Resincap Journal of Science and Engineering

Volume 4, Issue 4, April 2020

ISSN: 2456-9976

UPFC Using a Power Electronics Integrated Transformer

Bhagyashri D Nimbalkar Prof. Girish K Mahajan Prof.Ajit P. Chaudhari
PG Student Associate Professor Associate Professor
Electrical Engg.Dept. Electrical Engg.Dept Electrical Engg.Dept.
SSGBCOET Bhusawal, SSGBCOET, Bhusawal SSGBCOET Bhusawal,
bhagyanimbalkar95@gmail.com girishmahajan_16@rediffmail.com ajitpc73@rediffmail.com

ABSTRACT distribution systems, increasing their reliability, quality and

This paper presents a Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) stability. Among the FACT devices, the Unified Power Flow
application of the Custom Power Active Transformer Controller (UPFC) is the most versatile and powerful device
(CPAT); a power electronics integrated transformer which in reduction of line congestion and increasing existing lines
provides services to the grid through its auxiliary windings. capacity. Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) application
The Custom Power Active Transformer (CPAT) which of the Custom Power Active Transformer (CPAT); a power
integrates both series and shunt power conditioning through electronics integrated transformer which provides services to
power electronics in a single transformer. The CPAT structure the grid through its auxiliary windings. The CPAT structure
integrates three single-phase transformers into one shunt- integrates three single-phase transformers into one shunt-
series combining transformer. Unified Power Flow Controller series combining transformer. The CPAT’s capability to
(UPFC) is used to control the power flow in the transmission provide UPFC services which includes power flow control,
systems by controlling the impedance, voltage magnitude and reactive power compensation, voltage regulation and
phase angle. This controller offers advantages in terms of harmonics elimination. Connection of power electronics
static and dynamic operation of the power system. The CPAT converters to provide UPFC services have either been
equipped with a power converter can be utilized in achieved through bulky isolation transformers, complex
distribution systems to control grid-current and load-voltage multilevel topologies or back-to-back converters handling the
waveforms while operating as a step-up or step-down rated line power. The CPAT is a monolithic transformer core
transformer between the grid and load. The CPAT’s capability structure that integrates series and shunt power electronics
to provide UPFC services which includes power flow control, converters to a distribution transformer. A CPAT is
reactive power compensation, voltage regulation and comparable to a Sen Transformer in the case of combining
harmonics elimination. The Unified Power Flow Controller multiple transformers into a single unit. However, the CPAT
(UPFC) is the most versatile among a variety of Flexible AC carries several advantages over a Sen Transformer which is
Transmission System (FACTS) devices, which can be used mainly due to the presence of power electronics converters in
for power flow control, enhancement of transient stability, a CPAT as opposed to the step response of a Sen Transformer.
damping system oscillations and voltage regulation. The CPAT has been presented to provide shunt services such
Keywords as reactive power compensation, harmonics elimination and
UPFC, UPFC using CPAT, Control Mechanism of CPAT. inrush current mitigation. The high-power transformers are an
1. INTRODUCTION essential element in a power system to match the voltage level
The increased demand for distributed generation to facilitate between different buses, it would be interesting to integrate in
momentous contributions to the grid has faced several such a transformer series and shunt auxiliary connection to
challenges and technical issues. Owing to the intermittent power electronics converters. Integration of both series and
behavior of renewable generation and the ever-growing need shunt transformers in a single power transformer would
of electrical energy, the construction and operation of facilitate areas of the power system and the transformer itself
substations has undergone several developments to address with services in a single structure. Hence the structure would
these challenges. The increase in peak customer demand of provide an isolated connection of fractional power converters
electrical energy, use of non-linear loads and increased line to the system as well as reduce the footprint of the entire
congestion, all have eventually affected power quality, system system, manufacturing cost and number of auxiliary
reliability, system stability and energy price. In this regard, equipment (tanks, bushings and protection), while providing
FACTS devices propose a high-performance and cost- the grid with series and shunt services.
effective solution for power system compensation demands. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW
The key objective of FACTS is to get better the power Tanushree Kaul, Pawan Rana et. al. 2013 In the recent years
transfer, thermal and limit potential of present transmission ecological concerns and high installation costs have put
lines near the thermal limit and to effectively control the constraints over construction of new plants and overhead lines
power flows in the selected corridors. Such devices have in many countries, thereby forcing existing system to be used
proved to enhance and achieve better exploitation of more efficiently rather than constructing new lines, industry
transmission and distribution facilities. In such compensation has tended towards the development of technologies or
systems, the transformer is an essential element to adapt devices that increase transmission network capacity while
voltage levels between the power converter and electrical grid, maintaining or even improving grid stability. Our main
as well as isolating both systems to avoid using complex objective is to meet the electric load demand reliably while
power electronics structures. Flexible AC Transmission simultaneously satisfying certain quality constraints imposed
Systems (FACTS) have proven their capability in providing on the power supply.[1] Sadjad Galvani, Mehrdad Tarafdar
services to effectively support the transmission and Hagh et. Al. 2014 unified power flow controller (UPFC)
operation which can accurately reflect the impact of UPFC on
power system steady security. Economic benefit of installing

