𝑧 = + − 𝑦 + + 𝑧
𝐴 𝐼𝑧 𝐼𝑦 𝐴 𝐼𝑧 𝐼𝑦
𝑃 𝑃𝑒𝑦 𝑃𝑒𝑧
𝜎𝑥 = + 𝑦+ 𝑧
𝐴 𝐼𝑧 𝐼𝑦
• Putting 𝐼𝑧 = 𝐴𝑟𝑧2 and 𝐼𝑦 = 𝐴𝑟𝑦2 in the above equation (where 𝑟𝑧 and 𝑟𝑦 are the
radius of gyration about z and y axes respectively), we get:
𝑃 𝑃𝑒𝑦 𝑃𝑒𝑧 𝑃 𝑒𝑦 𝑒𝑧
𝜎𝑥 = + 2 𝑦 + 2 𝑧 = 1+ 2𝑦+ 2𝑧
𝐴 𝐴𝑟𝑧 𝐴𝑟𝑦 𝐴 𝑟𝑧 𝑟𝑦
• In the above equation 𝑒𝑦 and 𝑒𝑦 refer to the position of load and 𝑦 and 𝑧 refer
to the position of stress.

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SHORT PRISMATIC MEMBER (KNOWN PRINCIPLE AXES)
Neutral Axis: The equation of stress in a prismatic member is given by:
𝑃 𝑒𝑦 𝑒𝑧
𝜎𝑥 = 1+ 2𝑦+ 2𝑧
𝐴 𝑟𝑧 𝑟𝑦
For NA, the stress is zero.Therefore the equation of neutral axis is:
𝑒𝑦 𝑒𝑧
1+ 2𝑦+ 2𝑧 = 0
𝑟𝑧 𝑟𝑦
The equation of neutral axis is written in intercept-intercept form as:
𝑦 𝑧
+ 2 =1
𝑟𝑧2 𝑟𝑦
−𝑒 −𝑒
𝑦 𝑧

Where 𝑐𝑦 = −𝑟𝑧2 /𝑒𝑦 and𝑐𝑧 = −𝑟𝑦2 /𝑒𝑧 are the y and z intercepts of
NA respectively.

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SHORT PRISMATIC MEMBER (KNOWN PRINCIPLE AXES)
Example 1.2: For the given short prismatic member, locate NA and calculate
stresses at points A and B.Take P = 100 kN.
Solution:
Locating centroid and calculate geometric properties of the section.
A = 10 x 60 + 50 x 10 = 1100 mm2.
𝑦ത = σ 𝐴𝑦 / σ 𝐴 = (600 x 30 + 500 x 65)/1100 = 45.9 mm
𝐼𝑧 = σ 𝐼𝑧ҧ + 𝐴 𝑌 2 = 10(60)3/12+600 (45.9-30)2+50(10)3/12+500(65-45.9)2
= 518,258 mm4.
𝐼𝑦 = σ 𝐼𝑦ത + 𝐴 𝑍 2 = 60(10)3/12 + 0 + 10(50)3/12 + 0 = 109,167 mm4.
The eccentricities of load are:
𝑒𝑦 =24.1-10 = +14.1 and 𝑒𝑧 =-(50/2) = -25.0

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR 28

SHORT PRISMATIC MEMBER (KNOWN PRINCIPLE AXES)
Example:
The stress at any point in the prismatic member is given by:
𝑃 𝑃𝑒𝑦 𝑃𝑒𝑧
𝜎𝑥 = + 𝑦+ 𝑧
𝐴 𝐼𝑧 𝐼𝑦
−100,000 −100,000 14.1 −100,000 −25
𝜎𝑥 = + 𝑦+ 𝑧
1100 518,258 109,167
𝜎𝑥 = −90.91 − 2.721 𝑦 + 22.900 𝑧
At neutral axis, stress is zero:
𝜎𝑥 = −90.91 − 2.721 𝑦 + 22.900 𝑧 = 0
⇒ −2.721 𝑦 + 22.900 𝑧 = 90.91
𝑦 𝑧
⇒ + =1
−33.4 4.0
Now the stress at A and B are:
𝜎𝐴 = −90.91 − 2.721 +14.1 + 22.900 +25 = +443.2 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜎𝐵 = −90.91 − 2.721 −45.9 + 22.900 +5 = +148.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR 29

