WIND LOAD ANALYSIS

General Data:
Total length of the building, L = 120 ft 36576 mm
Total width of the building or span of gable, B = 80 ft 24384 mm
Bayspacing or spacing of rafter = 17.17 ft 5233 mm
Eave height of the building, HE = 28 ft 8534 mm
Ridge height of the building, HR = 32 ft 9753 mm

Solution:
Sustained wind pressur, qz = CcCICzVb2
1) Basic wind speed from BNBC, Vb = 256 kmph 159 mph
2) Structure importance coefficient, CI = 1 (Table 6.2.9, page-6-33)
3) Velocity -to-pressure conversion coefficient, Cc = 4.72E-05 (Page-6-33)
4) Terrain exposure category = B

Eexposure coefficient, Cz and sustained wind pressure, qz: (Table 6.2.10, page-6-33)
C4.5 ( 0-15 ft) 0.8010 qz = 2.478 kN/m2
C6 (20 ft) 0.8660 qz = 2.679 kN/m2
C9 (30 ft) 0.9720 qz = 3.007 kN/m2
C12 (40 ft) 1.0550 qz = 3.263 kN/m2

5) Gust response factor, CG : (Table 6.2.11, page-6-36)

CG4.5 (0-15 ft) 1.3210
CG6 (20 ft) 1.2940
CG9 (30 ft) 1.2580
CG12 (40 ft) 1.2330

Average height of the gable, h = 30 ft 9.146 meter

At eave height of the gable frame, qhe = 2.956 kN/m2
For total height or average of gable frame, qh = 3.019 kN/m2
Gust response factor at total or average height, CGh = 1.257

6) Internal peak pressure coefficient, C'pi = 6 0 (Considering 0 permeability)

Hence internal pressure or internal suction = C'piqh = 0 kN/m2

7) External pressure coefficient Cpe for walls:

a) For transverse wind: B/L = 0.67

Lower value of B/L = 0.65 Cpe = -0.6

Higher value of B/L = 1 Cpe = -0.5

Windward wall, Cpe = 0.8 (Figure 6.2.5, page-6-40)

Leeward wall, Cpe = -0.59 (Interpolated value)
Side or End walls, Cpe = -0.7

h/B = 0.38 and θ 5.71 degree

For θ 0 and θ 10 degree

 Lower value of h/B = 0.3 Cpe = -0.7 Cpe = -0.9
Higher value of h/B = 0.5 Cpe = -0.7 Cpe = -0.9

Windward roof, Cpe = -0.81

Leeward roof, Cpe = -0.7 Normal to ridge

8) Design pressure for external forces plus internal suction, p = qzCGhCpe+C'piqh

Windward wall: 0-15 ft p= 2.492 kN/m2 0.894 klf
15~20 ft p= 2.694 kN/m2 0.966 klf
20~30 ft p= 3.024 kN/m2 1.084 klf
30~40 ft p= 3.281 kN/m2 1.177 klf

Windward roof: p= -3.074 kN/m2 -1.102 klf

Leeward roof: p= -2.656 kN/m2 -0.952 klf
Leeward wall: p= -2.192 kN/m2 -0.786 klf

9) Design pressure for external forces plus internal pressure, p = qzCGhCpe-C'piqh

Windward wall: 0-15 ft p= 2.492 kN/m2 0.894 klf
15~20 ft p= 2.694 kN/m2 0.966 klf
20~30 ft p= 3.024 kN/m2 1.084 klf
30~40 ft p= 3.281 kN/m2 1.177 klf

Windward roof: p= -3.074 kN/m2 -1.102 klf

Leeward roof: p= -2.656 kN/m2 -0.952 klf
Leeward wall: p= -2.192 kN/m2 -0.786 klf
Yield stress of steel, Fy = 36 ksi
Elastic modulus, E = 29000 ksi
Bay length I.e. spacing of rafter, LBAY 20.5 ft
Spacing of purlin i.e. panel length, LPANEL 4.316 ft
Slope of the roof i.e pitch = 5.71 degree

Design wind pressure on wind ward roof, Pw = -1.102 kN/m2

IMPOSED LOAD
Live load, LL = 11.9 psf
Weigth of roof sheeting, WR = 4.36 kg/m2
Purlin mass per unit length, WLMP = C20016 4.55 kg/m

SOLUTION
Panel area supported by on purlin, APANEL = (LBAY x LPANEL) = 88.478 sft
LIVE LOAD:
Total live load on each panel, WLL = APANEL x LL = 1052.89 lb
Uniformly distributed live load, wLL = WLL/LBAY = 51.36 plf
DEAD LOAD:
Roof deck load supported by one purlin, WP = APANEL x WR = 78.75 lb
Weight of each purlin, PP = (WLMP x LBAY) = 62.69 lb
Total dead load on each panel, WDL = (PP + WP) = 141.44 lb
Uniformly distributed dead load, wDL = WDL/LBAY = 6.9 plf
WIND LOAD:
Total wind load on each panel, WWL = APANEL x Pw = -2036.76 lb
Uniformly distributed wind load, wWL = WWL/LBAY = -99.35 plf
DESIGN LOAD COMBINATION:
Uniformly distributed service load, w = wDL + wLL = 58.26 plf
Load component perpendicular to the roof, wy = wcos0 = 57.97 plf
Load component parallel to the roof, wx = wsin0 = 5.8 plf

Mx = wyL2/8 = 3045.24 ft-lb

My = wxL /8 =
2
304.68 ft-lb

Uniformly distributed load, w = wDL + wWL -92.45

Load component perpendicular to the roof, wy = wDLcosθ + wWL = -92.48 plf
Load component parallel to the roof, wx = wDLsinθ + 0 = 0.69 plf

Mx = wyL2/8 = 4858.09 ft-lb

My = wxL2/8 = 36.25 ft-lb

Section C20016 whose: Sx = 26.8 x103mm3 1.64 in3

whose: Sy = 8.2 x103mm3 0.5 in3
whose: Ix = 2.68 x106mm4 6.44 in4
whose: Iy = 0.538 x106mm4 1.29 in4
Check stress, fb = Mx/Sx+My/Sy =

For wDL + wLL : 29594.56 psi > 23760 psi (Choose next higher section)
For wDL + wWL : 36417 psi > 23760 psi (Choose next higher section)

Check for deflection:

