Ch-1

Chemical solutions have a concentration associated with them. The

concentration allows you to know how much of a substance you are working
with. Concentration is often reported in molarity (M), which is defined as mole
of solute per liter solution (mol/L).

While molarity is usually a convenient way to talk about concentration,

sometimes there aren't actually that many moles in the solution.

What does that mean?

Well, say you have a 0.001 M solution of NaOH. It can be kind of annoying to say
0.001 M. Instead, scientists will move the decimal point to the right three places.
This makes the new number 1. But the units are no longer moles/L, but
rather millimoles/L or mmol/L. These units are called millimolar or mM.

While in many cases scientists prefer to talk about concentration in terms of

molarity, it can sometimes be more useful to talk about mass per liter solvent.
For example, this could be grams per liter (g/L) or milligrams/L (mg/L). Below,
you will see an example as to why this is the case.

Given that there are so many different ways to talk about concentration, it is
necessary to have a way to convert between them. Below you will see examples
of how to convert from mmol/L to mg/L and vice versa.

Converting From  mg/L to mmol/L

In order to convert from milligrams to mmol, you will need to make use of the
molar mass of the substance in question.

 Since the molar mass is given in grams per mol (g/mol) you will also need
to take into account that there is a conversion factor from milligrams to
grams (there are 1,000 milligrams in 1 gram).

 Take a look at the following example:

Say you have a 259 milligram per liter solution of NaOH (259 mg/L) and you
want to see what the mmol/L or mM concentration is. You need to do some
dimensional analysis given the fact that there are 1,000 milligrams in a gram and
the molar mass of NaOH (39.997 g/mol).

First, convert the milligrams to grams:

Now, the units are g/L, and you can use the molar mass to convert to mol/L:

Finally, you can convert from moles to millimoles. There are 1,000 millimoles in
1 mole.

A one liter solution that contains 259 milligrams of NaOH is thus a 6.48 mM
solution.

This entire dimensional analysis can be done in one step as well:

Thus, a 259 mg/L solution of NaOH is the same as a 6.48 mM solution of NaOH.

Converting From m mol/L to m g/L

Say you have a 10 mM solution of MgCl 2. What is the concentration in mg/L? In
other words, how many milligrams of the salt would you need to weigh out and
add to a liter of solution?

First, begin by converting millimolar to molar:

Next, you can use the molar mass to find how many grams of MgCl 2 there are in
0.010 moles or MgCl 2.

Finally, you can convert the number of grams to milligrams:

This indicates that in a 10 mM solution of Mg Cl 2 is the same as a 962 mg/L

solution of MgCl2.

You can see why talking about the concentration in millimolar is a bit easier: It's
a nice round number. On the other hand, the concentration of 962 mg/L tells
you exactly how much salt to weigh out when making the solution.
So 75mmol/L of NH4Cl (ammonium chloride) would be:

MolarmassNH4Cl:53.542

Therefore,

75 x 53.542 = 4015.65 mg/l?

Molarity is measured in moles per liter (mol/L), whereas PPM is a measure of

concentration (mass per unit volume) in which the denominator is, as the name of the
unit implies, one million times that of the numerator. In standard units, then, 1 PPM
translates to 1/1,000th of a gram divided into 1,000 milliliters, since 1,000 times 1,000
equals 1 million. Put more succinctly, because 1/1000th of a gram is 1 mg and 1,000
mL is 1 L, PPM has units of (mg/L).

Say you have 500 mL of a 0.1 M solution of potassium. To determine the PPM of this
sample:

Step 1: Find the Molar Mass of the Substance

Look up potassium on a periodic table of the elements. The molar mass is 39.098 g.
Because 1 mol of potassium is 39.1 g, by extension, 1 mmol = 39.098 mg.

Step 2: Determine the Number of Millimoles Present

500 mL is 0.5 L, and a 0.1 M solution of this volume therefore holds (0.5)(0.1) = 0.05
mol.

Because 1 mol = 1,000 mmol, 0.05 mol = 50 mmol.

Step 2: Find the Mass of the Substance Present

From step 1, 1 mmol of potassium = 39.1 mg. Therefore, 50 mmol = (50)(39.098) =
1,955 mg.

Step 3: Convert to Parts Per Million

As noted above, PPM = mg/L. Since we have 1,955 mg dissolved in 0.5 L, the PPM of
potassium in this case is:

(1,955) ÷ (0.5) = 3,910 PPM.

Important Note
PPM is usually reserved for instances in which even extremely dilute solutions contain
a physically significant amount of something, as with poisonous substances.

Other measures of contaminants related to PPM include mass of contaminant per unit
mass of whatever the contaminant is dissolved in (usually of soil) and volume fraction
of the contaminant in air, which has volume units in both the numerator and the
denominator. These are written PPM m and PPMv respectively.

For example:,

How many ug/mL is a 10 uM concentration of propidium iodide (MW=668.3946)?

How many micromoles (uM) are in a 1 mg/mL solution of propidium iodide?

Many thanks!

"M" is shorthand for molarity, not moles. That is, it is a concentration in moles per liter (mol/L). Convert to
grams per liter by multiplying by the molar mass, which, in grams per mole, is numerically equal to the
molecular weight

10 µmol/L x 668.3946 g/mol = 6683.946 µg/L (better written as 6.684 mg/L and rounding to a somewhat
reasonable precision).

1 mg/ml = 1 g/L
1 g/L x 1 mol/668.3946 g = 1.496 mmol/L or 1496 µmol/L

(dividing by molecular weight is the same as multiplying by the reciprocal.

Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the same numbers of protons and electrons but
different numbers of neutrons. The difference in the number of neutrons between the various isotopes
of an element means that the various isotopes have similar charges but different masses. The
superscript number to the left of the element designation indicates the number of protons plus
neutrons in the isotope. For example, among the hydrogen isotopes, deuterium (denoted as D or 2H)
has one neutron and one proton. This is approximately twice the mass of protium ( 1H) whereas tritium
(3H) has two neutrons and is approximately three times the mass of protium. All isotopes of oxygen
have 8 electrons and 8 protons; however, an oxygen atom with a mass of 18 (denoted 18O) has 2
more neutrons than oxygen-16 (16O).

The original isotopic compositions of planetary systems are a function of nuclear processes in stars.
Over time, isotopic compositions in terrestrial environments change by the processes of radioactive
decay, cosmic ray interactions, and such anthropogenic activities as processing of nuclear fuels,
reactor accidents, and nuclear-weapons testing. Radioactive (unstable) isotopes are nuclei that
spontaneously disintegrate over time to form other isotopes. During the disintegration, radioactive
isotopes emit alpha or beta particles and sometimes also gamma rays. The so-called stable isotopes
are nuclei that do not appear to decay to other isotopes on geologic timescales, but may themselves
be produced by the decay of radioactive isotopes. For example, 14C, a radioisotope of carbon, is
produced in the atmosphere by the interaction cosmic-ray neutrons with stable 14N. With a half-life of
about 5730 years, 14C decays back to 14N by emission of a beta particle; the stable 14N produced by
radioactive decay is called "radiogenic" nitrogen.

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