SHORT PRISMATIC MEMBER (KNOWN PRINCIPLE AXES)
Example: Stress Variation Diagram is given by:
𝜎𝑥 = −90.91 − 2.721 𝑦 + 22.900 𝑧
Point y z Stress

1 24.1 -25 -729.0

2 14.1 -25 -701.8
3 14.1 -5 -243.8
4 -45.9 -5 -80.5
5 -45.9 5 148.5
6 14.1 5 -14.8
7 14.1 25 443.2
8 24.1 25 416.0

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR 30

SHORT PRISMATIC MEMBER (KNOWN PRINCIPLE AXES)
Kern of a Section:
• In some structures like dams, retaining structures, etc. tension is not desirable as it
may result in a number of problems, e.g. seepage.
• When a compressive load is applied at the centroid of a prismatic member, the
whole section will be under compression.
• When the load is moved off the centroid, compressive stresses will increase on
one side of the section and decrease on the other side.
• When load is further moved away from the centroid, stress at certain location may
decrease to zero.
• Further movement of the load away from the centroid will result in tensile stress in
the section.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR 31

SHORT PRISMATIC MEMBER (KNOWN PRINCIPLE AXES)
Kern of a Section:
• Thus there is a region surrounding the centroid of the section, such that any
compressive load applied in this region will result in compression in the whole
section.This region is known as KERN of the section.
• When load is applied at the boundary of kern, at least one point will be under
zero stress and there will be no tension in the section.
• When the load is applied outside the kern, a part of the section will be under
tension.
• Consider a prismatic member as shown. A load P is applied at the boundary of
kern and let the stress at point Q(z,y) is zero:
𝑃 𝑒𝑦 𝑒𝑧 𝑒𝑦 𝑒𝑧
𝜎𝑄 = 1 + 2 𝑦 + 2 𝑧 = 0 ⇒ 2 𝑦 + 2 𝑧 = −1
𝐴 𝑟𝑧 𝑟𝑦 𝑟𝑧 𝑟𝑦

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR 32

SHORT PRISMATIC MEMBER (KNOWN PRINCIPLE AXES)
Example 1.2: Kern of a Section:
𝑒𝑦 𝑒𝑧 𝑒𝑦 𝑒𝑧
⇒ 2 + 2 =1⇒ + =1
𝑟 𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑦 𝑐𝑧
− 𝑧 −
𝑦 𝑧
• This is the equation of line in 𝑒𝑦 and 𝑒𝑧 representing position of
load resulting in zero stress at Q. This line may be part of kern of
a section.
• Thus kern of section is obtained by selecting various Q points on
the boundary of section and getting equations of a number of
lines.
• The region surrounded by these lines will be kern of that section.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR 33

SHORT PRISMATIC MEMBER (KNOWN PRINCIPLE AXES)
Kern of a Rectangular Section:
• Kern of rectangular section may be obtained by making stresses equal to zero at
each corner one by one and obtaining equation of lines (1, 2, 3 and 4) representing
boundary of kern.
• The problem may be solved in tabulated form by calculating intercepts (𝑐𝑦 and 𝑐𝑧 )
of the boundary line of the kern.
• For rectangular section 𝑟𝑧2 = 𝐼𝑧 /𝐴 = ℎ2 /12 and 𝑟𝑦2 = 𝐼𝑦 /𝐴 = 𝑏 2 /12
Point z y 𝑐𝐳 𝑐𝑦
1 b/2 h/2 -b/6 -h/6
𝑒𝑦 𝑒𝑧
2 -b/2 h/2 b/6 -h/6 + =1
3 -b/2 -h/2 b/6 h/6
𝑐𝑦 𝑐𝑧
4 b/2 -h/2 -b/6 h/6 𝑟𝑧2
𝑐𝑦 = −
• Lines 1, 2, 3 and 4 are the corresponding lines representing boundary of kern. The 𝑦
area enclosed by these lines is the kern of section which is a diamond shape. 𝑟𝑦2
𝑐𝑧 = −
𝑧

