Industrial Report On "Switch Gear and Protection" Government College of Engineering Amravati

Industrial report on
“Switch Gear and Protection”

Government College of Engineering Amravati
Submitted by
Mr. Sominath Savalahari Harne
18103003
Year :4th Sem: 7th
Faculty: Prof. Manisha Jape mam

Lecturer: Rupesh S. Rajhans
Date: 30 October 2020
Contents:-
1) Generation cycle
2) MV switchgear
-Type of voltage level
• Low voltage (LV) Switchgear
• Medium voltage (MV) Switchgear
• High voltage (HV) Switchgear
-By Insulation medium
• Air
• Gas
• Oil
• Vacuum
3) Switching devices
4) Design and Construction
• GIS
• RMU
5) Type Tests
6) Application and usage
Generation cycle:-
Electricity generation is the process of generating electric power from
sources of primary energy. For utilities in the electric power industry, it is the
stage prior to its delivery (transmission, distribution, etc.) to end users or its
storage (using, for example, the pumped-storage method).
Electricity is not freely available in nature, so it must be "produced" (that

is, transforming other forms of energy to electricity). Production is carried out in
power stations (also called "power plants"). Electricity is most often generated
at a power plant by electromechanical generators, primarily driven by heat
engines fueled by combustion or nuclear fission but also by other means such as
the kinetic energy of flowing water and wind. Other energy sources include
solar photovoltaics and geothermal power.
Several fundamental methods exist to convert other forms of energy into

electrical energy. Utility-scale generation is achieved by rotating electric
generators or by photovoltaic systems. A small proportion of electric power
distributed by utilities is provided by batteries. Other forms of electricity
generation used in niche applications include the triboelectric effect, the
piezoelectric effect, the thermoelectric effect, and beta voltaics.
MV switchgear:-
-Types of switchgear:--Type
of voltage level•Low voltage
(LV) Switchgear
Low voltage switchgear forms a vital part of the link between generation,
transmission or transformation equipment on one side, and lighting, motors and
information technology on the other. It is defined as a collection of components
including (but not limited to) circuit breakers, switches, off-load isolators,
onload isolators, disconnectors, fuses, enclosures etc. In essence, all the
accessories required to protect a low-voltage system.
The main functions of switchgear are electrical isolation, isolation of
sections of an installation, and local or remote switching. This article looks at
the different types of protective devices and the main considerations when
selecting and specifying low-voltage switchgear.
•Medium voltage (MV) Switchgear

Medium voltage switchgear (MV). High voltage switchgear (HV).
Switchgear can be a simple open-air isolator switch or can be insulated in
another substance such as oil, pressurised sulphur hexafluoride gas, or insulated
in a vacuum.
•High voltage (HV) Switchgear
The power system deals with voltage above 36KV, is referred as high
voltage switchgear. As the voltage level is high the arcing produced during
switching operation is also very high. So, special care is to be taken during the
designing of high voltage switchgear. High voltage circuit breaker, is the main
component of HV switchgear, hence high voltage circuit breaker (CB) should
have special features for safe and reliable operation. Faulty tripping and
switching operation of high voltage circuit are very rare. Most of the times,
these circuit breakers remain, at ON condition, and may be operated after a long
period of time. So CBs must be reliable enough to ensure safe operation, as
when required. High voltage circuit breaker technology has changed radically in the
last 15 years. Minimum oil circuit breaker (MOCB), air blast circuit breaker and SF6 circuit
breaker are mostly used for high voltage switchgear.
By Insulation medium

•Air
In air break circuit breaker the arc is initiated and extinguish in
substantially static air in which the arc moves. Such breakers are used for low
voltages, generally up to 15KV and rupturing capacities of 500MVA.
Aircircuitbreakerhas several advantages over the oil, as an arc quenching
medium.
•Gas
Gas (usually sulfur hexafluoride) circuit breakers sometimes stretch the

