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    Local Solar Time, Sunrise Sunset Day Length

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    vishal Achari
    The document discusses concepts related to solar time, including declination angle, hour angle, incidence angle, zenith angle, sunrise, sunset, and day length. It provides equations and examples of calculating these values for different dates and locations. It also discusses how the length of days varies over the year and between solstices and equinoxes. Finally, it considers the optimal tilt angle for solar collectors without tracking the sun.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Local Solar Time, Sunrise Sunset Day Length

    Uploaded by

    vishal Achari
    307 views26 pages
    The document discusses concepts related to solar time, including declination angle, hour angle, incidence angle, zenith angle, sunrise, sunset, and day length. It provides equations and examples of calculating these values for different dates and locations. It also discusses how the length of days varies over the year and between solstices and equinoxes. Finally, it considers the optimal tilt angle for solar collectors without tracking the sun.

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    local solar time, sunrise sunset day length

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    The document discusses concepts related to solar time, including declination angle, hour angle, incidence angle, zenith angle, sunrise, sunset, and day length. It provides equations and examples of calculating these values for different dates and locations. It also discusses how the length of days varies over the year and between solstices and equinoxes. Finally, it considers the optimal tilt angle for solar collectors without tracking the sun.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    307 views26 pages

    Local Solar Time, Sunrise Sunset Day Length

    Uploaded by

    vishal Achari
    The document discusses concepts related to solar time, including declination angle, hour angle, incidence angle, zenith angle, sunrise, sunset, and day length. It provides equations and examples of calculating these values for different dates and locations. It also discusses how the length of days varies over the year and between solstices and equinoxes. Finally, it considers the optimal tilt angle for solar collectors without tracking the sun.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    You are on page 1of 26
    At a glance
    Powered by AI
    The key takeaways are about solar time, declination angle, hour angle, incidence angle, zenith angle, azimuth angles, sunrise, sunset and day length calculations.

    Declination angle is the angle between the equatorial plane and a line joining the center of the Earth and the Sun. It is calculated based on the day of the year using trigonometric equations.

    Hour angle is the angle between the local meridian and the hour circle of the Sun. It relates solar time to clock time and varies throughout the day and year.

    Local solar time, sunrise, sunset &

    day length (solar angle relations and


    calculations)

    -Declination angle
    -Hr angle and solar time (local apparent time)
    -Incidence angle and special cases, zenith angle
    -Azimuth angles
    -Sunrise, sunset and day length
    -optimal tilt for fixed collector
    Declination angle

    Where:

    n = the day of the year such that for January the 1st n = 1.
    Declination angle
    Ans – 134th day ( 14th May) which lies between vernal equinox (20th March) to summer
    solstice (21st June) see fig previous slide
    210.5th day (29th July) that lies between summer solstice (21st june) to autumnal equinox
    (23rd sept) ) see fig previous slide
    Procedure- Sun will directly be overhead , when the line joining “parallel” having given
    latitude and earth center coincides with the line joining center of earth and center
    of sun. i. e. when equatorial plane will be making angle 18 degree 32 minutes with
    line joining center of earth and center of sun (declination angle).
    So substitute the angle + 18 degree 32 minutes= +18.533 as declination angle in its equation
    and solve in calculator or manually for value of n.
    n=498.94=498.94-365=133.94th day OR n=-231.07=365-231.07=133.93th day
    (You can check this by substituting n=133.94 or 133.93 in equation of declination angle,
    the angle comes out to be +18.53)
    No. of days to reach summer solstice position from position when sun is overhead at Pune=
    172-133.94=38.06 days (172 is nth day of year at which summer solstice occur)
    Same no of days after solstice position will be required to reach the position when sun is
    overhead at Pune. Therefore
    172+38.06=210th day is another day
    (You can check this by substituting n=210 or 210.5 in equation of declination angle,
    the angle comes out to be +18.65 or 18.54)
    Declination angle
    NOTE-
    1. +ve sign is used when sun side equatorial plane is down side of line joining earth center
    and sun center for given equation. Position of earth for sun to be overhead at pune matches
    this condition hence declination angle is to be taken positive to calculate both days of the year.
    One day lies between vernal equinox (20th march) to summer solstice (21st june) and other
    lies between summer solstice (21st june) to autumnal equinox (23rd sept) see fig below &
    previous slide
    2. (1 degree/x degree=60 min /32 min) so x=0.533
    Hr angle
    Fore noon +ve afternoon-ve

