Jurnal Hukum Laut Kel.2 (Bahasa Indonesia)
Jurnal Hukum Laut Kel.2 (Bahasa Indonesia)
Jurnal Hukum Laut Kel.2 (Bahasa Indonesia)
JURNAL
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ABSTRAK
Exclusive Economic Zone is an important matter for Indonesia as an archipelagic country
largest in the world. Indonesia has tremendous wealth potential, especially in the region the
sea. The potential is in the form of oil and gas and minerals in addition to fisheries. This
potential will be very beneficial to improve people's welfare and strength Indonesian nation.
Indonesia's geographical position has a strategic value both economically and global
politics. Indonesia borders with 11 neighboring countries very positive, but there is also a
downside if it is not managed properly, integrated and comprehensive.
A. INTRODUCTION
In general, EEZ ish a zone covering an area of 200 nautical miles from a shoreline state,
in which a coastal state has the right to property nature in it and a zone that extends 200
nautical miles from the coastline, which is deep the zone a coastal state has rights to natural
resources in it, and is entitled use its legal policy, freedom of navigation, fly over it, or carry
out the planting of cables and pipes.
Since Indonesia announced its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) on March 21, 1980, until
now, Indonesia cannot be said to be sovereign over the 200 mile EEZ claim. This EEZ
determination has actually caused problems with neighboring countries such as Malaysia, the
Philippines, Vietnam and so on. The determination of the 200-mile EEZ boundary is indeed
very important for Indonesia to avoid future disputes related to increasing water and seabed
areas. Saving and safeguarding marine resources in such vast waters is a challenge for
Indonesia.
The factor that influences the implementation of security in water areas is the existence
of clear water boundaries. The unclear 200 mile EEZ boundary with neighboring countries
will causevarious difficulties as a result of territorial violations and illegal fishing by foreign
fishing vessels. Territorial violations and illegal fishing activities often create regional
tensions in the Southeast Asia region. After a long period of time, the 200 mile EEZ could be
formulated. EEZ does not qualify as a high sea but as a separate legal provision. More and
more countries have issued a 200 mile EEZ, then the current international customary law
formation process, the 200 mile EEZ has become international law of the sea2. Indonesia
followed in the footsteps of other countries and announced a 200 mile EEZ on March 21,
1980.
The EEZ announcement dated March 21, 1980 stated that the Indonesian EEZ was a
route outside the Indonesian territorial waters as stipulated under Law N0 4 / Prp. In 1960,
Indonesian waters with a width of 200 nautical miles were measured from the lines of the
Indonesian Sea Base. As a result of the implementation of this EEZ, the total area of
Indonesia in the form of land and water and the total contingency runway is around 8.5
million square km. Prior to Law N0 4 / Prp. In 1960, the Indonesian territory was only about
2 million square kilometers3.
So far, Indonesia has entered into a continental shelf boundary agreement and territorial
sea boundary agreement with neighboring countries. Indonesia's neighboring countries,
namely Vietnam, Australia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Papua New Guinea, are among the
90 countries that have announced a 200 mile EEZ. With this neighboring country, Indonesia
must determine the EEZ boundary in addition to having to complete several negotiations
regarding the delimitation of the continental shelf which is in process.
B. DISCUSSION
1. History of EEZ Development So
far, Indonesia has several kinds of national borders: air, land, sea and seabed. Based
on international law, we also have sovereignty over the airspace over land and sea areas. Its
total area is now approximately 5 million square kilometers. Compare that with the area of
air when Indonesia was proclaimed on17
August, 1945, which was only 2 million square kilometers.
This is a very extraordinary expansion. The land boundaries of Indonesia were
basically the boundaries agreed by the Dutch East Indies government with the British and
Portuguese governments during the colonial era, particularly in Kalimantan, Papua, and
Timor Island. Although these agreements are quite clear on paper, it is not easy to determine
their exact location and can create vulnerabilities.
On September 28, 1945 the President of the United States "Harry S. Truman" issued a
proclamation No.2667, "Policy of the United States with respect to the Natural Resources of
the Subsoil and Seabed of the Continental Shelf". With President Truman's proclamation this
year 1945 above began a development in the law of the sea, namely the geological definition
of "continental shelf".
