Single Phase

C
Controlled
ll d R
Rectifier
ifi

Prepared by
Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan
Assistant Professor, Department of EEE
American International University - Bangladesh
1
Classification of Rectifiers
The circuit which converts from ac to dc is called rectifier.
The rectifier circuit can be classified broadly into two classes:
(i) Uncontrolled rectifier (used only diodes and dc output is
fixed),
), and
(ii) Controlled rectifier (dc output is variable i.e. output
voltage can be controlled).

2
Semi-converter: The converter, which is a one-
quadrant converter and which has one polarity of
output voltage
l and
d current, is
i called
ll d semi-
i
converter. The semiconverter contains a mixer of
diodes and thyristors.
y

Full Converter: The converter, which is a two-

quadrant converter and which has either positive or
negative of output voltage and which has only one
polarity of output current, is called full converter.
The full converter uses thyristors.
thyristors

Dual Converter: The converter, which is a four-

quadrant converter and which has either positive
or negative of both output voltage and current, is
called dual converter.
Dual converter is designed by using two full-
3
converter.
 Principle of Phase-Controlled Converter Operation (Single-Phase
Half-Wave Controlled Rectifier) With Resistive Load
During positive half-cycle of input voltage, T1 is forward biased but Vo=0 until
the thyristor is triggered (or fired) i.e. IG=0.
When T1 is fired at ωt=α, T1 conducts and Vo=Vs.
α is
i called
ll d the
th delay
d l or firing
fi i angle.
l
When the input voltage starts to be negative at ωt = π, T1 is reverse biased and it
is turned-off.

The angle (β = π - α) during which the

thyristor conducts is called the
conduction angle β.
By varying the firing angle α, the
output voltage can be controlled.

4
This converter is not normally used in industrial applications because its output
as high ripple content and low ripple frequency.
If fs iss thee frequency
eque cy o
of supp
supply
y vo
voltage,
ge, thee lowest
owes frequency
eque cy o
of ou
output
pu ripple
pp e
voltage is fs.
Average Load Voltage
πV sin
V = 1 ∫α ω ω =
Vm
[− ω π = Vm ⎡1+ cosα ⎤
]
dc 2π m i td
d ( t )
2π
cos t α 2π ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦

Vdc can be varied from Vm/π (α = 0) to 0 (α = π) by varying α from 0 to π.

The average output voltage becomes maximum when α = 0 and the maximum
output voltage Vdm is V =V / π m
dm
Normalizing g output
p voltage
g with respect
p to Vdm, the normalized output
p
voltage is: V = (V /V ) = 0.5(1+ cosα )
n dc dm
RMS Load Voltage g
Vrms = 1 π 2 2 ω ω =
Vm 1 ⎡⎢
π −α + sin 2α ⎤ When, α =0, V
rms = Vm/2.
2π ∫α m
V sin td ( t ) ⎥
2 π ⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦ When, α =π, Vrms = 0.
2
Efficiency or Rectification factor P V 2 / R ⎡⎢ V ⎤⎥
η = dc = dc = ⎢⎢ dc ⎥⎥
Pac V 2 / R ⎢Vrms ⎥ 5
rms ⎣ ⎦
Single-Phase Half-Wave Controlled
Rectifier With Inductive Load
When the supply voltage reverse, the
thyristor is kept conducting due to the fact
that current through the inductance
cannot be reduced to zero.
During negative voltage half-cycle, current
continuous to flow till the energy stored in
the inductance is dissipated in the load
resistor and a part of the energy is fed back
to the source. The effect of inductive load is
increased in the conduction period of SCR.
SCR
Average Load Voltage
π + β i ωtd (ωt) =
Vm ⎡
⎢⎣cosα − cos β ⎥⎦
1
V = ∫α Vm sin ⎤
dc 2π 2π
RMS Load Voltage
πV 2 sin2ωtd (ωt) = Vm 1 ⎡⎢π + β −α + sin 2α ⎤⎥
Vrms = 1 ∫α
2π m 2 π ⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦ 6
 Freewheeling Diode
Freewheeling Diode: The diode which is used to commutate or transfer or
b
bypass l d currentt away from
load f th rectifier
the tifi or SCR whenever
h th load-voltage
the l d lt
goes to a reverse state is called freewheeling diode.
Freewheeling diode is also called commutating diode, flywheel diode, or
bypass diode.
Freewheeling diode serves two main functions:
1. It prevents reversal of load voltage except for small diode voltage drop. It
improves the power factor.
2. It transfer the load current away from the main rectifier or SCR, thereby
allowing all of its thyristors to region their blocking states.

