Hunterlab Color

HunterLab Presents
The Basics Of Color Perception and Measurement
Version 1.4 © 2001 HunterLab

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Color
Perception
To Contents
End © 2001 HunterLab
Page
Things Required To See Color
• A Light Source
• An Object
• An Observer
© 2001 HunterLab
Visual Observing Situation
LIGHT SOURCE
OBJECT OBSERVER
© 2001 HunterLab
Visual Observing Situation
• The visual observing model shows the three

items
that are necessary to perceive color.
• In order to build an instrument that will
quantify human color perception, each item
in the visual observing situation must be
represented as a table of numbers.
© 2001 HunterLab
Light Source
© 2001 HunterLab
Light Source
• A light source normally emits light that
appears
to be white.
• When the light is dispersed by a prism it is
seen to be made up of all visible
wavelengths.
© 2001 HunterLab
Sunlight Spectrum
© 2001 HunterLab
Light Source
• Visible light is a small part of the electromagnetic
spectrum.
• The wavelength of light is measured in
nanometers (nm). One nanometer is one -billionth
one-billionth
of a meter.
• The wavelength range of the visible spectrum is
from approximately 400 to 700 nm.
• A plot of the relative energy of light at each
wavelength creates a power distribution curve
quantifying the spectral characteristics of the
light source.
© 2001 HunterLab
Spectral Power Distribution of
Sunlight
ULTRAVIOLET VISIBLE SPECTRUM INFRARED
300 450 550 650 1000
150
Daylight
Relative
100
Energy
50
0
400 500 600 700
Wavelength - Nanometers [nm]
© 2001 HunterLa
Light Source versus Illuminant
• A light source is a real physical source of

light.
• An illuminant is a plot, or table, of
relative energy versus wavelength that
represents the spectral characteristics of
different types of light sources.
© 2001 HunterLab
Daylight Tungsten Fluorescent
Source
Eλ D65 Eλ A Eλ
F2
Illuminant
400 500 600 700 400 500 600 700 400 500 600 700
Wavelength [nm] Wavelength [nm] Wavelength [nm]
© 2001 HunterLab
Some Common Illuminants
A Incandescent
C Average Daylight
D65
65 Noon Daylight
F2 Cool White Fluorescent
U30 Ultralume
© 2001 HunterLab
• By representing a light source as an

illuminant, the spectral characteristics of
the first element of the Visual Observing
Situation have been quantified and
standardized.
© 2001 HunterLab
?
D65
?
© 2001 HunterLa
Object
© 2001 HunterLab
Object
• Objects modify light. Colorants such as

pigments or dyes, in the object,
selectively absorb some wavelengths of
the incident light while reflecting or
transmitting others.
© 2001 HunterLab
Light Interaction with School Bus
Paint
Incident Light
Specular
Diffuse Reflection
Reflection
© 2001 HunterLa
Object
• The amount of reflected or transmitted

light at each wavelength can be
quantified. This is a spectral curve of the
object ’s color characteristics.
object’s
© 2001 HunterLab
Spectrophotometric Curve for ““School
School Bus
Yellow
Yellow””
100
%Relative Reflectance
75
50
25
0
400 500 600 700
Wavelength - [Nanometers]
© 2001 HunterLab
Object
• By measuring the relative reflectance or

transmission characteristics of an object,
the second element of the Visual
Observing Situation has been quantified.
© 2001 HunterLab
D65
Reflectance
?
© 2001 HunterLa
Observer
© 2001 HunterLab
Observer
• Luminosity is the relative sensitivity of

the human eye to various wavelengths of
light.
© 2001 HunterLab
Human Eye Sensitivity to Spectral
Colors
1.0
0.5
0.0
400 500 600 700
© 2001 HunterLab
Observer
• Rod shaped receptors in the eye are

responsible for night vision.
• Cone shaped receptors are responsible
for daylight and color vision.
• There are three types of cone shaped
receptors sensitive to red
red,, green and
blue..
blue
© 2001 HunterLab
The Human Eye
Rods
Cornea Macula
Green Cones
Red Cones Fovea
Lens
Blue Cones
Optic Nerve
Retina
© 2001 HunterLab
Observer
• Experiments were conducted to quantify the

ability of the human eye to perceive color.
An observer looked at a white screen
through an aperture having a 2 degree field
of view. Half of a screen was illuminated by
a test light. The observer adjusted the
intensity of three primary colored lights that
mixed together on the other half of the
screen until they matched the color of the
test light. This process was repeated for test
colors covering the entire visible spectrum.
© 2001 HunterLab
Determination of Standard Colorimetric
Observer
REDUCTIO
RED
N
GREEN SCREEN
BLUE
BLACK 2º
PARTITION
EYE
TEST
WHITE FILTER
BACK
DROP
TEST
LIGH
T © 2001 HunterLab
Observer
• The experimentally derived ¯ ¯x, y, and