Maximum allowable total design load deflection, Dx Dy Dtotal
Dallowable = L/120 = 2.05 in 1.97 0.07 1.97 in
(Section is within deflection limit)
Maximum allowable dead and live load deflection,
Dallowable = L/150 = 1.64 in 1.23 0.62 1.38 in
(Section is within deflection limit)
Maximum allowable live load deflection,
Dallowable = L/180 = 1.37 in 1.09 0.11 1.1 in
(Section is within deflection limit)
Yield stress of steel, Fy = 36 ksi
Elastic modulus, E = 29000 ksi
Bay length I.e. spacing of rafter, LBAY 18 ft
Spacing of purlin i.e. panel length, LPANEL 4.33 ft
Design wind pressure on wind ward roof, Pw = 1.3 kN/m2
Live load, LL = 0 psf
Weigth of roof sheeting, WR = 4.36 kg/m2
Purlin mass per unit length, WLMP = C20020 6 kg/m

SOLUTION
Panel area supported by on purlin, APANEL = (LBAY x LPANEL) = 77.94 sft
LIVE LOAD:
Total live load on each panel, WLL = APANEL x LL = 0 lb
Uniformly distributed live load, wLL = WLL/LBAY = 0 plf
DEAD LOAD:
Roof deck load supported by one purlin, WP = APANEL x WR = 69.37 lb
Weight of each purlin, PP = (WLMP x LBAY) = 72.59 lb
Total dead load on each panel, WDL = (PP + WP) = 141.96 lb
Uniformly distributed dead load, wDL = WDL/LBAY = 7.89 plf
WIND LOAD:
Total wind load on each panel, WWL = APANEL x Pw = 2116.07 lb
Uniformly distributed wind load, wWL = WWL/LBAY = 117.56 plf
DESIGN LOAD COMBINATION:
Uniformly distributed vertical load, wx = wDL + wLL = 7.89 plf
My = wxL2/8 = 319.55 ft-lb

Uniformly distributed horizontal i.e. wind load, wy = wWL = 117.56 plf

Mx = wyL /8 =
2
4761.18 ft-lb

Section C20020 whose: Sx = 46.65 x103mm3 2.85 in3

whose: Sy = 10.31 x103mm3 0.63 in3
whose: Ix = 4.735 x106mm4 11.38 in4
whose: Iy = 0.538 x106mm4 1.29 in4

Check stress, fb = Mx/Sx+My/Sy =

26134 psi > 23760 psi (Choose next higher section)

Check for deflection: Dx Dy Dtotal

Maximum allowable total design load deflection, 0.5 0.84 0.98 in
Dallowable = L/120 = 1.8 in (Section is within deflection limit)
Maximum allowable dead and live load deflection, 0.5 0 0.5 in
Dallowable = L/150 = 1.44 in (Section is within deflection limit)
5486 mm
1319 mm
27.15 psf

0.89 psf
4.033 plf

X
Bay length I.e. spacing of rafter, LBAY 17.17 ft 5233 mm
Spacing of purlin i.e. panel length, LPANEL 4.02 ft 1225 mm

IMPOSED LOAD
Live load, LL = 11.9 psf
Weigth of roof sheeting, WR = 4.36 kg/m2 0.89 psf
Purlin mass per unit length, WLMP = C20016 4.55 kg/m 3.058 plf

SOLUTION
Panel area supported by on purlin, APANEL = (LBAY x LPANEL) = 69.0234 sft

LIVE LOAD:
Live load on each panel point, PLLPP = APANEL x LL = 821.38 lb 0.821 kips
Live load on heel or end panel point, PLLEPP = PLLPP/2 = 410.69 lb 0.411 kips
Uniformly distributed live load, wLL = PLLPP/LPANEL = 204.32 plf 0.204 klf
DEAD LOAD:

Roof sheeting+floor finish+plaster+partition wall load,

WP = APANEL x WR = 61.43 lb
Weight of each purlin, PP = (WLMP x LBAY) = 52.51 lb
Dead load on each panel point, PDLPP = (PP + WP) = 113.94 lb 0.114 kips
Dead load on heel or end panel point, PDLEPP = PDLPP/2 = 56.97 lb 0.057 kips
Uniformly distributed dead load, wDL = PDLPP/LPANEL = 28.34 plf 0.028 klf
 BEAM SECTION (AT MAXIMUM MOMENT)

INPUT DATA
Yield stress of steel, Fy = 50 ksi
Elastic modulus, E = 29000 ksi
Length of the beam, L = 25 ft
Unbraced length, Lb = 25 ft
Uniformly distributed service load = 40 plf

Solution:
1) Taking maximum allowable fibre stress for beam,
Fb = 0.66 Fy = 33 ksi

From analysis,(By STAADPro)

i) Maximum shear force, V = 7 kips
ii) Maximum bending moment, M = 59 ft-kips

2) Required section modulus, S = M/F b 21.45 in3

3) Considering minimum depth and section modulus,

bf/2
bf = 400 mm 15.75 in
tf = 20 mm 0.79 in
d= 500 mm 19.69 in
tw = 12 mm 0.47 in
tf
h
h = (d-2*tf) = 460 mm 18.11 in
X-area, A = 21520 mm2 33.36 sq.in
Ix= 1019469333 mm4 2449.28 in4
bf
Iy = 213399573 mm4 512.69 in4
rx = Ix/A = 217.65 mm 8.57 in
ry = Iy/A = 99.58 mm 3.92 in
Sx = 4077877.33 mm3 248.85 in3 (Section is OK for flexure)
Weight = 168.91 kg/m 113.53 plf
51.5 kg/ft
4) Check for compactness of the section: (I.e. Local buckling)
Flange width/thickness ration, b f/2tf = 9.97 >
(Flanges are not compact)
Web depth/thickness ration, d/tw = 41.89 <
(Web is compact OK)

5) Check for Lateral torsional buckling of the beam:

 Lc = 76bf/ Fy = 169.28 in
and Lc =20000/((d/Af)*Fy)) = 252.77 in

Hence, Governing Lc = 169.28 in

(The beam is laterally unsupported, Check

Since web is not compact but Lb < Lc,

Use strength reduction factor, F.S. = 0.6

6) Taking maximum allowable fibre stress for beam,

Fb = 0.6 Fy = 30 ksi

6) Check for shear:

For this section, allowable shear stress, F v = 0.4Fy = 20 ksi

Hence, Developed shear stress, fv = V/dtw = 0.76 ksi <

(Section is OK for shear)
7) Check for deflection:
Maximum allowable live load deflection, Dallowable = L/360 = 0.83 in
Maximum allowable live load deflection, Dallowable = L/240 = 1.25 in
Maximum allowable live load deflection, Dallowable = L/180 = 1.67 in