7
 Performance Parameters of Rectifier
Average output (or load) voltage = Vdc.
Average output (or load) Current = Idc.
The output dc power, Pdc = VdcIdc.
Effective (or rms) output (or load) voltage = Vrms.
Eff ti (or
Effective ( rms)) output
t t (or
( load)
l d) voltage
lt = Irms.
The output ac power, Pac = VrmsIrms.
The efficiency (or rectification ratio) of a rectifier, which is figure of merits and
permits us to compare the effectiveness,
effectiveness is defined as: η = Pdc/Pac.
The output voltage can be considered as being composed of two components:
(1) the dc value, and (2) the ac component or ripple.
The effective ((rms)) value of the ac component
p of output
p voltage g is
Vac = Vrms
2 −V 2
dc
The form factor (FF), which is measure of the shape of output voltage is:
FF = Vac/Vdc.
The ripple factor (RF) which is measure of the ripple content, if defined as
⎛ ⎞
2
⎜ Vrms⎟
RF = ⎜
⎜
⎟
⎟
−1 = FF 2 −1
⎜ V ⎟ 8
⎝ dc⎠
The transformer utilization factor (TUF) is defined as [if Vs and Is are the rms
voltage and current of input of rectifier)] TUF = (P /V I )
dc s s
∞
is (t ) = I + 2 I sin(nωt +φ ) + 2 I sn sin(nωt +φn )
dc s1 1 n=2,3∑
,5.......
If φ1 is the angle between the fundamental components of the input current and
voltage, φ1 is called the displacement angle. The displacement factor (DF)
(displacement power factor) is defined as: DF = cosφ1

The harmonic factor (HF) (or total harmonic distortion, THD) is defined as [if Is1
is the fundamental component of the input current. Both Is1 and Is are
expressed in terms of rms]
2
THD = HF = ⎛
⎜
⎜
Is / I ⎞
⎟
⎟
−1
⎝ s1
⎠

Vs I I I
The input power factor (PF) is defined as PF = s1 cosφ = s1 cosφ = s1 DF
Vs I s Is Is

I s ( peak )
The input crest factor (CF) is defined as CF =
Is 9
Example 10.1: If a Single-Phase Half-Wave Controlled Rectifier has a purely resistive
load and the delay angle is α=π/2, calculate (i) the rectification efficiency, (ii) the form
factor ((FF),
), ((iii)) the ripple
pp factor ((RF),
), ((iv)) the TUF,, and ((v)) the ppeak inverse voltage
g of
thyristors.
Solution: V = (V / 2π )⎡1+ cosα ⎤ = 0.1592V
m ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ m I =V / R = 0.1592Vm / R
dc dc dc
Vrms = (Vm / 2) (1/ π )⎡⎢⎣π −α + (sin 2α / 2)⎤⎥⎦ = 0.3536Vm Irms =Vrms / R = 0.3536Vm / R

2 ⎡ 2
(i) η = ⎡⎢Vdc / V ⎤
d rms ⎥ ⎢⎣= 0. 1592Vm / 0.3536V ⎤ = 20.27%
m ⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦

(ii) FF = ⎡⎢Vrms /Vdc ⎤⎥ = ⎡⎢⎣0.3536Vm / 0.1592Vm ⎤⎥⎦ = 222.1%

⎣ ⎦

(iii) PF = FF2 −1 = (2.221) 2 −1 =198.3%

(iv) The rms voltage of transformer secondary, Vs = Vrms/√2=0.707Vm.
The rms value of the transformer secondary current is the same as that of the load,
load
Is=0.3536Vm/R.
The volt-ampere (VA) rating of the transformer, VA=VsIs=0.707Vm×0.3536Vm/R.
TUF = (P /Vs I s ) = (0.1592Vm)2 /(0.707Vm ×0.3536Vm) = 0.1014
dc
(v) The PIV =Vm. 10
 Single-Phase Semiconverter
In a single-phase semiconverter circuit consists of one pair of thyristor and
one pair of diode. Semiconverters are also known as half-controlled converters.
During positive half-cycle of input voltage, thyristor T1 is forward biased.
When T1 is fired at ωt = α, the load is connected to the supply through T1 and
D2 during
d i the i d α ≤ ωt ≤ π .
th period

