KIPS GENERAL SCIENCE

ae AND ABILITY
eae

Owais Safdar
Dr. Aqeela Syed (PSP)
a ne with the newly
revised syllabus
 : General Science oe Ability, previously Everyday Science, has always been a high scoring
subject fox snegesstul candidates, It has allowed candidates to enhance their overall score, and opt
for their Seen posts. The significance of this subject has further been enhanced after the
introduction of a Ae marks General Ability section based on mathematics and reasoning. However,
in order to maximize their marks in the General Science and Ability paper, it is important that the
students have the appropriate material to prepare for the exam.
Taking this into consideration, we have authored this book, which contains the material
indispensable for a good score. This book is compiled to assist the students in grabbing the crucial
scientific ideas in minimum possible time and to save them from painstaking research from multiple
sources. It is comprehensive enough to cover all the aspects of the topics, yet is precise and
interesting. Further, in order to assist the candidates in understanding and retaining maximum
information, the content is supported by visual illustrations, diagrams, flowcharts, and tables.
by
Moreover, the book contains the concepts regarding basic mathematics and reasoning supported
appropriate examples and exercises.
We are also
We thank Allah Almighty for making us successful in carrying out this task.
our special gratitude to Mr. Abid
grateful to our parents for their prayers and wishes. We extend
guidance and support. In the end, we
Wazir Khan and Dr. Shahid Wazir Khan for their continuous
Amir Iqbal, Umer Saeed, Usman Tipu, Sara
also thank our friends—Dr Tahreem Ali, Hina Zahid,
Salahuddin, Dr. Farheen Ijaz, Adnan Hashim, and
Sarwar, Mubashar Rizvi, Dr. Aqsa Ashraf, Dr. Zari in
Sana Amjad— and entire KIPS NDC team and Arooj Butt Printers for their contribution
preparation of the book.
We encourage and highly appreciate
the feedback and wish all the students success in their
endeavours.

Authors
 PART-1
(GENERAL
SCIENCE)
 |
——
|

PHYSICAL
SCIENCES |
 Chapter 1
3. The Flat or Mabyinally B TCan,
This means that there igjust
it expanding
‘ “ but not sathes
ey eea Caan ; that is,i perfect amount of
expanding, but the rate of

Universe
of the us
Radi

Flat Universe - expansion

Closed Universe
- the Big Crunch

Time since the Big Bang

ET
=eGS5<_QvzT]rleeoaaaeaSanaEa|Eaeaeaeeeeee
LIGHT YEAR
Light year is a distance light can travel in vacuum in one year. Light year is one of the units of distance
used for astronomical objects. More precisely, one light-year is equal to 9,500,000,000,000 kilometers.
Andromeda galaxy is 2.5 million light years away from Milky Way. It is pertinent to mention the need for
such a big unit of distance. On Earth, a kilometer may be just fine. It is a few hundred kilometers from

EE
New York City to Washington, DC; it is a few thousand kilometers from California to Maine. In
the universe, the kilometer is just too small to be useful. For example, the distance to the next nearest
km. This
big galaxy, the Andromeda Galaxy, is 21 quintillion km. That is 21,000,000,000,000,000,000
is a number so large that it becomes hard to write and hard to interpret. So astronomers use other units
of distance. For distances to other parts of the Milky Way Galaxy (or even further), astronomers use units

a
7
can say that:
of the light-year or the parsec. The parsec is equal to 3.3 light-years. Using the light-year, we
0 light-years away.
1. The Crab supernova remnant is about 4,00

_
light-years across.
2. The Milky Way Galaxy is about 100,000 away.
-years
3. The Andromeda Galaxy is about 2.5million light
Set
———
GALAXY
pillions of stars kept together by gravity. It consi sts
of thousands
and dust. Galaxies are formed by group of starts, gases, and dust
1 forces. There are 3 categories of galaxies:
Fae
 Planets
Inner
Peleeey
bert ry we \
Pens cy 2
Taek it
Aka ely Saturn Uranus

er Planets ;
Inner planets include first four planets nearest to thelgtin: Me
: TCU}
Mercury ty, Venus, Earth and Mars.
1
Mercury is the smallest and the fastest revolving planet. - ItIt isi closest to th ‘
; ‘ ae doa planet
since it cannot hold onto its atmosphere, so no life is possible there. The vile ee nae |
an :
appear to have onan more than 3 billion years ago. It is not the hottest of the ata ae
gepateg co te xls APRICOTS Ont Ory ce days and completes its revolution around aes
88 days.

= gol
g, Venus
use
Venus is the hottest, brightest, and the slowest rotating planet. It is often called as earth's twin beca
the two planets have much closeness in size and mass. It is the hottest of all planets because of dense
atmosphere. Rapidly spinning clouds of CO, covers its surface; that is why the Venus gets so hot. These
clouds reflect sunlight, making Venus the brightest. Venus has always been the third brightest object in 0)
thesky after the sun and the moon. Violent volcanism is wide spread and there are highly varied landforms
across the planet's flat surface. It is the only planet to rotate in the direction opposite to that of its orbital
revolution—it rotates East-to-West (all other planets rotate West-to-East).
3. Earth
Earth is the third planet from the Sun, and the densest and fifth-largest of the eight planets in the
to exist. (Detail is
Solar System. It is the only planet in the Sun’s solar system where life is known
:
discussed later)
4. Mars
of red dust. It is the only planet that gives some
Mars is also known as the Red Planet due to presence
possible
planets as well. Although the Earthly life is not
encouragement about the idea of life on other
substantial supplies of water in the past.
at this time, its surface almost certainly possessed
The Outer Planets
5. Jupiter
is two and half times more massive than all the
is the biggest and the fastest rotating planet. It
Jupiter
y of gases and is therefore known as a
requires! 10 hours to comple its
te
2 stages tt
Lae
 FARTH
nets in the
the Sun, and the densest and fifth jargest of the eight pla
Earth is the third planet from to millions of
of the Solar Systeri 's four terres trial planets. Home
Solar owe It is also the largest : t. It was
known to exis
includi ng humans , arth is the only place in the universe # here life is — a
species, one billion
for 4.54
med billion years ago, and life eakes on its surface within
a bietic conditions on the par essai ooaa
altered the atmosphere and other
has significantly 8 inal
the formation of the ozone layer which, toget
proliferation of aerobic organisms as well as the
ing life on land. The physical prope
magnetic field, blocks harmful solar radiation, permitt this period. The
cal history and orbit, have allowed the life to persist during,
Earth, as well as its geologi
pla expected to continue supporting life for at least another 500 million years.
isnet
Structure of the Karth
Earth is made up of several different Jayers, each with unique properties