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR 34

SHORT PRISMATIC MEMBER (KNOWN PRINCIPLE AXES)
Kern of a Tee Section:

𝐴 = 1100 𝑚𝑚2 𝐼𝑧 = 518,258 𝑚𝑚4 𝐼𝑦 = 109,167 𝑚𝑚4

𝑟𝑧2 = 𝐼𝑧 /𝐴 = 518,258/1100 = 471.1 𝑚𝑚2

𝑟𝑦2 = 𝐼𝑦 /𝐴 = 109,167/1100 = 99.2 𝑚𝑚2

𝑐𝑧 = −𝑟𝑦2 /𝑧 𝑐𝑦 = −𝑟𝑧2 /𝑦

Point z y 𝑐𝐳 = -99.2/z 𝑐𝑦 =-471.1/y

1 25.0 24.1 -4.0 -19.5

2 25.0 14.1 -4.0 -33.4
3 5.0 14.1 -19.8 -33.4
4 5.0 -45.9 -19.8 10.3

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR 35

SHORT PRISMATIC MEMBER (UNKNOWN PRINCIPLE AXES)
• When principle axes of a section are not known the aforementioned formulation are not
applicable.
• Consider a prismatic member in which y and z are not the principle axes of the section.
• The stress produced in a prismatic member may be represented with equation of plan given
by:
𝜎 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧
Where a, b and c are constants to be determined from equilibrium equations
• Consider a differential area dA having coordinate (z, y). The differential force acting on the
differential area is:
d𝐹 = 𝜎𝑑𝐴 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑎𝑑𝐴 + 𝑏𝑦𝑑𝐴 + 𝑐𝑧𝑑𝐴
• Applying equilibrium conditions:

෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑃 = න 𝑑𝐹 = න 𝑎𝑑𝐴 + 𝑏𝑦𝑑𝐴 + 𝑐𝑧𝑑𝐴 = 𝑎 න 𝑑𝐴 + 𝑏 න 𝑦𝑑𝐴 + 𝑐 න 𝑧𝑑𝐴

𝑃
𝑃 = 𝑎𝐴 ⇒ 𝑎 = −− −(𝑎)
𝐴

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR 36

SHORT PRISMATIC MEMBER (UNKNOWN PRINCIPLE AXES)

෍ 𝑀𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑀𝑦 = න 𝑑𝐹 𝑧 = න 𝑎𝑑𝐴 + 𝑏𝑦𝑑𝐴 + 𝑐𝑧𝑑𝐴 𝑧

𝑀𝑦 = 𝑎 න 𝑧𝑑𝐴 + 𝑏 න 𝑧𝑦𝑑𝐴 + 𝑐 න 𝑧 2 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑏𝐼𝑦𝑧 + 𝑐𝐼𝑦 −− −(𝑏)

෍ 𝑀𝑧 = 0 ⇒ −𝑀𝑧 = න 𝑑𝐹 𝑦 = න 𝑎𝑑𝐴 + 𝑏𝑦𝑑𝐴 + 𝑐𝑧𝑑𝐴 𝑦

−𝑀𝑧 = 𝑎 න 𝑦𝑑𝐴 + 𝑏 න 𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴 + 𝑐 න 𝑧𝑦𝑑𝐴 = 𝑏𝐼𝑧 + 𝑐𝐼𝑦𝑧 −− −(𝑐)

Solving equation (b) and (c) simultaneously for coefficients b and c, we get:
𝑀𝑧 𝐼𝑦 + 𝑀𝑦 𝐼𝑦𝑧 𝑀𝑦 𝐼𝑧 + 𝑀𝑧 𝐼𝑦𝑧
𝑏=− 2 𝑐= 2
𝐼𝑧 𝐼𝑦 − 𝐼𝑦𝑧 𝐼𝑧 𝐼𝑦 − 𝐼𝑦𝑧