From analysis,(By STAADPro or other softwares)

D= 2 in <
(Deflection exceeds the limit, select a beam having greater I)

(Note: If one of the step of 5) and 6) is fail, adequacy must be check again for
bending, shear and deflection)
 7000 lb
708000 in-lb

bf/2

d
tw

b1
h1
b2
65/ Fy = 9.1924 h2

640/ Fy = 90.51
 14.11 ft
21.06 ft

14.11 ft < 25 ft ( = Lb)

erally unsupported, Check for Fb)

20 ksi

(For plastered constructiion)

(For unplastered floor constructiion)
(For unplastered roof constructiion)

1.25 in
350 20
450
310
410
877353333 2107.84981
INPUT DATA:
Elastic modulus, E = 30000 ksi
Yield stress of steel, Fy = 50 ksi
Axial compressive force, P = 140 kip
Moment at end, M = 10 ft-kip
Length of the column, L = 11.5 ft
No. of brace point, n = 0

Solution:
Take effective length factor (according to support condition), K =

bf = 150 mm 5.91 in h = (d-2*tf) =

tf = 8 mm 0.31 in X-area, A =
d= 250 mm 9.84 in Ix =
tw = 8 mm 0.31 in Iy =
rx = Ix/A =
KLx/rx = 34.67 ry = Iy/A =
KLy/ry = 107.81 Control Sx =
Sy =
Cc = 2p 2E/Fy = 108.83 Weight =

Since value of Cc is > than the maximum slenderness ratio

Axial stress, fa = P/A = 21.15 ksi

Allowable axial stress, Fa = 13.29 ksi fa / F a =

Allowable bending stress for maximum section modulus, Fb = 0.66Fy =

Bending stress, fb = M/S = 5.63 ksi

If fa/Fa is less than 0.15, check the following equation

Check: fa/Fa + fb/Fb =
If fa/Fa is more than 0.15, check the following two equations
Euler buckling stress, F'e = 128.52 ksi Cm =

Check (1): fa/Fa + (Cmfb)/(1-fa/F'e)Fb =

Check (2): fa/0.6Fy + fb/Fb =

SOLUTION FOR STRONG AXIS BENDING:

Take effective length factor (according to support condition), K =

bf = 200 mm 7.87 in h = (d-2*tf) =

tf = 8 mm 0.31 in X-area, A =
d= 375 mm 14.76 in Ix =
tw = 5 mm 0.2 in Iy =
rx = Ix/A =
KLx/rx = 21.97 ry = Iy/A =
Sx =
Sy =
Cc = 2p2E/Fy = 108.83 Weight =

Since value of Cc is > than the maximum slenderness ratio

Axial stress, fa = P/A = 18.09 ksi

Allowable axial stress, Fa = 28.13 ksi fa / F a =

Allowable bending stress for maximum section modulus, Fb = 0.66Fy =

Bending stress, fb = M/Sx = 2.9 ksi

If fa/Fa is less than 0.15, check the following equation

Check: fa/Fa + fb/Fb =
If fa/Fa is more than 0.15, check the following two equations
Euler buckling stress, F'e = 320.05 ksi Cm =

Check (1): fa/Fa + (Cmfb)/(1-fa/F'e)Fb =

Check (2): fa/0.6Fy + fb/Fb =
 X1

Y1
X2

234 mm 9.21 in
4272 mm2 6.62 sq.in
43693136 mm4 104.97 in4 X
4509984 mm4 10.84 in4
101.13 mm 3.98 in X1 = 650 mm X1 = 400
32.49 mm 1.28 in X2 = 450 mm X= 200
349545 mm3 21.33 in3 Y1 = 3500 mm Y1 = 1500
36079 mm3 2.2 in3 Y= 6000 mm Y= 6000
33.53 kg/m 22.54 plf
10.22 kg/ft X= 307 mm X2 = 350

107.81 Inelastic buckling predominates

1.59 > 0.15

33 ksi

1.76 > 1 BAD

0.85 (For side sway)

1.76 > 1 BAD

0.88 < 1 OK
 1

359 mm 14.13 in
4995 mm2 7.74 sq.in
127046716.3 mm4 305.23 in4
10670406.25 mm4 25.64 in4
159.48 mm 6.28 in
46.22 mm 1.82 in
677582 mm3 41.35 in3
56908 mm3 3.47 in3
39.21 kg/m 26.35 plf
11.95 kg/ft

21.97 Inelastic buckling predominates

0.64 > 0.15

33 ksi

0.73 < 1 OK

0.85 (For side sway)

0.72 < 1 OK
0.69 < 1 OK
mm
mm
mm
mm

mm
Chemical Bolt design for shear:
Anchor bolt ultimate stress , Fua = 116 ksi
Total shear force,V= 41 kip 180 KN
Allowable shear stress= 0.2Fu ksi 19.72 ksi
Used Anchor Bolt in column = 10 nos
Shear force per bolt= 4.05 kip
Required Bolt area 0.205 in^2
Required Bolt Dia,db= 0.51 in 13 mm

Used Bolt dia= 20 mm OK

Minimum embedded length ,12d= 240 mm OK

 BASE PLATE WITH BENDING
INPUT DATA
Anchor Bolt Dia Edge Distance
Total axial load of column, Pu/Pa = 806.53 kip 3590 kN
0.622568 in 16 mm Total Bending Moment, Mu/ Ma = 15753 kip-in 1780 kN-M
0.77821 in 20 mm Specified concrete strength, fc' = 7 ksi
0.933852 in 24 mm Yield stress of steel, Fy = 50 ksi
1.167315 in 30 mm Width of flange of column, bf = 325 mm 12.8 in
1.400778 in 36 mm thk. of flange of column, tf = 50 1.97 in
1.55642 in 40 mm Depth of column, d = 700 mm 27.56 in
1.945525 in 50 mm thk. of column web, tw = 30 1.18 in
3.891051 in 100 mm
Width of base plate, B = 500 mm 19.68504 in
Length of base plate, N= 1100 mm 43.30709 in

Width of the brick wall, = 0 mm 0 in

Area of chosen base plate, A1 = B x N = 550000 mm^2 852.5017 in^2

According to RCC column size:

Required width of RCC column, Wf = 600 mm 23.62 in
Required length of RCC column, Lf = 1200 mm 47.24 in
Area of RCC column, A2 = Wf x Lf = 720000 mm2 1116 sq. in

