Cambridge Assessment International Education

Cambridge Ordinary Level

Muhammad Faizan
* 6 0 9 0 8 8 7 3 3 2 *

PAKISTAN STUDIES 2059/02

Paper 2 The Environment of Pakistan October/November 2019
1 hour 30 minutes
Candidates answer on the Question Paper.
Additional Materials: Ruler

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Answer any three questions.

The Insert contains Fig. 1.2 for Question 1.
The Insert is not required by the Examiner.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

This document consists of 23 printed pages, 1 blank page and 1 Insert.

DC (LK/TP) 168526/8
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1 (a) Study Fig. 1.1, an outline map of Pakistan.

Key:
international boundary
province-level boundary
disputed boundary JAMMU AND
KASHMIR
Baluchistan disputed territory
Plateau

Himalayan
Ranges

Karakoram
Range

N
Salt Range

0 100 200 300

Arabian Sea km

Fig. 1.1

(i) On the map name the following landforms in the boxes provided: Balochistan Plateau;
Himalayan Ranges; Karakoram Range; Salt Range. [4]
(ii) Study Fig. 1.2 (Insert). Identify the mountain feature labelled A in the
photograph. A .....................................................................
Peak, Horn, Summit
[1]

(b) (i) Define the term ‘topography’.

...........................................................................................................................................
The study or description of features of the landscape which includes
both natural and artificial features, natural characteristics of land,
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
structural features of landscape.

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(ii) Describe the natural topography of the northern regions.

...........................................................................................................................................
They have V shaped/Narrow/Deep valleys and gorges. U shapped
valleys including cirque, corrie and arete.They have high altitude
...........................................................................................................................................
above 6000m+ and have snow-caped or high peaks, hills and
...........................................................................................................................................
mountainous. Steep slopes, uneven, rugged screes. Bare rocks, rocky,
barren. They have parallel ranges with Snowfields and glaciers.
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(c) (i) State two reasons why deforestation has occurred in the Northern Mountains.

1 ........................................................................................................................................
Demand for wood/To graze/feed livestock
...........................................................................................................................................

Build houses/buildings/industries/settlements/hotel/timber/paper/
2 ........................................................................................................................................
furniture.
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Explain two impacts of deforestation in the Northern Mountains on the natural
environment. You should develop your answer.
...........................................................................................................................................
Soil erosion; due to minerals being leached (washed) through the soil
soil blown away / soil washed away downhill. Increased number of
...........................................................................................................................................
landslides; because no roots to hold the soil together / in place / rain
...........................................................................................................................................
saturates soil and washes it downslope. Habitats lost; means species
are endangered / at risk of extinction / land barren. Ecosystems
...........................................................................................................................................
destroyed; food-chains are broken / disrupted / animals forced to move
...........................................................................................................................................
to other areas / animals or species die.
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

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(iii) Describe the importance of the Northern Mountains to Pakistan.

...........................................................................................................................................
Snow-capped peaks melt during summer to drain water into rivers.
...........................................................................................................................................
Provides water from high rainfall. Provides water for hydel power /
energy. River water used for irrigation / agriculture. Historical passes
...........................................................................................................................................
connect Pakistan to China and Afghanistan. A natural border (to
China and the Central Asian Republics). Provides a land /trade route
...........................................................................................................................................
through Karakoram Highway. Source of valuable minerals, timber
...........................................................................................................................................
and fruits.
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

