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    Philippine Construction Productivity Rates

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    Abby
    This document discusses methods for calculating productivity rates for construction equipment like excavators and trucks. It provides steps for determining excavator production based on bucket size, fill factor, cycle times, and efficiency. It also outlines steps for calculating truck production, including determining load time based on bucket loads, haul time, dump time, and return time to calculate cycle time. The number of trucks required is calculated based on balancing the excavator and truck cycle times. An example calculation is provided to demonstrate these methods.

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    Philippine Construction Productivity Rates

    Uploaded by

    Abby
    710 views19 pages
    This document discusses methods for calculating productivity rates for construction equipment like excavators and trucks. It provides steps for determining excavator production based on bucket size, fill factor, cycle times, and efficiency. It also outlines steps for calculating truck production, including determining load time based on bucket loads, haul time, dump time, and return time to calculate cycle time. The number of trucks required is calculated based on balancing the excavator and truck cycle times. An example calculation is provided to demonstrate these methods.

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    Equipment Rate

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    This document discusses methods for calculating productivity rates for construction equipment like excavators and trucks. It provides steps for determining excavator production based on bucket size, fill factor, cycle times, and efficiency. It also outlines steps for calculating truck production, including determining load time based on bucket loads, haul time, dump time, and return time to calculate cycle time. The number of trucks required is calculated based on balancing the excavator and truck cycle times. An example calculation is provided to demonstrate these methods.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    710 views19 pages

    Philippine Construction Productivity Rates

    Uploaded by

    Abby
    This document discusses methods for calculating productivity rates for construction equipment like excavators and trucks. It provides steps for determining excavator production based on bucket size, fill factor, cycle times, and efficiency. It also outlines steps for calculating truck production, including determining load time based on bucket loads, haul time, dump time, and return time to calculate cycle time. The number of trucks required is calculated based on balancing the excavator and truck cycle times. An example calculation is provided to demonstrate these methods.

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    The key takeaways are that productivity in construction is defined as unit output per hour, and accurate prediction of construction equipment productivity is critical for construction management. Construction equipment is classified and factors like maximum excavation depth, working radius, dumping height and hoisting capability must be considered when selecting an excavator for a project.

    Construction equipment is classified based on their functions. Excavators, also known as hoes, are used primarily for excavating below the natural surface of the ground.

    When selecting an excavator for a project, the following factors must be considered: maximum excavation depth, maximum working radius required for digging and dumping, maximum dumping height required, and hoisting capability required.

    PHILIPPINE

    CONSTRUCTION
    PRODUCTIVITY RATES
    Productivity in construction is defined as a unit output per hour.
    An accurate prediction of the productivity of construction equipment is critical for construction management
    Classification of Construction Equipment
    PRODUCTIVITY OF HOE EXCAVATOR
    Hoes are used primarily to excavate below the natural surface of ground on which
    the machine rests. In the selection of a hoe for use on a project the following factors
    must be considered.
    • Maximum excavation depth
    • Maximum working radius required for digging and dumping
    • Maximum dumping height required
    • Hoisting capability required
    Step-1: Obtain the heaped bucket load volume (in Lm3) from the manufacturers‘ data sheet.Heaped
    bucket capacity ratings for Excavator buckets assume a 1:1 material angle of repose.
    Step-2: Material Type
    Step-3: Apply a bucket fill factor based on the type of machine and the class of material being
    excavated. Refer Table D-1.

    Step-4: Estimate cycle time (load, swing, dump and swing empty). Refer Table D-2.Swing is influenced by job
    conditions such as obstructions and clearances.
    Step-5: Check depth of cut. Refer Table D-3.Typical cycle times are for depth of cut between 40-60%
    of maximum digging depth.

    Step-6: Check loading height:-Does the selected Excavator/hoe have the reach capability to load the
    haul unit. Refer table D-3.
    Step-7: Efficiency factor
    Step-8: productivity calculation.

    Step-9: Convert production to Bank Volume (BCY)


    Production Formula
    3600 sec×𝑄 ×𝐹 𝐸 1
    Hoe (excavation) production = × ×
    𝑡 60−𝑚𝑖𝑛.ℎ𝑟 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
    where,
    Q = heaped bucket capacity in 1cy
    F = bucket fill factor for hoe buckets
    t = cycle time in seconds
    E = efficiency in minutes per hour
    1
    Volume correction = for loose volume to bank volume,
    1+𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
    𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡,𝑙𝑏
    = for loose volume to tons,
    2000 𝑙𝑏/𝑡𝑜𝑛
    Example
    A crawler hoe having a 3½-cy bucket is being considered for use on a project to excavate very hard
    clay from a borrow pit. The clay will be loaded into trucks having a loading height of 9 ft 9 in. Soil-
    boring information indicates that below 8 ft, the material changes to an unacceptable silt material.
    What is the estimated production of the hoe in cubic yards bank measure, if the efficiency factor is
    equal to 50-min/hour?