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Volume 4, Issue 4, April 2020
ISSN: 2456-9976

an static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) and adding 2.1 UPFC

a new transmission line to power system considering UPFC is such a controller which can independently or
equipment availability and load uncertainty. In addition, simultaneously control the exchange of real and reactive
application of flexible alternative current transmission powers with ac system, which in turn take care of power flow
systems (FACTS) controllers is obvious and has been control effectively to improve the power system performance.
considered in various aspects of system operation and The character of FACTS equipment is physically moderately
planning problems such as system reliability increasing, fuel nonlinear. The execution of these devices may be deteriorated
cost and loss minimization, improvement of system load whenever these are coupled to a power system. Therefore to
ability, voltage stability increasing.[1] deal with the dynamic variations in power system, nonlinear
In (2015) Shantha Soruban et, al. proposed an ANN based intellectual regulator based UPFC is essential to be modelled.
control scheme for a UPFC to be used as an active power The UPFC is a centralized control device with the aim of
filter. The objective is to guarantee power to the load at the attaining a better service quality, in terms of all nods voltage
required power quality. The ANN control unit monitors the regulation and power loss minimization in loop distribution
voltage at the point of common coupling. UPFC enables system, simultaneously[11].
improved power quality by maintaining power factor nearer to The general structure of the UPFC contains two “back-to-
unity rapid response time, the ability to provide reactive back” voltage sourced converters using isolated gate bipolar
power at low voltage and to provide voltage compensation transistor (IGBT) with a common DC link Figure2.2.1. First
can be obtained. For unbalanced voltage compensation, two converter is connected as parallel and another converter as
unbalanced controllers using the phase voltage amplitude and series with the transmission line. The shunt converter is used
negative sequence component are proposed [2]. to provide active power demanded of the series converter
In (2013) Vaibhav S Kale et, al. proposed the real, reactive through a common DC link. The series converter provides the
power and voltage control through a transmission line by main function of the UPFC by injecting an AC voltage with
placing UPFC at the sending end using computer simulation. controllable magnitude and phase angle.
The control scheme has the fast dynamic response and hence
is adequate for improving transient behaviour of power
system after transient conditions [2].
Eldamaty et al (2005) presents a new control method based on
fuzzy logic technique to control a unified power flow
controller (UPFC) installed in a single-machine infinite-bus
power system. The objective of the fuzzy logic based UPFC
controller is to damp power system oscillations. Phillips-
Herffron model of a single-machine power system equipped
with a UPFC is used to model the system. The fuzzy logic
based UPFC controller is designed by selecting appropriate
controller parameters based on the knowledge of the power
system performance. Simple fuzzy logic controller using
mamdani-type inference system is used. The effectiveness of
the new controller is demonstrated through time-domain
simulation studies. The results of these studies show that the
designed controller has an excellent capability in damping
power system oscillations. By using power electronic Fig.No.1 Schematic Diagram of Three Phase UPFC
The transmission line current flows through this converter and
controllers a flexible ac transmission system (FACTS) can
therefore an active and reactive power exchange with the AC
offer greater control of power flow, secure loading and
system. Since the converters are connected to a common DC
damping of power system oscillations. The FACTS refers to
link, they exchange only active power and there is no reactive
power electronic systems such as the static VAR compensator
power flow between them. It means that reactive power could
(SVC), thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC), static
be controlled independently at both converters.
condenser (STATCON) and unified power flow controller
In the parallel branch of UPFC the active power exchanges
(UPFC). A unified power flow controller is a power electronic
with the phase angle of the converter output voltage. In the
system which can provide VAR compensation, line
series branch of UPFC the active and reactive power flows in
impedance control and phase angle shifting. The UPFC
the transmission line are influenced by the amplitude as well
consists of two fully controlled power electronic converters as
as the phase angle of the series injected voltage. Therefore,
illustrated in Figure (2.2.1) Converter2 is connected in series
the active power controller can significantly affects the
with the transmission line by transformer T2, whereas
reactive power flow and vice versa. The energy storing
Converter1 is connected in parallel with the transmission line
capacity of this dc capacitor is generally small. Therefore,
by transformer TI. The real and reactive power flow in the
active power drawn by the shunt converter should be equal to
transmission line can be quickly regulated by changing the
the active power generated by the series converter. The
magnitude and phase angle of the injected voltage produced
reactive power in the shunt or series converter can be chosen
by Converter. The basic function of Converter1 is to supply
independently, giving greater flexibility to the power flow
the real power demanded by Converter2 through the common
control.
dc link Converter1 can also generate or absorb controllable
The fundamental theory of UPFC is that, the phase angle
reactive power [2],[12].
affects flow of real power and the magnitude of voltage
affects flow of reactive power. As a result in transmission