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(d) Reducing the impacts of deforestation is more achievable in the northern regions than in
other areas of Pakistan.
To what extent can the problems caused by deforestation in the northern regions of Pakistan
be solved? Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have
studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.
...................................................................................................................................................
Ways of reducing impact of deforestation
...................................................................................................................................................
Soil can be more readily protected from erosion in the Northern areas
than other areas due to the wetter climate / afforestation on steeper
...................................................................................................................................................
slopes / hedgerows planted / strip cultivation / contour ploughing /
...................................................................................................................................................
terracing on steep slopes; Supplying irrigation facilities to the deforested
areas; Planting commercial species of trees which grow rapidly; Reserving
...................................................................................................................................................
land for fuel wood plantation only, saving valuable species of trees;
...................................................................................................................................................
Education amongst the people about the importance of trees; Creation of
non-governmental agencies to promote afforestation and campaign against
...................................................................................................................................................
deforestation. Supply natural gas to Northern Regions to ease the pressure
on trees for fuelwood; Improved techniques of raising nurseries and
...................................................................................................................................................
planting trees so deforested areas can be regenerated in a shorter time;
...................................................................................................................................................
Ensuring that forestry and forest management is more sustainable, e.g. use
of selective logging / restricting use of bulldozers / strict enforcement of
...................................................................................................................................................
forest laws / enforcement of village / farm forestry programmes / urban
...................................................................................................................................................
forestry programmes; Planting fruit trees on the slopes of hills to provide
food for the local people etc. Acceptable alternative approaches include:
...................................................................................................................................................
arguing that the impacts can be reduced in other areas more easily due to
greater accessibility and availability of named resources, etc
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [6]

[Total: 25]

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2 (a) Study Fig. 2.1, a map showing the major rivers of Pakistan.

Key:
international boundary
province-level boundary
JAMMU AND
disputed boundary
KASHMIR

disputed territory

V W

0 100 200 300

Arabian Sea km

Fig. 2.1

(i) Name rivers V, W, X and Y.

V .............................................................................
Indus

W .............................................................................
Jhelum

X .............................................................................
Chenab

Y .............................................................................
Ravi
[4]

(ii) Name dam Z shown on Fig. 2.1.

Z .............................................................................
Mangla Dam
[1]

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(b) (i) Name two examples of barrages.

1 ...................................................................................
Guddu

2 ...................................................................................
Chasma
[2]

(ii) State the differences between barrages and dams.

...........................................................................................................................................
Dams store water / barrages control flow of water; Barrages can
supply little / small amounts / no electricity (dams are major suppliers
...........................................................................................................................................
of hydel power); Silting is a problem for dams (but not barrages);
...........................................................................................................................................
Maintenance cost is lower for barrages (more expensive for dams);
Construction and or maintenance time is quicker for barrages (longer
...........................................................................................................................................
for dams); Construction cost is lower for barrages (more expensive for
...........................................................................................................................................
dams); Fewer or no people have to be evacuated for barrages;Barrages
have less environmental impact than dams;
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(iii) Suggest four problems caused by siltation.

...........................................................................................................................................
Reducing water supply / less water available / water becomes silty /
pipes blocked / reduces capacity of reservoir / less water stored;
...........................................................................................................................................
Blocking the flow of water / blocks canals or rivers / chokes or blocks
...........................................................................................................................................
irrigation canals or pipes / water cannot get through / floods may
occur; Weakens foundations of dams / have to be emptied or
...........................................................................................................................................
strengthened / flow of flood water is hampered and can damage dam /
damage to turbines or machinery; Not enough water for irrigation /
...........................................................................................................................................
industry / domestic use; Reduces water available for hydel power /
...........................................................................................................................................
generation of hydel power stopped; Encourages growth of algae /
eutrophication.
...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

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(c) Explain why rivers are important to Pakistan. You should develop your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................
Scenic beauty; for tourism / picnic / leisure. Provides water; especially to
areas where rainfall is low/named; examples / sustains life or drinking
...................................................................................................................................................
water. Helps to generate hydel power / electricity; which reduces power
...................................................................................................................................................
shortages / reduces need to import coal or oil / reduces need to use fossil
fuels / one of main sources of electricity. Adds alluvium to soil; so,
...................................................................................................................................................
improves the fertility of the soil / aids crop growth. For fishing industry /
subsistence fishing; provides income or food supply to local areas /
...................................................................................................................................................
people. Provides water for domestic use / in the home; named examples,
...................................................................................................................................................
e.g. cooking / cleaning. Provides water for industries; named examples,
e.g. cement, brick making, cotton.
...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]

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(d) Read the following two views about providing solutions to the challenges of water supply in
Pakistan:

A B

Small dams are the Large dams are the

best way to solve water best way to solve water
shortage problems and shortage problems and
assist development. assist development.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider View A and View B in your answer.
...................................................................................................................................................
Small dams
• Cheaper to construct;
...................................................................................................................................................
• Less technical expertise needed;
...................................................................................................................................................
• Can be built more quickly;
• Minimal disruption to people and environment;
...................................................................................................................................................