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR 37

SHORT PRISMATIC MEMBER (UNKNOWN PRINCIPLE AXES)
The equation of stress is therefore:
𝑃 𝑀𝑧 𝐼𝑦 + 𝑀𝑦 𝐼𝑦𝑧 𝑀𝑦 𝐼𝑧 + 𝑀𝑧 𝐼𝑦𝑧 𝑃𝑥 𝑀𝑧 𝑀𝑦
𝜎= − 𝑦+ 𝑧 𝜎𝑥 = + − 𝑦 + + 𝑧
𝐴 2 2 𝐴 𝐼𝑧 𝐼𝑦
𝐼𝑧 𝐼𝑦 − 𝐼𝑦𝑧 𝐼𝑧 𝐼𝑦 − 𝐼𝑦𝑧
As 𝑀𝑧 = −𝑃𝑒𝑦
and 𝑀𝑦 = +𝑃𝑒𝑧

𝑃 −𝑃𝑒𝑦 𝐼𝑦 + 𝑃𝑒𝑧 𝐼𝑦𝑧 𝑃𝑒𝑧 𝐼𝑧 + −𝑃𝑒𝑦 𝐼𝑦𝑧

𝜎= − 2 𝑦+ 2 𝑧
𝐴 𝐼𝑧 𝐼𝑦 − 𝐼𝑦𝑧 𝐼𝑧 𝐼𝑦 − 𝐼𝑦𝑧
𝑃 𝑃 𝑒𝑦 𝐼𝑦 − 𝑒𝑧 𝐼𝑦𝑧 𝑃 𝑒𝑧 𝐼𝑧 − 𝑒𝑦 𝐼𝑦𝑧 𝑃 𝑃𝑒𝑦 𝑃𝑒𝑧
𝜎= + 𝑦+ 𝑧 𝜎𝑥 = + 𝑦+ 𝑧
𝐴 2
𝐼𝑧 𝐼𝑦 − 𝐼𝑦𝑧 2
𝐼𝑧 𝐼𝑦 − 𝐼𝑦𝑧 𝐴 𝐼𝑧 𝐼𝑦

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR 38

SHORT PRISMATIC MEMBER (UNKNOWN PRINCIPLE AXES)
Example 1.3: For the given short prismatic member, locate NA and calculate
stresses at all corners. Take P = -10 kN.
Solution: From Example 1.1, the geometric properties are:
𝐴 = 1300 𝑚𝑚2
𝐼𝑧 = 807,756 𝑚𝑚4
𝐼𝑦 = 387,756 𝑚𝑚4
𝐼𝑧𝑦 = −323,077 𝑚𝑚4
The eccentricities of load are:
𝑒𝑦 = −26.54 𝑚𝑚 and 𝑒𝑧 = −16.54 𝑚𝑚
Now the stress equation is given by:
𝑃 𝑃 𝑒𝑦 𝐼𝑦 − 𝑒𝑧 𝐼𝑦𝑧 𝑃 𝑒𝑧 𝐼𝑧 − 𝑒𝑦 𝐼𝑦𝑧
𝜎= + 2 𝑦+ 2 𝑧
𝐴 𝐼𝑧 𝐼𝑦 − 𝐼𝑦𝑧 𝐼𝑧 𝐼𝑦 − 𝐼𝑦𝑧

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR 39

SHORT PRISMATIC MEMBER (UNKNOWN PRINCIPLE AXES)
Example:
−10,000 −10,000 −26.54 387,756 − −16.54 −323,077
𝜎 = + 𝑦
1300 387,756 807,756 − −323,077 2
−10,000 −16.54 807,756 − −26.54 −323,077
+
387,756 807,756 − −323,077 2
𝜎 = −7.692 + 0.718𝑦 + 1.282𝑧

at NA, the stress is zero

−7.692 + 0.718𝑦 + 1.282𝑧 = 0
𝑦 𝑧
+ =1
10.71 6.00

Point y z Stress
1 -26.54 43.46 28.97
2 -26.54 -16.54 - 47.95
3 53.46 -16.54 9.49
4 53.46 -6.54 22.31
5 -16.54 -6.54 - 27.95
6 -16.54 43.54 36.25