arc using a magnetic field, and then rely upon the dielectric strength of the
sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6) to quench the stretched arc. Vacuum circuit breakers
have minimal arcing (as there is nothing to ionize other than the contact
material).
•Oil
Oil circuit breaker consists gas outlet which is fitted in the tank cover for
the removal of the gases. During the normal operating conditions, the contact of
the oil circuit breaker is closed and carry the current. When the fault occurs in
the system, the contacts of the breaker are moving apart, and an arc is struck
between the contacts.
•Vacuum
Vacuum circuit breakers are circuit breakers that are used to protect
medium and high voltage circuits from dangerous electrical situations. Like
other types of circuit breakers, they literally break the circuit so that energy
cannot continue flowing through it, thereby preventing fires, power surges, and
other problems which may emerge. These devices have been used since the
1920s, and several companies have introduced refinements to make them even
safer and more effective.
Switching devices
• SPST (Single Pole Single throw)
• SPDT (single pole double throw)
• DPST (double pole, single throw)
• DPDT (double pole double throw)
1) The SPST is a basic ON/OFF switch, that is used to connect or break the
connection between two terminals. The power supply for the owl circuit is
given by this switch. A simple PST switch is shown below.
2) The SPDT switch is a three terminal switch, one terminal is used as input
and remaining two terminals are used as outputs. It joins a mutual terminal
to one or the other of two terminals. In the SPDT switch, instead of other
terminals, just use COM terminal. For example, we can use COM & A or
COM & B.
3) The DPST switch consists of two poles that means it includes two
identical switches located on side by side. This switch is operated by one
single toggle, which means that two discrete circuits are controlled at a
time through one push.
4) This switch is equal to two SPDT switches, it means two separate circuits,
connecting two inputs of each circuit to one of two outputs. The switch
position controls the number of ways and from the two contacts each
contact can be routed.
Design and Construction
•GIS
Gas insulated switchgear solutions for primary and secondary distribution to
suit every application in medium voltage
ABB offers a wide range of medium voltage gas insulated switchgear (GIS)
for primary and secondary distribution. It is very much required to establish an
electrical substationat load center. Since, establishing a substation at load center
is quite economical and profitable in many aspects. As it reduces length of
feeders and due to short length feeders, the quality of voltage
regulationimproves. But the main obstruction of establishing a substation at load
center is space. Generally main load centerof any place is situated at very
congested place where, sufficient land for establishing conventional electrical
substation is very hardly available.
This problem can be solved by using gas insulated switchgear technology. In
this type of switchgear, all the necessary components of switchgear can be
assembled in very limited space. GIS is a kind of metal enclosed switchgear.
•RMU
Ring Main Unit (RMU) is a compact, sealed for life metal-enclosed

switchgear widely used in Urban Power Distribution Network. ARing
MainUnitincludes a combination of one or more Load Break Switch (LBS) cum
Earth Switch as incomer and outgoing feeder and Vacuum Circuit Breaker with
associated Disconnector and Earth Switch for load feeders.
Depending on the requirement, RMU is available in different voltage ratings
and are suitable for both indoor and outdoor installation.
All the switching devices and the busbars are enclosed in a sealed for life SS
enclosure filled with SF6 to make the design compact while ensuring a high
level of safety and reliability and also a maintenance-free system. Some of the
key features of the RMU includes SF6 gas insulation, compact and modular
construction, integral protection system, fully extendable options, and low
maintenance
ance.
Type test
The test methods of the evaluation of Electrical Insulation Systems (EIS) are
developed mainly by two organizations: IEEE and the IEC. This page presents
the IEC test methods; the IEEE test methods are provided on a separate page –
please refer to IEEE EIS tests page. The titles are copied directly from the IEC
website.
Application and usage

• The nature of relaying
• Relay terminology
• Protection system design – redundancy, backup
• Short circuit fault calculations

• Symmetrical components and calculations
• Neutral grounding
• Fuses
• Overcurrent relays
• Circuit reclosers
• Feeders
• Fuse saving
• Small tapped substations
• High side breakers, circuit switcher, fuses, or nothing
• Substation and feeder protection coordination
Conclusion:-
Thus we have studied how the Switchgear are operated systematically. Various
stages in the System are studied. And how various components are used in
substation, their proper operation. The futuristic approach of the station.

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Industrial report on

“Switch Gear and Protection”

Faculty: Prof. Manisha Jape mam

Electricity is not freely available in nature, so it must be "produced" (that

Several fundamental methods exist to convert other forms of energy into

•Medium voltage (MV) Switchgear

By Insulation medium

Gas (usually sulfur hexafluoride) circuit breakers sometimes stretch the

Ring Main Unit (RMU) is a compact, sealed for life metal-enclosed

Application and usage

• Short circuit fault calculations

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