Determine e & e cric

LRFD ASD

e= 19.531836 in e= 19.53184 in
fp(max) = 4.4250155 ksi fp(max) = 2.723086 ksi
q max = 87.106603 kips/in q max = 53.60406 kips/in
e cric = 17.02399 in e cric = 14.13052 iin
design for large moment design for large moment

e< e cric design for small moment

e≥ e cric design for Large moment
LRFD design for large moment
design for large moment ASD

Design For Small Moment Design For Large Moment

Determine Bearing Length, Y m 6.691043 in

n 4.72252 in
Y= 4.243415 in x 3.068898 in
verify bearing pressure f 18.8189 in
LRFD ASD
(f + N/n)^2 = 1638.018
q= 190.0661 kips/in q= 190.0661 kips/in
q<qmax not ok q<qmax not ok LRFD ASD

2pu(e+f)/qmax 710.1871 ` 2pa(e+f)/qmax 1154.054

At bearing interface
OK OK
m 6.691043 in
n 4.72252 in Bearing Length Bearing Length

use m or n 6.691043 Y1= 70.93277 in Y1= 62.47163 in

Y2= 10.01212 in Y2= 18.47325 in
Determine minimum plate thickness
Y= 10.01212 in Y= 18.47325 in
LRFD ASD

fp= 9.65536 ksi fp= 9.6553596488 ksi Bolt Tension

Y ≥ m or n Y ≥ m or n LRFD ASD
t p= 4.410464 in t p= 5.3807666227 in
compression Tu = 65.59208 kips Ta = 183.7119 kips
Y < m or n Y < m or n tension Tu = 1678.651 kips Ta = 1796.771 kips
t p= 4.082874 in t p= 4.9923291427 in use Anchor Bolt
AB 36 mm
Minimum Plate Thickness
use m or n = 6.691043 in

design , t p = 4.082874 in design , t p = 4.9923291427 in LRFD ASD

Base plate, Base plate,

t p1 = 2.985778 in t p1 = 2.857529 in
in 19.69 43.31 4.08in 19.69 43.31 4.99
mm 500 1100 104 mm 500 1100 127 t p2 = 0.954215 in t p2 = 1.952659 in

Tp = 2.985778 in Tp = 2.857529 in

Base plate, Base plate,

in 19.69 43.31 2.99 in 19.69 43.31 2.86

mm 500 1100 76 mm 500 1100 73
 BASE PLATE WITH BENDING
INPUT DATA
Anchor Bolt Dia Edge Distance
Total axial load of column, Pu/Pa = 757.10 kip 3370 kN
0.622568 in 16 mm Total Bending Moment, Mu/ Ma = 11416.5 kip-in 1290 kN-M
0.77821 in 20 mm Specified concrete strength, fc' = 4 ksi
0.933852 in 24 mm Yield stress of steel, Fy = 50 ksi
1.167315 in 30 mm Width of flange of column, bf = 450 mm 17.72 in
1.400778 in 36 mm thk. of flange of column, tf = 40 1.57 in
1.55642 in 40 mm Depth of column, d = 700 mm 27.56 in
1.945525 in 50 mm thk. of column web, tw = 30 1.18 in
3.891051 in 100 mm
Width of base plate, B = 500 mm 19.68504 in
Length of base plate, N= 1200 mm 47.24409 in

Width of the brick wall, = 0 mm 0 in

Area of chosen base plate, A1 = B x N = 600000 mm^2 930.0019 in^2

According to RCC column size:

Required width of RCC column, Wf = 550 mm 21.65 in
Required length of RCC column, Lf = 1250 mm 49.21 in
Area of RCC column, A2 = Wf x Lf = 687500 mm2 1065.63 sq. in

Determine e & e cric

LRFD ASD

e= 15.079166 in e= 15.07917 in
fp(max) = 2.3656669 ksi fp(max) = 1.455795 ksi
q max = 46.568245 kips/in q max = 28.65738 kips/in
e cric = 15.493072 in e cric = 10.41246 iin
design for small moment design for large moment

e< e cric design for small moment

e≥ e cric design for Large moment
LRFD design for small moment
design for large moment ASD

Design For Small Moment Design For Large Moment

Determine Bearing Length, Y m 9.039547 in

n 2.75452 in
Y= 17.08576 in x 5.437402 in
verify bearing pressure f 20.7874 in
LRFD ASD
(f + N/n)^2 = 1972.199
q= 44.31199 kips/in q= 44.31199 kips/in
q<qmax ok q<qmax not ok LRFD ASD

2pu(e+f)/qmax 1166.234 ` 2pa(e+f)/qmax 1895.13

At bearing interface
OK OK
m 9.039547 in
n 2.75452 in Bearing Length Bearing Length

use m or n 9.039547 Y1= 72.79898 in Y1= 53.18836 in

Y2= 16.01992 in Y2= 35.63053 in
Determine minimum plate thickness
Y= 16.01992 in Y= 35.63053 in
LRFD ASD

fp= 2.251049 ksi fp= 2.2510493117 ksi Bolt Tension

Y ≥ m or n Y ≥ m or n LRFD ASD
t p= 2.877037 in t p= 3.5099850837 in
compression Tu = -11.0847 kips Ta = 263.9736 kips
Y < m or n Y < m or n tension Tu = 1503.124 kips Ta = 1778.182 kips
t p= 1.304186 in t p= 1.5946914082 in use Anchor Bolt
AB 36 mm
Minimum Plate Thickness
use m or n = 9.039547 in

design , t p = 2.877037 in design , t p = 3.5099850837 in LRFD ASD

Base plate, Base plate,

t p1 = 2.949373 in t p1 = 2.822688 in
in 19.69 47.24 2.88 in 19.69 47.24 3.51
mm 500 1200 73 mm 500 1200 89 t p2 = Err:502 in t p2 = 3.115606 in

Tp = Err:502 in Tp = 3.115606 in

Base plate, Base plate,

in 19.69 47.24 Err:502 in 19.69 47.24 3.12

mm 500 1200 Err:502 mm 500 1200 79
Axial Load, P = 67.43 kips 300 KN
fy = 36 ksi
fc' = 3 ksi

Bolt Diameter Threads/in. Length Weight Area Max. Load/Bolt Required Bolts
(mm) (in) (No.) (mm) (Kg) (sq.mm) (kips) (No.)
16 0.63 11 400 0.8 149 2.77 25
20 0.79 10 500 1.56 244 4.54 15
24 0.94 8 600 2.73 340 6.32 11
30 1.18 7 900 6.15 549 10.21 7
36 1.42 6 1000 10.04 802 14.92 5

Used no. of Anchor Bolts, N = 1 No.