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Volume 4, Issue 4, April 2020
ISSN: 2456-9976

lines, to manage the real power flow the series regulator of DC building microgrids promise significant efficiency The
UPFC modifies the series injected voltage angle, at the same Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) was proposed for
time as the amount of series injected voltage regulates the real-time control and dynamic compensation of ac
reactive power flow. Thus the real power regulator can transmission systems, providing the necessary functional
appreciably have an effect on the level of reactive power flow. flexibility required to solve many of the problems facing the
The reactive power regulator modifies the value of series utility industry. The Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)
voltage added to the system which further alters real power is able to control both the transmitted real power and,
flow. Therefore these two regulators are responding to other’s independently, the reactive power flows at the sending and the
effects. receiving-end of the transmission line. The unique capabilities
The powerful, hitherto unattainable, capabilities of the UPFC of the UPFC in multiple line compensation are integrated into
summarized in terms of conventional transmission control a generalized power flow controller that is able to maintain
concepts, can be integrated into a generalized power flow prescribed, and independently controllable, real power and
controller that is able to maintain prescribed, and reactive power flow in the line.
independently controllable, real power P and reactive power The Unified Power Flow Controller consists of two switching
Q in the line. Within this concept, the conventional terms of converters, which in the implementations considered are
series compensation, phase shifting etc., become irrelevant; voltage sourced inverters using gate turn-off (GTO) thyristor
the UPFC simply controls the magnitude and angular position valves, as shown in Figure (2). These inverters, labelled
of the injected voltage in real time so as to maintain or vary “Converter 1” and “Converter 2” in the figure, are operated
the real and reactive power flow in the line to satisfy load from a common dc link provided by a dc storage capacitor.
demand and system operating conditions.[3] This arrangement functions as an ideal ac to ac power
2.2.1 Control Strategy of UPFC converter in which the real power can freely flow in either
UPFC series and shunt converter control is the core of the direction between the ac terminals of the two inverters and
control strategy of the UPFC, including DC voltage control, each inverter can independently generate (or absorb) reactive
AC voltage control, power flow adjustment, start control. power at its own ac output terminal.
Regardless of the topology adopted by a UPFC, it is always a The basic function of Converter 1 is to supply or absorb the
combination of a series converter and a shunt converter real power demanded by UPFC consist of two back to back
connected back to back via a common DC bus. The shunt converters named converter1 and converter2, are operated
converter absorbs active power from the grid, provides it to from a DC link provided by a dc storage capacitor. These
the series converter and compensates the active power loss for arrangements operate as an ideal ac to ac converter in which
circuit devices, avoiding system collapse caused by a DC the real power can freely flow either in direction between the
capacitor voltage drop. The shunt converter also provides ac terminals of the two converts and each converter can
reactive power for the grid via a shunt transformer to maintain independently generate or absorb reactive power as its own ac
the voltage stability of the UPFC connecting point. Besides, output terminal. One converter is connected to in shunt to the
the series converter injects a voltage with adjustable transmission line via a shunt transformer and other one is
amplitude and phase via a series transformer, in order to connected in series through a series transformer. The DC
control the flow in the line. Therefore, the shunt converter terminal of two converters is coupled and this creates a path
aims to maintain a constant DC bus voltage and provide for active power exchange between the converters. Converter
reactive power for the grid, while the series-side converter can provide the main function of UPFC by injecting a voltage
aims to achieve active and reactive power regulation of the with controllable magnitude and phase angle in series with the
line by changing the amplitude and phase of the inverter line via an injection transformer. This injected voltage act as a
output voltage. synchronous ac voltage source. The transmission line current
flows through the voltage source resulting in reactive and
3. UPFC using CPAT active power exchange between it and the ac system. The
reactive power exchanged at the dc terminal is generated
internally by the converter. The real power exchanged at the
ac terminal is converted into dc power which appears at the dc
link as a real power demand. And converter1 is to supply or
absorb the real power demanded by converter2 at the common
dc link to support real power exchange resulting from the
series voltage injection. This dc link power demand of
converter2 is converted back to ac by converter1 and coupled
to the transmission line bus via shunt connected transformer.
In addition, converter1 can also generate or absorb
controllable reactive power if it is required and thereby
provide independent shunt reactive compensation for the line.
Thus converter1 can be operated at unity power factor or to be
controlled to have a reactive power exchange with the line
independent of the reactive power exchanged by converter1.
Obviously, there can be no reactive power flow through the
UPFC dc link.[3]
Fig.No 2 Basic circuit arrangement of the Unified Power
Flow.