Large dams
...................................................................................................................................................
• More people will benefit;
...................................................................................................................................................
• Can produce HEP which is good for developing the country;
• Provides employment opportunities;
...................................................................................................................................................
• A bigger area is utilized;
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [6]

[Total: 25]

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3 (a) (i) Study Fig. 3.1, a map showing the location of Sialkot, a place where sports goods are
manufactured in Pakistan.

Key:
international boundary CHINA
province-level boundary
disputed boundary JAMMU AND
KASHMIR
disputed territory
Islamabad

Sialkot

Multan

INDIA
IRAN

0 100 200 300

Arabian Sea km

Fig. 3.1

Using the information in Fig. 3.1 only, describe the location of Sialkot.

...........................................................................................................................................
North / north eastern / eastern part of Pakistan; Distance from named
city / Multan / Islamabad; Direction from named city / north-east of
...........................................................................................................................................
Multan / south-east of Islamabad; Close / near to border of Jammu
...........................................................................................................................................
and Kashmir / south-west of Jammu and Kashmir; West of India /
near border with India / border city; Direction from named country
...........................................................................................................................................
or area / east of Afghanistan / north-east of Iran / south-west of China
/ south-west of Jammu and Kashmir; In the same province as Multan.
...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) State two raw materials that the sports goods industry

uses. 1 ......................................................
Rubber
2 ......................................................
Wood/Wood Pulp
[2]
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(iii) Describe how the sports goods industry operates in Pakistan.

...........................................................................................................................................
In small workshops / within household / small scale industry / in
cottages / primitive conditions; Uses predominantly manual labour /
...........................................................................................................................................
by hand / hand tools; Processes, e.g. cutting, sewing, stitching,
...........................................................................................................................................
shaping; The final stages are done in factories; There are aspects of
both formal and informal sectors; Mostly work is conducted by
...........................................................................................................................................
unskilled / child laborers; Goods are manufactured to international
...........................................................................................................................................
standards / high quality / for export; All stages are supervised for
quality control.
..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(b) (i) Study Fig. 3.2, which shows the percentage of sugar mills in Pakistan by province.

0%

Key:

Punjab

Sindh

KPK

Fig. 3.2

Complete the pie chart to show the percentage of sugar mills in Sindh and Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), using the following information and the key provided:
province percentage (%)
Sindh 40%
KPK 10%
[2]

(ii) State one reason why there are no sugar mills in Balochistan.

Sugar mills have to be located near the sugar cane fields and there are
...........................................................................................................................................
one in Balochistan;
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Name one by-product of the sugar industry and state what it is used

Bagasse
for. by-product ......................................................

use ....................................................................................................................................
As a fuel in sugar mills / to make chipboard / to make paper / to
make animal feed.
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
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(c) (i) Study Fig. 3.3 which is a diagram of the factors affecting industrial location.

market

land power

labour raw material

communication transport

capital water

Fig. 3.3

Choose one physical and one human factor and explain how each influences the
choice of location for a steel mill. You should develop your answer.
physical factor ...................................................................................................................
Land; flat land is required; as it is easier to build on / unused land is
...........................................................................................................................................
preferred as money does not have to be spent cleaning up the land first /
large area of land so there is room for expansion and storage if needed in
...........................................................................................................................................
the future; cheap land / so that it is affordable for businesses and loans do
...........................................................................................................................................
not have to be taken out
human factor .....................................................................................................................
Communication; near to motorways / railways and / or good IT
...........................................................................................................................................
infrastructure / so that goods can be transported efficiently and deals
can be made within Pakistan or beyond
...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(ii) Classify the following products into the correct category in the table below. You need to
decide if each product is mainly for the domestic market or the export market.