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR 40

UNSYMMETRICAL BENDING (KNOWN PRINCIPLE AXES)
• The flexural formula (σ = My/I) is applicable only when the bending moment (M) is applied about any one
of the principle axes. As any axis of symmetry of a section is always the principle axis and in most cases the
moment is applied about the axis of symmetry or its perpendicular, the bending is known as symmetrical
bending.
• When the bending moment is applied about an axis other than the principle axes of the section, it is called
unsymmetrical bending.
• Consider a beam with cross section as shown, subjected to a bending moment (M) about an axis inclined
at angle (θ) with principle z-axis.
• Resolve M into its rectangular components (Mz and My) along principle axes.
𝑀𝑧 = 𝑀𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 and 𝑀𝑦 = 𝑀𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
• The problem has become a combined stress case with bending moments
about both principle axes, given by:
𝑀𝑧 𝑀𝑦 𝑀𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑀𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝜎𝑥 = − 𝑦+ 𝑧=− 𝑦+ 𝑧 −−−− −(𝑎)
𝐼𝑧 𝐼𝑦 𝐼𝑧 𝐼𝑦

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR 41

UNSYMMETRICAL BENDING (KNOWN PRINCIPLE AXES)
• At neutral axis, stress is zero, i.e.
𝜎𝑥 = 0
𝑀𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑀𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
⇒− 𝑦+ 𝑧=0
𝐼𝑧 𝐼𝑦
𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝐼𝑧 𝐼𝑧
⇒ = = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝐼𝑦 𝐼𝑦
• If α is the inclination of neutral axis, then 𝑦/𝑧 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼, therefore:
𝐼𝑧
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 −−− −(𝑏)
𝐼𝑦
• Thus in case of unsymmetrical bending, the neutral axis rotates and do not shift. From equation (b)
angle α will be equal to angle θ i.e. neutral axis will coincide with moment axis when 𝐼𝑧 = 𝐼𝑦

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR 42

UNSYMMETRICAL BENDING (KNOWN PRINCIPLE AXES)
Example 1.4: A 100 x150 beam shown in figure is used to support a uniformly distributed load of 4 kN
(total) on a simple span of 3 m. The applied load acts in a plan making an angle of 30 o with the vertical as
shown in figure. Calculate maximum stress at midspan and for the same section locate neutral axis.
Neglect the weight of the beam.
Solution: The maximum bending moment produced at the midspan of the simply supported beam is:
𝑊𝐿 4.0 𝑥3.0
𝑀= = = 1.5 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 = 1.5𝑥106 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚
8 8
𝑀𝑧 = +𝑀𝑐𝑜𝑠30 = +1.30𝑥106 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑦 = +𝑀𝑠𝑖𝑛30 = +0.75𝑥106 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚

Now the geometric properties of the section are:

3
100 150
𝐼𝑧 = = 28.125 𝑥 106 𝑚𝑚4
12
3
150 100
𝐼𝑦 = = 12.500 𝑥 106 𝑚𝑚4
12
Now the stress equation is:
𝑀𝑧 𝑀𝑦 1.30𝑥106 0.75𝑥106
𝜎𝑥 = − 𝑦+ 𝑧=− 𝑦+ 𝑧 = −0.046𝑦 + 0.060𝑧 −− −(𝑎)
𝐼𝑧 𝐼𝑦 28.125𝑥106 12.500𝑥106

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR 43

UNSYMMETRICAL BENDING (KNOWN PRINCIPLE AXES)
Example 1.4: At neutral axis, the stress is zero. Therefore
𝑦 0.060
−0.046𝑦 + 0.060𝑧 = 0 ⇒ = ⇒ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 = 1.304
𝑧 0.046
⇒ 𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 1.304 = 52.5𝑜
The stresses at corners A, B, C and D are calculated from equation (a) using the
corresponding coordinates.