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 During the period π ≤ ωt ≤ (π+α), the input voltage is negative and the
freewheeling diode Dm is forward biased. Dm conducts to provide the
continuity
co u y oof cu
current
e in thee inductive
duc ve load.
o d. Thee load
o d cu
current
e iss transferred
s e ed
from T1 and D2 to Dm; and T1 and D2 are turned-off.
During negative half-cycle of input voltage, thyristor T2 is forward biased.
When T2 is fired at ωt = π + α, the diode Dm is reversed biased and it turned-
off , and the load is connected to the supply through T2 and D1.
The converter has a better power factor due to the freewheeling diode and is
commonly used in applications up to 15 kW, where one-quadrant operation is
acceptable.
Average Load Voltage
πV sinωtd (ωt) = Vm [− cosωt ]π = Vm ⎡1+ cosα ⎤
V = π1 ∫α
dc m π α π ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦

The average output voltage becomes maximum when α = 0 and the maximum
output voltage Vdm is V = 2V /π m
d
dm
Normalizing output voltage with respect to Vdm, the normalized output
voltage is:
Vn = (V /V ) = 0.5(1+ cosα )
dc dm
12
RMS Load Voltage
1 π 2 2
2 π 1− cos 2ωt
Vm
Vrms = π ∫α Vm sin ωtd (ωt ) = π ∫α d (ωt )
2
2 π
Vm Vm 1 ⎢⎡ sin 2α ⎤⎥
Vrms = − ω ω = π −α +
2π ∫α
(1 cos 2 t )d ( t )
2 π ⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦
Fourier Series Expression of Source Current
∞
is (t ) = I +∑ (an cos nωt + bn sin nωt )
d
dc
n=1,2.......
1 2π 1 ⎡ π
⎢ 2π ⎤
I = ∫α is (t )d (ωt ) = ⎢∫α Iad (ωt ) − ∫π +α Iad (ωt )⎥⎥ = 0
dc 2π 2π ⎢⎣ ⎦⎥

1 2π 1 ⎡ π
⎢ 2π ⎤
an = π ∫α is (t ) cos nωtd (ωt ) = π ⎢∫α Ia cos nωtd (ωt ) − ∫π +α Ia cos nωtd (ωt )⎥⎥
⎢
⎣ ⎥
⎦

⎧2I a
an = nπ sin nα
− for n =1,3,5,...
⎪
⎪
⎨
⎪
0⎪⎩ for n = 2,4,6,...
13
 1 2π 1 ⎡ π
⎢ 2π ⎤
bn = π ∫α is (t )sin nωtd (ωt) = π ⎢∫α Ia sin nωtd (ωt ) − ∫π +α Ia sin nωtd (ωt)⎥⎥
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
⎧ 2I

bn = ⎪⎨ nπ (1+ cos nα ) for n =1,3,5,...

⎪ a
⎪
⎪⎩0 for n = 2,4,6,...
∞
φn = tan−1 n = − nα
is (t ) = 2 I sn sin(nωt +φn ) a
∑
n=1,3,5....... bn 2

I sn = 1 an2 + bn2 = nπ a cos nα α

2 2I 2 2 Ia
2 I = π cos
2 s1 2
⎛
⎜ ∞ ⎞
⎟
2 π I 2d (ωt)⎤⎥ = I ⎢⎡1− α ⎤⎥ = I π −α
Is = ⎜
∑ 2
I sn ⎟⎟ Is =
⎡

2π ∫α a a ⎣ π⎦ a π
⎜ ⎢
⎜
⎝ n=1,3,5....... ⎠ ⎢
⎣
⎥
⎦

⎛ ⎞
2
−1 = π (π −α ) −1 DF = cosφ = cos(−α / 2)
⎜ Is⎟
HF = ⎜ ⎟
1
⎜
⎜ I ⎟ 4(1+ cosα )
⎝ s1 ⎠

PF = s1 cosφ = s1 cos((α / 2) = 2 (1+ cosα )

I I
Is 1 Is [π (π −α )]
14
Example 10.2: if α=π/2 and the rms value of supply voltage is 120 then
Vm= √2×120=169.7 V

15
 Single-Phase Full Converter
IIn a single-phase
i l h f ll converter
full t circuit
i it consists
i t off four
f th i t
thyristors. F ll
Full
converters are also known as Two quadrant converters.
This converter is extensively used in industrial applications up to 15 kW.

During the positive half-cycle, T1 and T2 are forward biased, and when these
two thyristors are fired simultaneously at ωt=α, the load is connected to the
input supply through T1 and T2.

