Digital Techniques/Electronic Instrument Systems

TRAINING DIRECTORATE
BASIC TRAINING CENTER PUBLICATIONS
Module 5
Digital Techniques/Electronic Instrument Systems
5.1 Electronic Instrument Systems
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5.1 Electronic Instrument System
Convention and Development
Before the period of

electronic controls,
most aircraft cockpit
instrument systems
were arranged in the
“classic T”
configuration as
shown in figure.
Additions to the
classic ‘T’ included a
turn coordinator (or a
turn and slip indicator,
and a Vertical Speed
Indicator (VSI) at the
bottom left and
bottom right
respectively as shown
in figure.
Larger aircraft, such as the 747 Classic use the same
classic ‘T’ configuration, except with the addition of a
Radio Altimeter, Standby Instruments and special features
on the standard instruments such as ILS, VOR guidance
indicators and a rising runway.
In these cases, the additional functionality has resulted
in the Artificial Horizon and Directional Gyro being
renamed to Attitude Direction Indicator (ADI) and
Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI) respectively.
The mechanical moving parts of the ADI and HSI are

operated by gyros and sensors placed appropriately
around the aircraft, and driven by control synchro
receivers in the body of the instrument.
Standby instruments and engine instrumentation are
conventionally placed in the centre of the panel, one
set being easily readable by both pilots.
Electronic Flight Instruments System (EFIS)
A full EFIS system (commonly called a

‘glass cockpit’) consists of a PFD and ND,
one each for each of the captain and first
officer, and an engine and a 2-screen
display system to replace the centrally
located conventional engine
instrumentation.
EADI and EHSI
The ability to manufacture
Cathode Ray Tubes (CRTs) in the
required size and reliability
resulted in the mechanical ADI
and HSI being replaced by
Electronic Attitude Direction
Indicator (EADI) and Electronic
Horizontal Situation Indicator
(EHSI).
PFD and ND
It was not long before manufacturers realised the full
potential of electronic instrumentation.
The EADI was integrated with speed (IAS) information
with stall and overspeed visual warnings, altitude and
vertical speed information, and autopilot and other
annunciation.
All information required to fly the aircraft is supplied on
one screen. The name is changed to the more appropriate
Primary Flying Display (PFD).
The EHSI was integrated with ILS, VOR and flight

plan MAP information, colour coded for easier and
more instantaneous mode recognition, aircraft
speeds (GS and TAS) and heading/track
information in digital format, and annunciation of
which NAV equipment is supplying the data.
All information required to navigate the aircraft is

supplied on one screen.
Selectable alternative configurations enabled the
pilot to view the display in either full rose or in
sector format, with variable ranging rings
indicated.
The name is changed to the more appropriate
Navigation Display (ND)
Boeing PFD Boeing ND
Airbus PFD Airbus ND
The ND can be integrated with terrain information
from a Worldwide mesh terrain database,
(EGPWS), with weather radar information
(including local ground mapping) and traffic
information (ACAS/TCAS).
In the case of the latter, the PFD and ND provides
Resolution Advisories in the event of a collision
threat.
The ND displaying terrain information and weather radar information
An EADI and EHSI on Boeing 737, among conventional instrumentation
A PFD and ND on a Boeing

777
The Boeing System

The Boeing system uses the Engine Indicating and
Crew Alert System (EICAS) to provide the latter.
The primary and secondary (upper and lower)
screens display primary engine data and secondary
engine data respectively, and also indicate visual
cautions, warnings and memos of aircraft system
status.
System synoptics are also displayed on these screens.
Boeing EFIS
The Boeing EFIS integration with aircraft systems, Flight Recorder and CMC
The Boeing EICAS

Primary and Secondary
displays
The Airbus System
The Airbus system uses the Electronic Centralised
Aircraft Monitor System (ECAM) to provide the
engine, system and synoptic information.
The primary and secondary (upper and lower)
screens; display primary engine data and secondary
engine data respectively, and also indicate visual
cautions, warnings and memos of aircraft system
status. System synoptics are also displayed on these
screens.
Airbus EFIS
layout
Airbus ECAM Primary and Secondary displays
Airbus ECAM
Fuel System
synoptic.

Digital Techniques/Electronic Instrument Systems

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TRAINING DIRECTORATE

BASIC TRAINING CENTER PUBLICATIONS

5.1 Electronic Instrument Systems

Before the period of

The mechanical moving parts of the ADI and HSI are

A full EFIS system (commonly called a

The EHSI was integrated with ILS, VOR and flight

All information required to navigate the aircraft is

Boeing PFD Boeing ND

Airbus PFD Airbus ND

The ND displaying terrain information and weather radar information

An EADI and EHSI on Boeing 737, among conventional instrumentation

A PFD and ND on a Boeing

The Boeing System

The Boeing EICAS

Airbus ECAM Primary and Secondary displays

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