Bolt diameter, D = 30 mm

Allowable bond stress, U = 157.67 psi (Must be less than or equal to 350 psi)
Embeded length, Ld = I) 26.97 in ( Ld = Asfs/U o )
ii) 28.8 in ( Ld = 0.04Abfy/ f'c )
iii) 17.01 in ( Ld = 0.0004dbfy )
iv) 12 in (Minimum embeded length)

Provide minimum embeded length, Ld = 28.8 in

732 mm
r equal to 350 psi) ( U = 3.4 f'c/ D )
INPUT DATA:
Coumn size: Long side, CLS = 18 in 457 mm
Short side, CSS = 18 in 457 mm
Longitudinal column bar number, # = 9 28 mm
Number of column steel rod, n = 8 Nos. 8 Nos.
Unfactored (service) live load, LL = 200 Kips
Unfactored (service) dead load, DL = 245 Kips
Base of footing below final grade, H = 4 ft
Ultimate concrete strength, fc' = 4 Ksi
Yield stress of steel, fy = 60 Ksi
Allowable soil pressure, qa = 5 Ksf
Unit weight fill material i.e. soil, W = 100 Ib/cft

SOLUTION:
Assumed total depth of footing, D = 24 in
Pressure of footing, wf = D*150 = 300 psf
Pressure of soil, ws = W*(H-D) = 200 psf
Hence, Effective soil pressure, qe = qa-wf-ws = 4500 psf

Required area of the footing, A = (DL+LL)/qe = 98.89 ft2

Side of the square footing, L or B = A = 9.94 ft
Hence, Selected side of the footing, L or B = 10 ft

Ultimate or factored load, Pu = 1.4DL+1.7LL = 683 Kips

Net upward pressure, qu = Pu/L = 2
6.83 Ksf

Effective depth, d = D-4.5 = 19.5 in

Perimeter of punching area, bo = 2(CLS+d)+2(CSS+d) = 150 in
Punching shear force, Vu2 = Pu-qu(CLS+d)(CSS+d) = 616.3 Kips

Ratio of long to short side of column, Bc = CLS/CSS = 1

Required depth for punching, d1 = Vu2/(0.85*4 fc' bo) = 19.11 in

as = 40 as = 40 for interior columns

d2 = Vu2/(0.85*(2+4/Bc) fc' bo) = 12.74 in 30 for edge columns
d3 = Vu2/(0.85*(asd/bo+2) fc' bo) = 10.61 in 20 for corner columns

Critical section location for one-way shear action:

From edge of footing, LCS = (L/2-CSS/2-d) = 31.5 in
One-way shear force, Vu1 = quLLCS = 179.29 Kips

Required depth for oneway shear, d1 = Vu1/(0.85*2 fc' L) = 13.9 in

Bending moment at column edge, Mu =1/2qu(L/2-CSS/2)2L = 616.83 Kip-ft

Ru = Mu/bd =
2
162.22 psi
Steel ratio, r = 0.85f'c/fy[1- 1-2Ru/(0.85*0.85f'c)] = 0.00328
 Taken, equivalent constant stress block depth, a = 1.06 in (Trial value of a = d/20)

Required steel area, As = Mu/(0.9fy(d-a/2)) = 7.23 in2 and a = Asfy/0.85fc'b = 1.06

Maximum steel area for balanced steel ratio, As = rbd= 7.68 in 2

Minimum steel area for shrinkage, As = 0.002bD = 5.76 in2

Minimum steel area for flexure, As = (200/fy)*bd = 7.8 in2
Therefore, adopted steel area, As = 7.8 in2
Choosen bar number, # = 7

Number of bar, n = 13 Nos.

Spacing, S = 9.5 in c/c. in both directions

Check of bearing stress:

Cross-sectional area of column, A1 = CSS*CLS = 2.25 ft2
Area of footing, A2 = L*B = 100 ft2
Bearing strenght at base of column, N1=0.7*0.85fc'A1= 771.12 Kips
Bearing strength at top of footing, N2 = N1 A2/A1 = 5140.8 Kips Greater than 2N1
Hence, maximum adopted value of N2 = 2N1 = 1542.24 Kips
Since Pu is less than N1 and N2, bearing stress is adequate
Required minimum dowel area, Asd = 0.005A1 = 1.62 in2
Collecte Data: Value: Unit: Mix the concrete in the field by weight
Sp. Gravity of coarse aggregate (C.A.) = 2.5
Sp. Gravity of fine aggregate (F.A.)= 2.65 Cement =
Sp. Gravity of Cement = 3.15 F.A. =
Fineness modulus (FM) of selected F.A. = 2.4 C.A. =
Unit weignt of dry rodded C.A.= 100 lb/ft3 Water =
Surface moisture contains by F.A. = 3 % Mix the concrete in the field by proportion
Surface moisture from F.A. absorbed by C.A. = 0.1 %
Cement =
Specified minimum strength by Structural Engr. = 3000 psi F.A. =
Standard deviation (from Table 11.2, Page- 437), s = 65 kg/cm2 C.A. =
Water =

Data from Given table & graphs: So, the Density/unit wt. of the concrete =
Hence Average design strength = 5154 psi 362.12 kg/cm2
Water/Cement ratio from the Fig: 11.3, for value H16 = 0.53 (According to value of F16 and 28 days curve)
Water/Cement ratio from the Table: 11.5 = -
Maximum size of C.A to be used from Table: 11.6 = 1 in (According the minimum dimension & type of Construction
Workability in terms of slump From Table: 11.7 = 3 in (According to the type of Construction)
Water in lb/ft3 of concrete (From Table: 11.8) = 12 lb/ft3 (According to slump and maximum size of C.A.)
Approximate entrapped air content (Table: 11.8) = 1.5 %
Bulk volume of C.A. per unit volume of concrete = 0.7 (According to maximum size of C.A. & F.M. of F.A.)
(From Table: 11.4)

Hence, Cement content = 22.64 lb

Weight of C.A. required = 70 lb

Cement = 7.19 ft3 Water = 12 C.A. = 28 ft3 Air (%) =

Solid volume of F.A. required = 14.3 ft3 Weight of F.A. =

Actual quantity of water to be added = 10.93 lb

he field by weight of the materials:

22.64 lb 0.252 ft3

39.04 lb 0.39 ft3
70.07 lb 0.701 ft3
10.93 lb 0.175 ft3
he field by proportion:
(By weight) (By volume)
1 1
1.72 1.55
3.09 2.78
0.48 0.69

wt. of the concrete = 142.68 lb/ft3

F16 and 28 days curve)

um dimension & type of Construction)

of Construction)
nd maximum size of C.A.)

m size of C.A. & F.M. of F.A.)