    Solar day is not exactly 24 hr through out the year because of rate of orbital rotation
    and axial rotations are subject to vibrations
    Hr angle
    Hr angle
    Incidence angle, special cases,zenith
    angle
    ϒs=Solar azimuth angle
    ϒ =Surface azimuth angle
    ϴz=Solar zenith angle
    ϴ =Incidence angle
    α=Altitude angle
    β=Slope (tilt angle)
    Incidence angle and special cases,
    zenith angle
    Incidence angle & special cases,
    zenith angle and solar azimuth
    Incidence angle, special cases-zenith angle

    Altitude angle (degree)= (90- zenith angle) to be calculated


    Zenith angle calculated by eqn
    Φ=latitude=18.9 degree (given)
    δ=Declination angle calculated by eq
    =23.31
    n=15 June= 31 (jan)+28 (feb)+31 (mar)+30 (april)+31 (may)+15 (jun)=166
    ω=Hour angle calculated by eqn

    standard time=15:00 hr or 180 min


    Lst= std time longitude of india=82.5 degee east----east so take –ve sign
    Lloc=logitude of location mumbai=72.816 degree
    Equation of time

    B=84.06 degree
    E= -0.237
    Solar time=180-4*(82.5-72.816)+(-0.237)=141.027 min=2 hr 21 min after noon=14:21
    ω=(12:00-14:21)*15=-2hr21min*15=-2.35*15=-35.25
    Incidence angle, special cases-zenith angle

    Zenith angle, Theta z=arccos (sin18.9sin23.31+cos18.9cos23.31cos-35.25)=33.099 degree


    Altitude angle=90-33.099=56.901 degree

    Solar azimuth angle –

    Arccos (cos 33.099*sin18.9-sin23.31)/(sin33.099*cos18.9)= 103.92 degree


    Incidence angle, special cases-zenith
    angle Note-Sign conventions different
    Incidence angle, special cases-zenith
    angle
    Incidence angle, special cases-zenith
    angle
    Sunrise, sunset and day length
    horizontal surface
    Sunrise, sunset and day length
    inclined surface
    Sunrise, sunset and day length
    Sunrise, sunset and day length
    Sunrise, sunset and day length
    Sunrise, sunset and day length

    Day &
    month Day of yr Declination angle(degrees) Day length (hrs)
    month Solstice/Equinox Remark
    1 19 -20.54 10.43 21-Marvernal Equinox 19th Mar is having approx 12hr day
    2 50 -11.93 11.12 21-Junsummer solstice 19th June is having greatest day length of all
    21-Sepautumnal equinox 19th Sept is having approx 12hr day
    3 79 -0.81 11.94
    21-Decwinter solstice 19th Dec is having smallest day length of all
    4 110 11.23 12.83
    5 140 19.93 13.52
    6 171 23.44 13.82
    7 201 20.64 13.58
    8 232 12.10 12.89 Reason for variation can be explained
    9 263 0.20 12.01
    pictorially next slide
    10 293 -11.40 11.16
    11 324 -20.24 10.45
    12 354 -23.45 10.18
    Sunrise, sunset and day length
    Sunrise, sunset and day length
    Optimal tilt for collector with no tracking
    Optimal tilt for collector with no tracking
    Ref-
    slide-2,4,6-10,14,15,17-20
    https://books.google.co.in/books?id=O8IMS-
    jq6skC&pg=PA82&lpg=PA82&dq=sukhatme+declination+angle&source=bl&ots=RwzzVMYhyt&sig=sJI3oY
    FL2UEO4tpAlVElKVKrEYY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj7zoO86szKAhUHBI4KHdWRB0IQ6AEIIjAB#v=onep
    age&q=sukhatme%20declination%20angle&f=false
    Solar energy by sukhatme (former Prof IIT Bombay))-pg -82-87

    slide 5,13,16
    https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Vps3P-
    S85o8C&pg=PT87&dq=bh+khan+hour+angle&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiK95u69szKAhUVBI4KHU3sA5
    wQ6wEIHTAA#v=onepage&q=bh%20khan%20hour%20angle&f=false
    non conventional energy resources by B H Khan (Prof Aligadh Muslim University ) pg 68,70,71

    slide-24,25
    https://books.google.co.in/books?id=I4IVfxtMR24C&pg=PA24&dq=optimal+angle+for+solar+solanki&hl=
    en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjC-
    Pjd9MzKAhWNJI4KHUlcCEgQ6wEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=optimal%20angle%20for%20solar%20solanki&f=
    false
    Renewable energy technnologies by Solanki (Prof IIT Bombay) pg23,24

    slide-2,22
    http://www.itacanet.org/the-sun-as-a-source-of-energy/part-1-solar-astronomy/

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