Point y Z Stress (MPa)

A -75 50 6.45
B -75 -50 0.45
C 75 -50 -6.45
D 75 50 -0.45

Therefore, the maximum tensile stress is at corner A and the maximum

compressive stress is at corner C.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR 44

UNSYMMETRICAL BENDING (KNOWN PRINCIPLE AXES)
Prob. 1336: A cantilever beam 10 ft long with a Tee section as shown carries two
concentrated loads applied as shown in figure. Compute the inclination of the neutral axis
at the wall, and the maximum compressive and tensile stresses.
Solution: Calculate the geometric properties of section.
σ 𝐴𝑦 8 4 + 6 8.5
𝑦ത = = = 5.93 𝑖𝑛
σ𝐴 8+6
1 8 3 6 1 3
𝐼𝑧 = ෍ 𝐼𝑧 + 𝐴𝑑 2 = + 8 5.93 − 4 2
+ + 6 8.5 − 5.93 2
= 112.6 𝑖𝑛4
12 12

8 1 3 1 6 3
𝐼𝑦 = ෍ 𝐼𝑦 + 𝐴𝑑 2 = +0+ + 0 = 18.67 𝑖𝑛4
12 12

The bending moment produced at wall due to the applied loads are separately calculated:
𝑀1 = 1414 10 = 14140 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑓𝑡 = 169,680 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑖𝑛
𝑀2 = 1000 6 = 6000 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑓𝑡 = 72,000 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑖𝑛

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR 45

UNSYMMETRICAL BENDING (KNOWN PRINCIPLE AXES)
Prob. 1336: Resolving each moment vector into its components along both principle axes.
𝑀𝑧 = −𝑀𝑧1 − 𝑀𝑧2 = −𝑀1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 45 − 𝑀2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 30
𝑀𝑧 = − 169,680 𝑐𝑜𝑠 45 − 72,000 𝑐𝑜𝑠 30 = −182,336 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑖𝑛
𝑀𝑦 = −𝑀𝑦1 + 𝑀𝑦2 = −𝑀1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 45 + 𝑀2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 30
𝑀𝑦 = − 169,680 𝑠𝑖𝑛 45 + 72,000 𝑠𝑖𝑛 30 = −93,982 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑖𝑛

Using unsymmetrical formula the stress equation is:

𝑀𝑧 𝑀𝑦 −182,336 −93,982
𝜎𝑥 = − 𝑦+ 𝑧=− 𝑦+ 𝑧
𝐼𝑧 𝐼𝑦 112.6 18.67
𝜎𝑥 = 1619𝑦 − 5035𝑧 −− −(𝑎)

At neutral axis, the stress is zero. Therefore:

𝑦 5035
1619𝑦 − 5035𝑧 = 0 ⇒ = ⇒ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 = 3.11
𝑧 1619
⇒ 𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 3.11 = 72.2𝑜

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR 46

UNSYMMETRICAL BENDING (KNOWN PRINCIPLE AXES)
Prob. 1336: Stresses at all corner of the section are calculated from equation (a). Results are
given in the table below. The maximum tensile and compressive stresses are:
𝜎𝑇 = +20,075 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝜎𝐶 = −12,118 𝑝𝑠𝑖

Point y z Stress, psi

1 3.07 3.0 -10,135
2 2.07 3.0 -11,754
3 2.07 0.5 834
4 -5.93 0.5 -12,118
5 -5.93 -0.5 -7,083
6 2.07 -0.5 5,869
7 2.07 -3.0 18,456
8 3.07 -3.0 20,075

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR 47

UNSYMMETRICAL BENDING (UNKNOWN PRINCIPLE AXES)
• If principle axes of section are not known, i.e. y and z are not the principle axes of a section, then the
stresses may be calculated from the following equation:
𝑀𝑧 𝐼𝑦 + 𝑀𝑦 𝐼𝑦𝑧 𝑀𝑦 𝐼𝑧 + 𝑀𝑧 𝐼𝑦𝑧
𝜎=− 2 𝑦+ 2 𝑧
𝐼𝑧 𝐼𝑦 − 𝐼𝑦𝑧 𝐼𝑧 𝐼𝑦 − 𝐼𝑦𝑧
• For neutral axis, the stress is equal to zero, i.e.
𝑀𝑧 𝐼𝑦 + 𝑀𝑦 𝐼𝑦𝑧 𝑀𝑦 𝐼𝑧 + 𝑀𝑧 𝐼𝑦𝑧
− 2 𝑦+ 2 𝑧=0
𝐼𝑧 𝐼𝑦 − 𝐼𝑦𝑧 𝐼𝑧 𝐼𝑦 − 𝐼𝑦𝑧
𝑦 𝑀𝑦 𝐼𝑧 + 𝑀𝑧 𝐼𝑦𝑧
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 = =
𝑧 𝑀𝑧 𝐼𝑦 + 𝑀𝑦 𝐼𝑦𝑧
Where 𝛼 is the inclination of neutral axis.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR 48