0.94 ft3

37.9 lb
 INPUT DATA:
Reaction force, R = 51.7 kips
Allowable unit bearing pressure on wall, Fp = 1225 psi
Width of the bearing plate (parallel to beam), C (N) = 6 in (Generally 8 in, for 10 i
Yield stress of steel, Fy = 36 ksi
Flange width of the beam, bf = 210 mm 8.27

SOLUTION:
Required plate area, A = R/Fp = 42.2 in2
Length of bearing plate parallel to wall, B = A/C 8 in (It is less than Flange wi
Provide minimum Length of bearing plate, B = 12.27 in 312
Actual bearing pressure on plate, fp = R/(B*C) 702.25 psi
Cantilever projection, n = B/2-k = 5.14 in Say, k =
Allowable bearing stress on plate, Fb = 0.75Fy = 27 ksi
Hence thickness of bearing plate, t = 3fpn /Fb
2
1.44 in

Safe Bearing Pressure on Masonry and Concrete Wall:

Type of Wall Pressure (psi)

Brick i) soft 150
ii) medium 200
iii) hard 300
Concrete i) hollow units 150
ii) solid units 260

Poured concrete walls i) 3000 psi concrete 650

ii) 4000 psi concrete 850
(Generally 8 in, for 10 in wall)

in

(It is less than Flange width)

mm

1 (Generally 1 in)
INPUT DATA:
End reaction, R = 40 kips
Yield stress of steel, Fy = 36 ksi
Depth of Girder/Column on which beams to be connects, d1 = 600 mm
Thickness of Girder/Column on which beams to be connects, t1 = 8 mm
Depth of connecting beam, d2 = 200 mm
Thickness of connecting beam, t2 = 10 mm
Shank diameter of bolts, db = A325 0.63 in
Allowable shear stress for A325 (bearing type), Fv = 21 ksi
Specified minimum tensile strength, Fu = 58 ksi

SOLUTION:
1) Determination of limiting bolt value for the connecting leg:
Shear type of bolt, (Use 1 for single and 2 for double shear) 2 (Double shear)
i) Area of one bolt, Av = pdb2/4 = 0.312 in2
ii) Bearing area, Ab = dbt2 = 0.248 in2
iii) Bolt value in shear for connected leg, BVs = FvAv = 13.1 kips
iv) Bolt value in bearing, BVb = FpAb = 1.5FuAb = 21.58 ksi
Hence governing bolt value per bolt, BVc = 13.1 ksi
2) Number of bolts required for connecting leg, n = R/BVc = 4 Nos

3) Determination of limiting bolt value for the outstanding leg:

Shear type of bolt, (Use 1 for single and 2 for double shear) 2 (Double shear)
i) Area of one bolt, Av = pdb2/4 = 0.312 in2
ii) Bearing area, Ab = dbt1 = 0.195 in2
iii) Bolt value in shear for outstanding leg, BVs = FvAv = 13.1 kips
iv) Bolt value in bearing, BVb = FpAb = 1.5FuAb = 16.97 ksi
Hence governing bolt value per bolt, BVo = 13.1 ksi
4) Number of bolts required for outstanding leg, n = R/BVo = 4 Nos

5) Required thickness of the connecting angle, t ] 2(R/n)/(FuLe) = 0.28 in

8 mm

6) Check for tear failure:

 23.62 in
0.31 in
7.87 in
0.394 in
16 mm 16
(From table 7.1, pp~185)
(From Table 2, App. A, AISC)

(Double shear)

(For Double shear of bolt)

(Double shear)

(For Double shear of bolt)

(End distance, Le = 1.25 in)

I-BEAM (Tapered Section)
1st End 2st End
bf = 150 mm 5.91 in bf = 150 mm 5.91 in
d= 400 mm 15.75 in d= 300 mm 11.81 in
tf = 8 mm 0.31 in tf = 8 mm 0.31 in
tw = 5 mm 0.2 in tw = 5 mm 0.2 in

Length segment, Ls = 5000 mm

Number of member, n = 1 Nos

Total
Weight per meter length = 31.95 kg/m (Actual) 9.74 kg/ft 21.47 plf
32.57 kg/m (Purchace) 9.93 kg/ft 21.89 plf

Total weigth, Wt = 159.75 kg (Actual)

Total weigth, Wt = 162.85 kg (Purchace)

I-BEAM
PARAMETER,S INPUT VALUE INCH
Flange width, df = 150 mm 5.91
Total depth, h = 400 mm 15.75
Flange Thickness, tf = 8 mm
Web thickness, tw = 5 mm
Total length of the member, L = 5000 mm 5 meter
Number of member, n = 1 Nos

RESULTS
Hence Depth of web, dw = 384 mm
And Cross section area, A = 4320 sq. mm

Hence, Weight of the member, W = 169.54 kg (Actual)

172.68 kg (Purchace)

Total weigth, Wt = 169.54 kg (Actual)

Total weigth, Wt = 172.68 kg (Purchace)

ANGLE
PARAMETER,S INPUT VALUE
Long Leg, L1 = 195 mm
Short Leg, L2 = 100 mm
Flange Thickness of Long Leg, t1 = 6 mm
Flange thickness of Short Leg, t2 = 6 mm
Total length of the member, L = 140 mm 0.14 meter

Number of member, n = 1 Nos

RESULTS
And Cross section area, A = 1734 sq. mm
Hence, Weight of the member, W = 1.91 kg

Total weight, Wt = 1.91 kg

PLATE
PARAMETER,S INPUT VALUE
Plate width, B = 100 mm
Thickness, t = 8 mm
Total length of the member, L = 400 mm 0.4 meter

Number of member, n = 1 Nos

RESULTS
And Cross section area, A = 800 sq. mm
Hence, Weight of the member, W = 2.51 kg
Total weight, Wt = 2.51 kg
1. Total length of the building, L = 60 Meter
2. Slope length i.e. length from ridge to eave (in meter), W = 20 Meter

Code of Gutter: SFA-07A580

3. Width of gutter (in m), B = 170 mm 0.17 Meter
4. Depth of gutter = 110 mm 0.11 Meter

Code of Down Pipe: SFA-09A380

5. Long side of Downspout (Downpipe) = 100 mm 10 cm
6. Width of Downspout (Downpipe) = 75 mm 7.5 cm

7. Maximum rainfall, I = 200 mm/hr

8. Roof slope constant, C = 1 (1 for roof slope from 0.0/10 to 2.0/10)
(1.1 for roof slope from 2.1/10 to 5.4/10)
(1.2 for roof slope from 5.5/10 to 8.2/10)
(1.3 for roof slope from 8.3/10 and higher)