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3.1 Power Converters Model component of the three-phase primary voltage, V1. The output
A three-phase back-to-back converter was connected to the of the PLL (angle Θ=ωt) is used to compute the direct-axis
shunt and series windings of the CPAT. As in a typical UPFC, and quadrature-axis components of the AC three-phase
the shunt converter operated as a current controlled voltage voltage and currents (labelled as Vd, Vq or Id, and Iq on the
source inverter (CCVSI) equipped with an LCL filter, to diagram). Measurement systems measuring the d and q
attenuate switching frequency harmonics. The filter components of the AC positive-sequence voltage, currents to
parameters L1sh, Csh and L2sh were selected based on the be controlled, and the DC voltage Vdc. An outer regulation
required attenuation of switching frequency harmonics and loop consisting of an AC voltage regulator and a DC voltage
resonance frequency. Damping of filter resonance was regulator. The output of the AC voltage regulator is the
achieved through the shunt damping resistance (Rsh). The reference current Iqref for the current regulator, where Iq is the
converter was connected in a three-phase 4-wire topology to current in quadrature with voltage that controls reactive power
facilitate the capacity to inject triplen harmonic current in the flow. The output of the DC voltage regulator is the reference
shunt windings. The magnetizing harmonic currents required current Idref for the current regulator, where Id is the current in
by the transformer were evident. Therefore, injection of such phase with voltage that controls active power flow. An inner
harmonic current components through the shunt winding current regulation loop consisting of a current regulator. The
would eliminate their requirement from the grid. The shunt current regulator controls the magnitude and phase of the
converter controller maintains a constant DC bus voltage voltage generated by the PWM converter (V2d and V2q) from
(Vdc1, Vdc2) over each DC bus capacitor (Cdc) and controls the Idref and Iqref reference currents produced respectively by
the shunt converter current (ip2sh). Primary voltage (Vp1) the DC voltage regulator and the AC voltage regulator (in
and current (ip1) were measured to synchronize the shunt voltage control mode). The current regulator is assisted by a
converter voltage (Vp2) with the Vp1 and to provide the feed-forward-type regulator that predicts the V2 voltage
required services to ip1. The output PWM signals of the shunt output (V2d and V2q) from the V1 measurement (V1d and
converter controller drove the converter switches of the shunt V1q) and the transformer leakage reactance
converter to control the shunt current according to the
required reference.
The series inverter operated as a voltage source inverter,
equipped with an LC filter to attenuate switching frequency
harmonics of the output voltage (vp3). Similarly, the filter
parameters Lser, Cser and Rser were selected based on the
required attenuation of switching frequency harmonics and
resonance damping. The secondary voltage (vp4) and current
(ip4) were measured to control the series voltage (vp3)
according to the required services provided to ip4. The output
PWM signals from the series converter controller drove the
series inverter to achieve the required reference series voltage.
As shown in Figure 3, each phase of the primary, shunt, series
and secondary winding were linked in a common CPAT core, Fig.No.4 STATCOM Controller
resulting in a three-phase CPAT configuration.
4. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
A Simulink model is used to simulate its performance and
simulated results are presented in detail. The model proposed
here was developed in Matlab/Simulink and
Matlab/Simscape. The source is of 11kV, trnsmission line of
150 kM & load is of 10MW and 2MVAR.
4.1 Simulation of UPFC