    Solution
    Step-1: Size of bucket = 3½-cy
    Step-2: Bucket fill factor, Table D-1 gives 80-90%, Use average Bucket fill factor = (80+90)/2 = 85%.
    Step-3: Typical cycle element times
    Optimum depth of cut is 30-60% of maximum digging depth. From Table D-3 for a 3½ -CY size
    Hoe, maximum digging depth is 23-27 ft, Depth of excavation 8 ft.
    (8ft/23ft) x 100 = 34% ≥ 30% okay!
    (8ft/27ft) x 100 = 30% ≥ 30% okay!
    Step-4: Therefore under average conditions and for 3½-Cy Size hoe, cycle times from Table D-2:

    1. Load Bucket 7sec Very hard clay


    2. Swing with load 6sec Load trucks
    3. Dump load 4sec Load trucks
    4. Return swing 5sec___________
    Cycle time 22sec
    Step-5: Efficiency factor, 50 min/hour
    Step-6: Class of material, hard clay Swell 35% (Table D-4)
    Step-7: Probable production

    Check maximum loading Height to ensure the hoe can service the trucks. From Table D-3, 21 to 22
    ft.21ft > 9ft 9in.
    PRODUCTIVITY OF TRUCK
    Truck production is similar to the other earthmoving equipment cycles. Trucks however are typically
    dependent on another piece of equipment for loading. Truckloads are rated by volume and weight.
    Trucks must be permitted to operate on public highways and streets. The following steps can be
    adopted in calculating truck production

    Step-1 Bucket loads (Number of bucket)

    The first step in analyzing truck production is to determine the number of excavator bucket loads it
    takes to load the truck. Bucket loads must be an integer number. Check load weight against
    gravimetric capacity of the haul unit.

    𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑘 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
    BUCKET LOADS =
    Loader Bucket Capacity
    Step-2 Load time and truck load volume

    In calculating the time required for a haul unit to make one complete cycle, it is customary to break the cycle down into fixed
    and variable components.

    • Fixed time: spot time (moving the unit position to begin loading), load time, maneuver time, and dump time. Fixed
    time can usually be closely estimated for a particular type of operation.
    • Variable time: represents the travel time required for a unit to haul material to the unloading site and return.

    Next lower integer: for the case where the number of bucket loads is rounded down to an integer lower than the balance
    number of loads or reduced because of job conditions

    Load time = Number of bucket loads x Bucket cycle time


    Truck load LI (Volumetric) = Number of bucket loads x Bucket Volume

    Next Higher integer: If the division of truck cargo body volume by the bucket volume is rounded to the next higher integer that
    higher number of bucket is placed on the truck, excess material will spill of the truck. In such case:

    Load time = Number of bucket loads x Bucket cycle time


    Truck load HI (Volumetric) = Truck volumetric capacity
    Step-3 Haul Time
    Hauling should be at highest safe speed and in the proper gear.

    Step-4 Dump Time


    Dump time will depend on the type of hauling unit and congestion in the dump area.
    Turn and Dum Times (Min.)

    Step-5 Return Time


    Based on the empty vehicle weight, the rolling and grade resistance from the dump point to the
    loading area, return travel time can be estimated using the truck manufacturers performance chart.

    Step-6 Truck cycle time


    The cycle time of a truck is the sum of the load time, haul time, dump time and the return time.
    Step-7 Number of Trucks Required
    The number of trucks required to keep the loading equipment working at capacity is:
    𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑘 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 (𝑚𝑖𝑛.)
    Balanced number of trucks=
    𝐸𝑥𝑐𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 (𝑚𝑖𝑛.)

    Step-8 Production
    The number of trucks must be an integer number.
    • Integer lower than balance number: If an integer number of trucks lower than the result obtained
    from the above equation is chosen, then the trucks will control the production.

    • Integer greater than balance number: If an integer number of trucks greater than the balanced
    number of truck is chosen, then production is controlled by the loading equipment

    Step-9 Efficiency
    The production calculated with the above equation is based on a 60-min working hour. This
    production should be adjusted by an efficiency factor. Longer haul distances usually result in better
    driver efficiency 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 (𝑚𝑖𝑛/ℎ𝑟)
    Adjusted Production = Production ×
    60 𝑚𝑖𝑛
    A Cat 320C excavator equipped with a 1.96 lcy heaped bucket is used to dig in sandy clay soil. It
    takes about 0.33 min per bucket load dumped into a fleet of Cat D30D articulated trucks. Each truck
    carries a heaped capacity of 21.6 lcy. It takes about 5 min to haul and dump the load, return and
    position for reloading:
    a. How long does it take to load one D30D? (Assume the bucket fill factor =1.0)
    b. How much dirt can be hauled in 1 work hour by one D30D?
    c. How many D30D articulated trucks will the 320C excavator support?

    Solution:
    a, No of bucket required to load the truck = Vt/ Vx = 21.61 lcy/1.961 lcy = 11.02 or 11
    b. Probabble hourly production = (Vf * Ff * E)/tcy
    Tcy = 3.63 min + 5min = 8.63 min
    Probable hourly production = (21.6 * 1.0 * (50 min/60 min) * 60 min)/ 8.63 min. = 125.151
    lcy/hr
    c. No. of Truck – truck cycle/ excavator loading time = 8.63 min/3.63 min = 2.38 or 2 trucks
    Reference:
    1. Construction planning, equipment and method, Robert. L Peurifoy,
    Clifford J.Schexnayder, AviadShapira, 7th edition, McGraw Hill
    Publishers.
    2. Construction equipment management for engineers, estimators,
    and owners, Gransberg, Popescu& Ryan, Taylor & Francis Group,
    2006.

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