Area of downspout i.e. downpine (in cm2), A = 75 Sq.cm

Depth / width ratio of gutter, M = 0.65

Downpipe spacing based on gutter size, Ds = 7.41 Meter

Downpipe spacing based on downpipe size, Ds = 8.25 Meter

Hence, Downpipe spacing, Ds = 7.41 Meter 24.3 feet centre to centre

No. of Down pipe along the length of building, n = 9 Nos. per side
0.0/10 to 2.0/10)
m 2.1/10 to 5.4/10)
m 5.5/10 to 8.2/10)
m 8.3/10 and higher)

feet centre to centre

The complete design of beams requires consideration of
1) Bending and shear resistance
2) Deflection limitation
3) Lateral buckling, and
4) Local buckling

Note: The flexural rigidity (EI) is that property of a beam that controls deflection. I.e. the larger the va

Compact section: A beam that has stability while all fibers reach yield stress is referred to as being compact.
The moment capacity attainable at this state of full yield is refferred to as the plastic moment.
Through research, it is known that rolled-beams have a plastic moment capacity of at least 10% - 12%
greater than the moment at first yield.
 eflection. I.e. the larger the value of E and I, smalleer will be de

is referred to as being compact.

plastic moment.
ity of at least 10% - 12%
 Note:
INPUT DATA 1) Red ink for input data
Yield stress of steel, Fy = 50 ksi 2) Magenta for Analysis d
Elastic modulus, E = 29000 ksi 3) Blue for AISC manual
Length of the beam, L = 51.5 ft 4) Black is calculated data
Unbraced length, Lb = 4.5 ft
Assuming beam weight = 30 plf

Solution:
1) Taking maximum allowable fibre stress for beam,
Fb = 0.66 Fy = 33 ksi

2) Calculation of minimum depth, dmin:

i) L/24 = 25.75 in
ii) (Fy/800)xL = 39 in

Hence, taken minimum depth of beam, dmin: = 39 in

990 mm
From analysis, (By STAADPro or other softwares)
i) Maximum shear force, V = 15 kips
ii) Maximum bending moment, M = 150 ft-kips

3) Required section modulus, S = M/Fb 54.55 in3

4) Considering minimum depth and section modulus,

bf = 250 mm 9.84 in 147.08 (Flange width must be less than this

tf = 8 mm 0.31 in 13.6 (Flange depth must be greater than t
d= 475 mm 18.7 in 452.55 (Depth must be less that this value)
tw = 5 mm 0.2 in 5.25 (Web thickness must be greater that

h = (d-2*tf) = 459 mm 18.07 in

X-area, A = 6295 mm2 9.76 sq.in
Ix= 258403074.6 mm4 620.82 in4
Iy = 20838114.58 mm4 50.06 in4
rx = Ix/A = 202.61 mm 7.98 in
ry = Iy/A = 57.53 mm 2.26 in
Sx = 1088012.946 mm3 66.39 in3 (Section is OK for flexure)
Weight = 49.41 kg/m 33.21 plf (But analysis again by this weight)
15.06 kg/ft
5) Check for compactness of the section: (I.e. Local buckling)
Flange width/thickness ration, bf/2tf = 15.87 >
(Flanges are not compact)
Web depth/thickness ration, d/tw = 93.5 >
(Web is not compact)

Lc = 76bf/ Fy = 105.76 in
and Lc =20000/((d/Af)*Fy)) = 65.25 in

Hence, Governing Lc = 65.25 in

(OK of torsional buckling)

Radius of gyration of the compression flange, rT = 2.26 in

The slenderness ratio of the compression flange, Lb/rT = 23.89 in
From bending moment diagram: (Moment at the ends of the each unbraced length)
Smaller values moment, M1 = 1 ft-kips and Larger values moment, M2 =
(Note: In an unbraced beam the value of Cb always equal to 1)
Moment gradient multiplier, Cb = 1.75+1.05(M1/M2)+0.3(M1/M2)2 =

102000Cb/Fy = 45.17

510000Cb/Fy = 101

i) If 102000Cb/Fy < Lb/rT < 510000Cb/Fy

Take, Fb = [2/3 - Fy(Lb/rT)2 / (1530000Cb)] = 32.4 psi

ii) if Lb/rT > 510000Cb/Fy

Take, Fb = 170000Cb/(Lb/rT)2 = 297.86 psi

and for every case, Fb = (12000Cb)/(Lbd/Af) 36.25 psi

Use larger of 32.4 and 36.25 But not more than, 0.6Fy = 30 psi

Hence, use strength reduction factor, F.S. = 0.73 (In cell E11)

5) Check for shear:

For this section, allowable shear stress, Fv = 0.4Fy = 20 ksi

Hence, Developed shear stress, fv = V/dtw = 4.01 ksi <

(Section is OK for shear)
6) Check for deflection:
Maximum allowable deflection, Dallowable = L/360 = 1.72 in

From analysis, (By STAADPro or other softwares)

D = 6.1 in >
(Deflection exceeds the limit, select a beam having greater I)

(Note: If one of the step of 5) and 6) is fail, adequacy must be check again for bending, shear and
deflection)

T - section:
From analysis, (By STAADPro or other softwares)
i) Maximum shear force, V = 15 kips
ii) Maximum bending moment, M = 2 ft-kips

3) Required section modulus, S = M/Fb 0.73 in3

4) Considering minimum depth and section modulus,

bf = 250 mm 9.84 in 0 (Flange width must be less than this

tf = 6 mm 0.24 in ### (Flange depth must be greater than t
d= 50 mm 1.97 in 0 (Depth must be less that this value)
tw = 5 mm 0.2 in ### (Web thickness must be greater that

h = (d-tf) = 44 mm 1.73 in
X-area, A = 1720 mm2 2.67 sq.in
y= 6.2 mm 0.24 in (Centroid from top of the flange)
Ix= 110274.13 mm4 0.26 in4
Iy = 7812958.33 mm4 18.77 in4
rx = Ix/A = 8.01 mm 0.32 in
ry = Iy/A = 67.4 mm 2.65 in
Sx (top) = 17786.15 mm3 1.09 in3 (Section is OK for flexure)
Sx (bottom) = 178378.0441 mm3 10.89 in3 (Section is OK for flexure)
Weight = 13.5 kg/m 9.07 plf (But analysis again by this weight)
4.12 kg/ft