¯ z
functions became the CIE 1931 2 2ºº
Standard Observer. These functions
quantify the red, green and blue cone
sensitivity of the average human
observer.
© 2001 HunterLab
CIE 2
2ºº Standard Colorimetric Observer
T 2.0
R z
I
V 1.5
S
A y x
T
L 1.0
I
U
M
E
U
S 0.5
L
U
S 0.0
400 500 600 700
WAVELENGTH [Nanometers]
© 2001 HunterLa
Observer
• At the time the 1931 22ºº Standard

Observer experiments were conducted it
was thought that the cone concentration
was in the foveal region. Later it was
determined that the cones were spread
beyond the fovea. The experiments were
re -done in 1964, resulting in the 1964
re-done
10
10ºº Standard Observer.
© 2001 HunterLab
2
2ºº and 10
10ºº Observer
15”
3”
2
º
10
º
7 feet
© 2001 HunterLab
2 versus 10 Degree Standard
Observer
T 2.0 CIE 2 Degree Observer (1931)
R z
CIE 10 Degree Observer (1964)
I
V 1.5
S
A y x
T
L
I 1.0
U
M
E
U
S 0.5
L
U
S 0.0
400 500 600 700
WAVELENGTH [Nanometers]
© 2001 HunterLa
Observer
• Of the two sets of observer functions, the

10
10ºº Standard Observer is recommended
for better correlation with average visual
assessments made with large fields of
view that is typical of most commercial
applications.
© 2001 HunterLab
Observer
• The three elements of the Visual

Observing Situation have now been
modeled as tables of numbers.
– The Source is quantified as a user selected
illuminant
– The Object is quantified by measuring the
reflectance or transmission curve
– The Observer is quantified by the selected
CIE Standard Observer Functions
© 2001 HunterLab
D65
CIE Standard
Observer
Reflectance
© 2001 HunterLa
Color
Measurement
To Contents
End © 2001 HunterLab
Page
Things Required:
To See Color To Measure Color
Light Source Light

Source
Object Specimen
Observer Spectrometer
© 2001 HunterLab
Color Measurement
• The CIE Tristimulus color values X,

Y, Z of any color are obtained by
multiplying together the data values for
the illuminant, the reflectance or
transmittance of the object, and the
standard observer functions. The
product is then summed for the
wavelengths in the visible spectrum to
give the resulting X, Y, Z tristimulus
values.
© 2001 HunterLab
X = 41.9
Y = 37.7
Z = 8.6
CIE X Tristimulus
=
CIE x Observer
CIE Illuminant D65 x

X=
Visual Stimulus
CIE y Observer 41.9
CIE Y Tristimulus
x = x =
Reflectance
Y=
37.7
CIE z Observer
x
CIE Z Tristimulus
Z=
86
Measuring Color
• A Tristimulus Colorimeter or
Colorimeter uses a light source to light
the specimen being measured. The light
reflected off of the object then passes
through a red, green and blue glass filter
to simulate the standard observer
functions for a particular illuminant
(typically C). A photodetector beyond
each filter then detects the amount of
light passing through the filters. These
signals are then displayed as X, Y and Z
values. © 2001 HunterLab
Measuring
Color
Specimen
Tristimulus Colorimeter
Data Display
Photodetectors
X=
41.9
Y=
Light Source 37.7
Red, Green
& Blue Filters Z = 8.6
© 2001 HunterLab
Some Colorimeter Systems
D25-9000 Colorimeters
© 2001 HunterLab
Measuring Color
• A Colorimetric Spectrophotometer or
Spectrophotometer uses a light source to
light the specimen being measured. The
light reflected by the object then passes to a
grating which breaks it into the spectrum.
The spectrum falls onto a diode array which
measures the amount of light at each
wavelength. This spectral data is then sent to
the processor where it is multiplied together
with data table values for the selected CIE
illuminant and the 2 2ºº or 10
10ºº standard
observer functions to obtain the X, Y, Z
values. © 2001 HunterLab
Measuring
Color
Specimen Spectrophotometer
Data Processor
Diode Array
X = 41.9
Light Diffraction Grating
Source
Y = 37.7
Z = 8.6
Data Display
© 2001 HunterLab
Some Spectrophotometer Systems
MiniScan
ColorFlex
LabScan XE
© 2001 HunterLab

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HunterLab Presents

The Basics Of Color Perception and Measurement

Version 1.4 © 2001 HunterLab

• The visual observing model shows the three

300 450 550 650 1000

Wavelength - Nanometers [nm]

• A light source is a real physical source of

Daylight Tungsten Fluorescent

F2 Cool White Fluorescent

• By representing a light source as an

• Objects modify light. Colorants such as

• The amount of reflected or transmitted

• By measuring the relative reflectance or

• Luminosity is the relative sensitivity of

• Rod shaped receptors in the eye are

Red Cones Fovea

• Experiments were conducted to quantify the

• The experimentally derived ¯ ¯x, y, and

• At the time the 1931 22ºº Standard

• Of the two sets of observer functions, the

• The three elements of the Visual

To See Color To Measure Color

Light Source Light

• The CIE Tristimulus color values X,

CIE Illuminant D65 x

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