UNSYMMETRICAL BENDING (UNKNOWN PRINCIPLE AXES)
Example 1.5: A simply supported beam made with angle section
(unsymmetrical section) is loaded with a concentrated load of 10 kN as
shown in figure. Locate NA and calculate maximum tensile and compressive
stresses.
Solution: The geometric properties of this angle section have already been
calculated in Example 1.1.
𝐼𝑧 = 807,756 𝑚𝑚4
𝐼𝑦 = 387,756 𝑚𝑚4
𝐼𝑧𝑦 = −323,077 𝑚𝑚4

The maximum bending moment is below the concentrated load and is

produced about z axis.
10 6 3 6
𝑀𝑧 = = 18 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 = 18 10 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚
10
𝑀𝑦 = 0

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR 49

UNSYMMETRICAL BENDING (UNKNOWN PRINCIPLE AXES)
Example 1.5: The stress equation is given by:
18 10 6 387,756 + 0 0 + 18 10 6 −323,077
𝜎=− 2
𝑦+ 2
𝑧
387,756 807,756 − −323,077 387,756 807,756 − −323,077
𝜎 = −33.42y − 27.85z −−− −(a)
For neutral axis stress is zero, i.e.
𝑦
−33.42y − 27.85z = 0 ⇒ = −0.833 ⇒ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛼 = −0.833
𝑧
𝑜
α = −39.8
Stress at various corner of the angle section are calculated from equation (a):
Point y z Stress, MPa
1 -16.54 43.46 -657.6
2 -26.54 43.46 -323.4
3 -26.54 -16.54 1347.6
4 53.46 -16.54 -1326.0
5 53.46 -6.54 -1604.5
6 -16.54 -6.54 734.9

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR 50

SUMMARY
Known Principe Axes
𝑃𝑥 𝑀𝑧 𝑀𝑦
• Combined Stress: 𝜎𝑥 = + − 𝑦 + + 𝑧
𝐴 𝐼𝑧 𝐼𝑦

𝑃 𝑃𝑒𝑦 𝑃𝑒𝑧
• Short Prismatic Member: 𝜎𝑥 = + 𝑦+ 𝑧
𝐴 𝐼𝑧 𝐼𝑦

𝑀𝑧 𝑀𝑦
• Unsymmetrical Bending: 𝜎𝑥 = − 𝑦 + 𝑧
𝐼𝑧 𝐼𝑦

Unknown Principe Axes

𝑃 𝑀𝑧 𝐼𝑦 +𝑀𝑦 𝐼𝑦𝑧 𝑀𝑦 𝐼𝑧 +𝑀𝑧 𝐼𝑦𝑧
• Combined Stress: 𝜎 =𝐴− 2 𝑦+ 2 𝑧
𝐼𝑧 𝐼𝑦 −𝐼𝑦𝑧 𝐼𝑧 𝐼𝑦 −𝐼𝑦𝑧

𝑃 𝑃 𝑒𝑦 𝐼𝑦 −𝑒𝑧 𝐼𝑦𝑧 𝑃 𝑒𝑧 𝐼𝑧 −𝑒𝑦 𝐼𝑦𝑧

• Short Prismatic Member: 𝜎 =𝐴+ 2
𝐼𝑧 𝐼𝑦 −𝐼𝑦𝑧
𝑦+ 2
𝐼𝑧 𝐼𝑦 −𝐼𝑦𝑧
𝑧

𝑀𝑧 𝐼𝑦 +𝑀𝑦 𝐼𝑦𝑧 𝑀𝑦 𝐼𝑧 +𝑀𝑧 𝐼𝑦𝑧

• Unsymmetrical Bending: 𝜎=− 2 𝑦+ 2 𝑧
𝐼𝑧 𝐼𝑦 −𝐼𝑦𝑧 𝐼𝑧 𝐼𝑦 −𝐼𝑦𝑧

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR 51