Sy 62503.66664 3.81420776
Z - section:
From analysis, (By STAADPro or other softwares)
i) Maximum shear force, V = 15 kips
ii) Maximum bending moment, M = 2 ft-kips

3) Required section modulus, S = M/Fb 0.26 in3

4) Considering minimum depth and section modulus,

bf = 250 mm 9.84 in
tf = 6 mm 0.24 in
d1 = 62 mm 2.44 in
d2 = 62 mm 2.44 in
tw1 = 6 mm 0.24 in
tw2 = 6 mm 0.24 in

h = (d-tf) = 56 mm 2.2 in
X-area, A = 1836 mm2 2.85 sq.in
y= 8.67 mm 0.34 in (Centroid from top of the flange)
Ix= 266077.38 mm4 0.64 in4
Iy = 7813508 mm4 18.77 in4
rx = Ix/A = 12.04 mm 0.47 in
ry = Iy/A = 65.24 mm 2.57 in
Sx (top) = 30689.43253 mm3 1.87 in3 (Section is OK for flexure)
Sx (bottom) = 146512.432 mm3 8.94 in3 (Section is OK for flexure)
Weight = 14.41 kg/m 9.69 plf (Weight is in considering limit OK)
4.39 kg/ft

Sy 62508.064 3.8144761

Angle - section:
From analysis, (By STAADPro or other softwares)
i) Maximum shear force, V = 15 kips
ii) Maximum bending moment, M = 0.392 ft-kips

3) Required section modulus, S = M/Fb 0.14 in3

4) Considering minimum depth and section modulus,

L1 = 76.2 mm 3 in
t1 = 2 mm 0.08 in
L2 = 76.2 mm 3 in
t2 = 2 mm 0.08 in

X-area, A = 300.8 mm2 0.466 sq.in

y= 19.8 mm 0.78 in
x= 19.8 mm 0.78 in
Ixx= 177278.99 mm4 0.43 in4
Iyy = 177278.99 mm4 0.43 in4
rx = Ix/A = 24.28 mm 0.96 in
ry = Iy/A = 24.28 mm 0.96 in
Sx (top) = 8953.484343 mm3 0.55 in3 (Section is OK for flexure)
Sx (bottom) = 3143.244504 mm3 0.19 in3 (Section is OK for flexure)
Weight = 2.36 kg/m 1.59 plf (Weight is in considering limit OK)
0.72 kg/ft

Sy 4652.991864 0.28394298
 1) Red ink for input data
2) Magenta for Analysis data
3) Blue for AISC manual
4) Black is calculated data

bf/2

tf
h d
tw

bf

15000 lb
1800000 in-lb

width must be less than this value)

depth must be greater than this value)
must be less that this value)
ckness must be greater that this value)

n by this weight)
 65/ Fy = 9.1924

640/ Fy = 90.51

8.81 ft
5.44 ft

5.44 ft > 4.5 ft ( = Lb)

alues moment, M2 = -1 ft-kips

psi

(In cell E11)

20 ksi
 1.72 in

15000 lb
24000 in-lb

width must be less than this value)

depth must be greater than this value)
must be less that this value)
ckness must be greater that this value)

p of the flange)

n by this weight)
 15000 lb
24000 in-lb

p of the flange)

idering limit OK)

 15000 lb
4704 in-lb

L1
x
t1
y

Ixx

L2

Iyy
t2

idering limit OK)

Design pressure, p = qzGhCp (plus minus) GCpiqh
Note: z is define for different height, h is define for top height I.e. total height

General Data:
Total length of the building, L = 112 ft
Total width of the building or span of gable, B = 64 ft
Bayspacing or spacing of rafter = 28 ft
Eave height of the building, HE = 20 ft
Ridge height of the building, HR = 32 ft
Solution:
1) Basic wind speed from BNBC = 153 kmph 95
2) Importance coefficient, I = 1.05
3) Velocity pressure exposure coefficient, Kz, for exposure C
For height in feet 0-15 K15 = 0.8 qz = 20.38
20 K20 = 0.87 qz = 22.16
25 K25 = 0.94 qz = 23.94
30 K30 = 0 qz = 0
35 K35 = 0 qz = 0
40 K40 = 0 qz = 0

4) Average height of the building, h = 26 ft

Gust response factor, Gh = 1.27

5) Internal pressure coefficient for all height, GCpi = 6 0.25

At eave height of the gable frame, qe = 22.16 psf
For total height or average of gable frame, qh = 23.94 psf
Hence internal suction or internal pressure = GCpiqh = 6 5.99 psf

6) External wall pressure coefficient

a) For transverse wind:
B/L = 0.57
Windward wall, Cp = 0.8
Leeward wall, Cp = -0.5
Side or End walls, Cp = -0.7
h/B = 0.41 and u
Windward roof, Cp = -0.32 Normal to ridge
Leeward roof, Cp = -0.7

7) Design pressure for external forces plus internal suction, p = qzGhCp+GCpiqh

Windward wall: 0-15 ft p= 26.7 psf 747
15~20 ft p= 28.5 psf 798
 20~25 ft p= 30.31 psf 848
25~30 ft p= 5.99 psf 167
30~35 ft p= 5.99 psf 167
35~40 ft p= 5.99 psf 167

Windward roof: p= -3.74 psf -105

Leeward roof: p= -15.29 psf -429
Leeward wall: p= -8.08 psf -227
Side or End walls: p= -15.29 psf -429

8) Design pressure for external forces plus internal pressure, p = qzGhCp-GC piqh
Windward wall: 0-15 ft p= 14.72 psf 412
15~20 ft p= 16.52 psf 462
20~25 ft p= 18.33 psf 513
25~30 ft p= -5.99 psf -168
30~35 ft p= -5.99 psf -168
35~40 ft p= -5.99 psf -168

Windward roof: p= -15.72 psf -441

Leeward roof: p= -27.27 psf -764
Leeward wall: p= -20.06 psf -562
Side or End walls: p= -27.27 psf -764

Note: Minus sign means the direction of the pressure is away from the surface.
Plus sign means pressure is toward the surface.
 mph
(From table 8.2, page-258)
(See page-261)
psf (From table 8.3, page-262)
psf
psf
psf
psf
psf

(From table 8.4, page-263)

(From figure 8.16, page-265)

20 degree
mal to ridge

plf
plf
plf
plf
plf
plf

plf
plf
plf
plf

plf
plf
plf
plf
plf
plf

plf
plf
plf
plf
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