betes

Ce

Me
ee

inner
 CHAPTER

DD
—_—_————————
ROrsrOS Tares space,TIO
in theOLU
ANDentREV N
—=hin the boundaries of the Solar
; ‘These are known as rotation and
In chapter 1, we discussed how the eart!
motions-
System. While it is in space, the earth goes through complex
Moon revolIves
For example
aro) nd another *
one abody
s
moves arou e
used when to
homly, revolu tion is Revolution refers
the Sun. h is the
Eartce
cal pa th - Th e re vo lution of thethe
ioe e
the sun in an= ¢ Jlipti
around the sun. The earth revolves aroundteen ge
days. To
basis of thethe calendar, and one complete revolution takes 365-25y fourth year has 3 66 days. This is known as a
year . This is the reas on why ever
assigns 365 days to each
leap year.
Rotation axis. For example,
movement of body ar: ound its own
In astronomy, Rotation is used to mean the extends from the North
on its axis. The axis isan imaginary line that
rotation is the movement of the earth east direction. The
of the Earth. The Earth rotates in a west-to-
Pole to the South Pole, through the center rnations of day and night. One rotation takes approximately
rotation of the Earth is the basis of the alte
24 hours, and is the basis of the time system.

its axis aaa

saraiexce dee Sst 8 uses e: : x and

cost |
nntre
Oo
acounter their ri
sks and take action
to build
ns preparedness measures include: the nece
a. Communication pl i . : ‘ .
b. . Proper maint
laintenanc
Plans
e andwithtraini
easily understandable termi Molog
I y and methods,es ee io
Bigg eeSeal
exmaninity emerg eney response temne including mass human resources such as
¢, Development and exercise of e. i : tats:
shelters and evacuation plans, vice
NBency population warning methods combined with emerg ency
d. stockpiling, inventory, and mainta
no in disa ster sw i
e. Develop organizations of traine i
d volunteers angcivil
a a
workers are rapidly ian popu lations. Professional emergency
overwhelmed in mass
em ergencies so trained; organized, resp
volunteers are extremely valuab onsible
le
os For exam ple, Community Emer gency Response
Teams, Ss, RedRed Cross, Federal Emergen
2 Agency (FEMA). Another aspect of prepared
ness is casualty prediction, the ne
many deaths or injuries to ex: i ; ions
need to be in place to eon ee oe Seve Pa.
3. Response
Response includes efforts to minimize the hazards created by a disaster. The response
phase
includes themobilization of the necessary emergency services and first responders in the disaster area.
This is likely to introduce:
a. firefighters
b. Police
c. Ambulance
d. disaster relief operation (military)
e. Non-combatant evacuation operation
f. Special rescue teams at the site of the disaster prone areas.
4. Recovery
affected area to
Returning the community to normal. The aim of the recovery phase is to restore the
efforts are concerned with | |
its previous state. It differs from the response phase in its focus; recovery
efforts are ||
issues and decision: s that must be made after immediate needs are addressed, Recovery
destroyed property, re-employment, and the 3
primarily concerned with acti ons that involve rebuilding aiming to reduce
be made to "build back better",
repair of other essential infras tructure. Efforts should
and infrastructure.
the pre-disaster risks inherent in the community
Framework in Pakistan t years, ithas
c disaster risks from a range of hazards. In recen
Pakistan has always been suscept ible to Some of them which have a high scale of
—
witnessed increased frequency and intensity of these events. d peng
include: earthquakes, droughts, floods, storms and landslides. These have cause
impact : = a
ee of peepast. with disasters in Pakistan has ie the pre
in the epi Bee
er
approach. After oe
that is, a reactive and not a pro-active | ees
arty and the challenges that were faced in the wake of
ni g apr policy and titutional
 ire any fuels to pr
very low running costs since it does not requ
release any pollutants into th
ental friendly as the process does notr. This improves the water manageme
slants have a reservoir to store wate
looding downstream.
: :
atages
can only be built in places that have
One major disadvantage of HEP plants is that they are low,
costs of HEP ptants
y such as steep slopes. Although the running
ir needs a large area, w!
construction is extremely expensive. The construction of the reservo
destruction of the natural

energy ge
Geothermal energy is a renewable source of energy that utilizes the thermal
the gi
"stored ir earth. Geothermal energy uses naturally occurring high temperatures inside
generate electric power and for direct uses such as heating and cooking. Geothermal elec
i the drilling of well in search of high temperature rocks. Water is pumped down this

association (IGA) the global potential of geothermal sourees is about 70 Gi

Geothermal Power Plant

Turbine
\
BSC
p
 Kinetic Energy
otates the blades of the wind turbine)
ity is connes
@Oor connected

Metaaule tatslg:atg

(The blades rotate the turbine)