Due to the inductive load, T1 and T2 will

continue to conduct beyond ωt=π, even
though
h h the
h input
i voltage
l i already
is l d negative.
i

16
During the negative half-cycle, T3 and T4 are forward biased, and when these
two thyristors are fired simultaneously at ωt= π+α, SCRs T1 and T2 will be
turned off due to line or natural commutation,
commutation and the load is connected to the
input supply through T3 and T4. Due to the inductive load, T3 and T4 will
continue to conduct beyond ωt=2π, even though the input voltage is already
positive.
Rectification Mode: During the period from α to π, the input voltage vs and
the input current is are positive; and the power flows from the supply to the
load. The converter is said to be operated
p in rectification
f mode.
Inversion Mode: During the period from
π to π + α, vs is negative and is is positive;
and there will be reverse power flow from
the load to the source. The converter is
said to be operated in inversion mode.

17
 Average Load Voltage
V = 2 ∫απ +α V sinωtd (ωt) = 2Vm [− cosωt ]π +α = 2Vm cosα
dc 2π m 2π α π
The average output voltage becomes maximum when α = 0 and the maximum
output voltage Vdm is V = 2V /π m
dm
Normalizing output voltage with respect to Vdm, the normalized output
voltage is:
Vn = (V /V ) = cosα
d dm
dc d
RMS Load Voltage
Vrms = 2 π +α Vm sin ωtd (ωt) =
2 2
2 π +α
Vm
(1− cos 2ωt)d (ωt) =
Vm
= Vs
2π ∫α 2π ∫α 2
Rectifying Mode: If α < 90o, the average voltage at the dc terminal is
positive, therefore, the power flows from ac side to dc side and the converter
operates as a rectifier.
Invertingg Mode: If α > 90o, the average g voltage g at the dc terminal is
negative, therefore, the power flows from dc side to ac side and the
converter is operating as a “line commutated inverter”. 18
 Fourier Series Expression of Source Current
∞
is (t) = I + (an cos nωt + bn sin nωt)
dc n=1,∑ 2.......
I = ∫α 1 2π +α 1 ⎡ π +α
⎢ 2π +α ⎤
is (t )d (ωt ) = ⎢∫α Iad (ωt) − ∫π +α Iad (ωt )⎥⎥ = 0
dc 2π 2π ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥

an = π1 ∫α2π +α is (t ) cos nωtd (ωt )

⎡ π +α 2π +α ⎤
= π ⎢∫α Ia cos nωtd (ωt ) − ∫π +α Ia cos nωtd (ωt )⎥⎥
1 ⎢
⎢ ⎣ ⎦ ⎥

⎧4I a
an = nπ sin nα
− for n =1,3,5,...
⎪
⎪
⎨
⎪
0⎪⎩ for n = 2,4,6,...

bn = π1 ∫α2π +α is (t )sin nωtd (ωt )

⎡ π +α 2π +α ⎤
= π ⎢∫α Ia sin nωtd (ωt ) − ∫π +α Ia sin nωtd (ωt )⎥⎥
1 ⎢

⎣⎢ ⎦⎥

⎧
4I a
4I
bn = nπ cos nα for n =1,3,5,...
⎪
⎪
⎨
⎪
0
⎪⎩ for n = 2,4,6,... 19
 ∞
φn = tan−1 n = −nα
a
is (t ) = ∑ 2 I sn sin(nωt +φn )
n=1,3,5....... bn

4I 2 2I 2 2 Ia
I sn = 1 an2 + bn2 = a = nπ a I = π
2 2nπ s1
s1

⎛
⎜ ∞ ⎞
⎟
Is = ⎜
∑ 2
I sn ⎟ Is =
⎡ 2 π +α I 2d (ωt)⎤⎥ = I
2π ∫α
⎜ ⎢
n=1,3,5....... ⎟⎠
⎜
⎝
⎢
⎣
a ⎥
⎦
a

2 2 2
⎛
⎜
⎞
Is ⎟ ⎛
⎜ πIa ⎞
⎛
π ⎞
HF = ⎜
⎜
−1 = ⎜ ⎟ −1 = ⎜
⎜
⎟
⎟ −1 = 0.483 or 48.3%
⎜ I ⎟⎟ ⎜
⎜ 2 2 Ia ⎟
⎟
⎜
⎝ 2 2 ⎟
⎠
⎝ s1 ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

DF = cosφ = cos((−α )
1
I I
PF = cosφ = s1 cos(−α = 2π 2 cosα
s1
Is 1 Is
20
Example 10.2: if α=π/3 and the rms value of supply voltage is 120 then
Vm= √2×120=169.7 V

21