Fig.No 3.Back-to-back converter topology for the three-

phase CPAT
3.2 STATCOM Controller
The STATCOM controller shown in Figure 4. A phase-locked
loop (PLL) that synchronizes on the positive-sequence Fig.No 5. Simulation of UPFC

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ISSN: 2456-9976

The Simulink model of UPFC. UPFC consists of all the A three-phase CPAT is compared to a three-phase
features of STATCOM, SSSC. Static Synchronous Series compensation system consisting of a three-phase shunt
Compensator (SSSC) is a series connected controller, which is transformer, three-phase series transformer and three-single
capable of providing reactive power compensation to a power phase shell-type power transformers. The CPAT combines a
system. It injects an almost sinusoidal voltage with variable shunt, a series and an isolation transformer into a single
amplitude. It is equivalent to an inductive or a capacitive transformer. The main advantage of the CPAT over a
reactance in series with the transmission line. The conventional UPFC solution, based on using multiple
STATCOM is connected in shunt. The magnitude of bus transformers, can be summarized in terms of reduction of core
voltage depends on reactive power flowing from shunt material, winding and manufacturing cost. The CPAT can
inverter. Thus, by controlling the reactive power in shunt replace distribution transformers to provide services that will
inverter, the magnitude of bus voltage can be controlled. help maintain power system stability and reliability.
with DC bank capacitor is shown in figure 5. The amount of
losses in a power system is in primary and secondary
distribution lines. While transmission and sub-transmission
lines account for only about 30% of the total losses.
Therefore, the primary and secondary distribution systems
must be properly planned to ensure within limits. The
unexpected load increase was reflected in the increase of
technical losses above the normal level Losses are inherent to
the distribution of electricity and cannot be eliminated.
The 11 KV and 415 volt lines in rural areas are extended over
long distances to feed loads scattered over large areas. Thus,
the primary and secondary distributions lines in rural areas are
largely radial laid usually extend over long distances. This
results in high line resistance and therefore, high I2R losses in
the line. To overcome the transmission line losses most
versatile FACTS device is used i.e. UPFC. FACTS Controller
referred to as the Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC). It
utilizes the synchronous voltage sources to provide
comprehensive control of power flow in transmission systems.
Installing the UPFC can improve power transfer capability.
The UPFC is an advanced power system device capable of
providing simultaneous control of Instantaneous speed of
response voltage magnitude, active and reactive power flows
in an adaptive fashion.
The UPFC is the most versatile device which designed based Fig No 5 Simulation of UPFC using CPAT
on the combination of both series and shunt FACTS devices. 4.3 Result
Shunt FACTS device (Shunt Converter) or STATCOM (Static 4.3.1 Result of UPFC:
Synchronous Compensator) is used to control the reactive
power flow in the transmission line. Series FACTS device
(Series Converter) or SSSC (Static Synchronous Series
Compensator) is used to control the series injecting voltage
and phase angle which is injected to the transmission line
through series transformer. These two converters are
combined with a common dc link. This capacitor has small
energy storing capacity. So, active power generated by the
series converter should be equal to the active power flow
through the shunt converter.
4.2 Simulation of UPFC using CPAT
The Simulink model of UPFC using CPAT is shown in figure
6 Simulations of the proposed CPAT structures are evaluated
for power flow control applications and elimination of
transformer magnetizing current harmonics from the grid.
Furthermore, experimental results on a stiff grid shows the
capability of a CPAT to control power flow through its series
winding as well as provide harmonics and reactive power
compensation through its shunt winding. A three-phase back-
to-back converter was connected to the shunt and series
windings of the CPAT. The converter was connected in a
three-phase 4-wire topology to facilitate the capacity to inject
Fig.No 6 Result- Source Voltage & Current
triple harmonic current in the shunt windings.