Domestic market Export market

Cement Cotton
Steel Sports Goods

Fertilisers Surgical Instruments

Choose from:

cement cotton fertilizers

sports goods steel surgical instruments

[2]
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(d) There is a large domestic market in Pakistan but consumers sometimes choose imported
goods over home-produced goods.
To what extent could demand for home-produced goods be increased? Give reasons to
support your judgement and refer to examples that you have studied. You should consider
different points of view in your answer.
...................................................................................................................................................
Possibilities:
• Introduce training programmes;
...................................................................................................................................................
• Advertising to entice local markets to buy locally produced products;
...................................................................................................................................................
• Reducing manufacturing costs;
• Improving productivity;
...................................................................................................................................................
• Buy local initiatives or examples;
• Improving the standard / quality of locally produced goods to meet
...................................................................................................................................................
international standards;
...................................................................................................................................................
• Incentives for buying local, e.g. creation of more jobs;
• Helps reduce impact on climate change by reducing CO2 emissions;
...................................................................................................................................................
from transport costs / benefits to the environment promoted;
...................................................................................................................................................
• Make it more difficult to import goods / increase tariffs / duties;
...................................................................................................................................................
Difficulties:
...................................................................................................................................................
• Advertising / promotion / branding of imported goods;
• Costs / cheaper to buy imported goods;
...................................................................................................................................................
• Quality of local goods;
...................................................................................................................................................
• Skills availability for producing quality goods;
• Funding to develop industries / manufacturing;
...................................................................................................................................................
• Technical knowledge / skills;
• Energy crisis;
...................................................................................................................................................
• Economic constraints;
...................................................................................................................................................
• Availability of modern technology;
• New competitors, e.g. Bangladesh / Vietnam / Turkey;
...................................................................................................................................................
• Low foreign investment in consumer goods;
...................................................................................................................................................
• Restricted market, e.g. international standards applied to products;
............................................................................................................................................. [6]

[Total: 25]

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4 (a) Study Fig. 4.1, which is a map of Pakistan’s road network.

Key:
international boundary
province-level boundary
disputed boundary JAMMU AND
major highway KASHMIR
other roads disputed territory
B
motorway

0 100 200 300

Arabian Sea km

Fig. 4.1

(i) Name the two cities labelled A and B on Fig.

4.1. A ................................................................

B ................................................................
[2]

(ii) Name the road on Fig. 4.1 that crosses an international boundary.

.....................................................................................
[1]

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(iii) Using Fig. 4.1 only, describe the regional variations of the road network in Pakistan.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) (i) State three reasons why motorways are needed.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[3]

(ii) Describe the benefits of rail transport for people and goods.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(c) (i) Define the term ‘dry port’.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Name two examples of dry ports that are currently in

use. 1 ........................................................

2 ........................................................
[2]

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(iii) Explain two advantages of using a dry port. You should develop your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

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(d) Read the following two views about extending and developing the rail network in Pakistan:

A B

The existing rail network The rail network could be

could be extended in developed in the northern
Balochistan to encourage regions with a link to
further industrial China to encourage further
development and settlement economic development in
growth in this province. this area.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider View A and View B in your answer.
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [6]

[Total: 25]

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5 (a) Study Fig. 5.1 which shows the annual population growth rate in Pakistan between 1976 and
2016.

4.0

3.0

annual population
2.0
growth rate (%)

1.0

0
1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016
year

Fig. 5.1

(i) Complete the line graph for the annual population growth rate on Fig. 5.1 using the
information below:

year annual population growth rate (%)

2016 2.0
[2]

(ii) A In which year was the lowest annual population growth rate?

..........................................

B In which year was the highest annual population growth rate?

..........................................

C Identify how the annual population growth rate has changed between 1976 and
2016. Circle one correct answer below.
increased stayed the same decreased
[3]

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(iii) State two reasons for a declining death rate.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) (i) Define the term ‘overpopulation’.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Explain two ways in which population growth can be reduced in Pakistan. You should
develop your answer.
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

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(c) (i) What are the causes of unemployment in Pakistan?

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(ii) Suggest three ways that employment can be generated.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[3]

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(d) It is expected that over the next twenty years Pakistan’s birth rate and death rate will
decrease further.
Evaluate the extent to which projected population structures will affect the economy and
development of Pakistan. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples
that you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [6]

[Total: 25]

END OF QUESTION PAPER

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Additional Pages

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© UCLES 2019 2059/02/O/N/19