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0.75MVAR. we can observed that the reactive power is

compensated by the UPFC.
4.4 Result of UPFC using CPAT

Fig.No 6 Result- Load Voltage & Current Fig.No 9 Result- Source Voltage & Current.

Fig.No 7 Result- Load Active & Reactive Power Fig.No 10 Result- Load Voltage & Current
Figure (5) & (6) the performance of the system when UPFC is Figure (9) & (10) the performance of the system when UPFC
connected to the transmission line. Figure (5) shows the using CPAT is connected to the transmission line. Figure (9)
source voltage @ the current while figure (46) same for the shows the source voltage @ the current while figure (10)
load. The source voltage is of 11kV while the voltage at same for the load. The source voltage is of 10kV while the
sending end is dropped to 10kV. Fig 8 shows the Active & voltage at sending end is increased to 11kV.
Reactive Power consumed by the load. Active power
received is 6MW and reactive power is of 0.75MVAR.

Fig.No 11 Result- Source Active & Reactive Power

Fig 11 shows the Active & Reactive Power by the source.
Active power transmitted is 12.74MW and reactive power is
Fig.No 8 Result- Source Active & Reactive Power of -1MVAR. We can observe that the reactive power is
Fig 8 shows the Active & Reactive Power by the source.
compensated by the UPFC.
Active power transmitted is 8MW and reactive power is of -

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[7] Mohamed Atef Elsaharty, Jose Ignacio Candela, and

Pedro Rodriguez, “Power System Compensation Using
a Power Electronics Integrated Transformer,”
http://www.ieee.org/publications, 2017, pp. 1-11.
[8] Cunping Wang, Xianggen Yin, Zhe Zhang, and
Minghao Wen, “A Novel Compensation Technology of
Static Synchronous Compensator Integrated With
Distribution Transformer”, IEEE,
,VOL.28,NO.2,APRIL2013, pp. 1032-1039.
[9] Yong Lu, Guochun Xiao, Xiongfei Wang, Frede
Blaabjerg, Dapeng Lu, “Control strategy for Single-
Fig.No 12 Result- Load Active & Reactive Power phase Transformerless Three-leg Unified Power Quality
Fig 12 shows the Active & Reactive Power consumed by the Conditioner Based on Space Vector
load. Active power received is 12MW and reactive power is Modulation”,http://www.ieee.org/publications, 2015,
of 3.5MVAR. pp. 1-10.
CONCLUSION [10] S D Round’, Q Yu, L E Norum, T M Undeland,
The Unified Power Flow Controller, from the viewpoint of “Performance Of A. Unified Power Flow Controller
conventional transmission compensation and control, is an Using A D-Q Control System”, in, IEEE Conference
apparatus that can provide simultaneous, real-time control of Publication No. 423, 1996, 29 April-3 May 1996,
all or any combination of the basic power system parameters pp.357- 362.
(transmission voltage, line impedance and phase angle) which
determine the transmittable power. This paper has presented
the CPAT-UPFC consisting of three single-phase CPATs
equipped with a back-to-back converter. Through the
available shunt and series windings in a CPAT, several
services can be supplied to the grid such as grid harmonic
currents elimination, reactive power compensation and power
flow control. The presented control architecture has been
evaluated through simulations and an experimental prototype
demonstrating the ability of a CPAT to operate as a UPFC.
The analysis, simulation and experimental results confirm the
CPAT-UPFC ability to provide the required services.

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