The action of the President of the United States of America aims to reserve natural
resources on the seabed and the land beneath which borders the coast of the United States of
America for the benefit of the people and nation of the United States, especially mineral
wealth, especially oil and gas. This is in accordance with the contents of the proclamation
which in essence is: It is appropriate for such action to be taken by the coastal state because
the "continental shelf" can be considered a natural continuation of the land area and after all
efforts to manage the natural wealth contained therein require cooperation and protection
from the beach.
Thus, for the sake of security of control over natural resources contained in the
continental shelf, the power to regulate it should be in the coastal state bordering the land
concerned. "The United States' unilateral actions regarding the continental shelf and fisheries
as mentioned above have an effect on the development of the regime. the 200 mile EEZ law.
It is evident that the Latin American countries in filing their demands have put
forward several arguments aimed at protecting natural resources that are abundant in waters
as far as 200 miles, including the seabed and the land underneath. Argentina proposed the
"Epi Continental Sea" theory, then Ecuador, Chile and Peru put forward the "Bloma" theory,
which was followed by other Latin American countries, namely Mexico (1946), Honduras
(1950), Costa Rica (1950), El Salvador ( 1950).
As a follow-up to the demands of the Latin American countries, in 1952 a new
declaration was born, namely the "Santiago Declaration" which was signed by the
StatesDeclaration, namely the: Chile, Ecuador and Peru as the main motivation for the
demands of the three states participating in the Santiagoexercise of exclusive jurisdiction
over Natural resources resources (biological and non-living resources) that exist in the waters
as far as 200 nautical miles. Which sources are very useful for the implementation of
development in the countries participating in the declaration.
In this case the strong maritime countries, such as the United States, the Soviet
Union, Britain, Japan and West Germany argued with their opinion that the 200 mile EEZ
should be a free sea with the following provisions:
a. Coastal states are given certain powers of natural wealth.
b. Freedom of the oceans, including the freedom to use them for military purposes, remains
guaranteed for all nations.
Meanwhile, coastal states, especially countries that are members of the 77 (G-77) group,
have also persistently maintained their opinion that the EEZ concept is the voice of a generic
conception that has a special regime regarding the rights and obligations of their countries.
Thus the countries that are members of the 77 group (G-77) continue to oppose the
preservation of the free sea status for the EEZ, even though they recognize several freedoms
on the high seas on the condition that these rights must be clearly and explicitly specified.
Hasjim Djalal said that landlocked states and geographically disadvantaged states demand
the same rights as coastal states, not only in the field of fisheries but also for other marine
resources. on the ocean floor.
So we can understand that the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) was first
implemented by the Kenyan state at the Asian-African Legal Constitutive Committee which
took place in January 1971 and also at the United Nations Sea Bed Committee which took
place in 1972. This
proposal from the Kenyan state received support. from many Asian countries as well
as Africa. At about the same time, many Latin American countries began to develop a similar
concept of the patrimonial sea. The two similar concepts emerged effectively when
UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea) began.
The boundaries of marine waters in Indonesia began in 1957 when the Juanda
declaration was issued which gave birth to the concept of the Archipelago Concept. In the
Juanda declaration, it has been determined that the territorial waters of Indonesia are 12 miles
(19.3 km) from the coastline of each island in Indonesia to the outermost point. However, the
regulation regarding the boundary of Indonesian marine waters that has been stipulated is not
issued immediately. Regulations regarding the boundaries of waters or the Indonesian
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) were only issued in 1980, which is 200 miles (321.8 km)
long as measured from the base of the Indonesian sea area. In this EEZ, Indonesia has the
right to explore and exploit natural resources on the surface and on the seabed as well as to
conduct research on biological resources and other marine resources.
Generally, ZEE Adalah a zone covering an area of 200 nautical miles from a shoreline
state, in which a coastal state has the right to property nature in it and a zone that extends
200 nautical miles from the coastline, which is deep the zone a coastal state has rights to
natural resources in it, and is entitled use its legal policy, freedom of navigation, fly over it,
or carry out the planting of cables and pipes.
An area boundary is defined as 200 miles from the base of the sea area, where the
state has the right to the natural resources in it, has the right to use and enforce all its legal
policies, and has the freedom to navigate and fly over the area.
Measurement of the EEZ distance is carried out when sea water is in a receding state.
Indonesia's EEZ boundaries were only officially enforced in 1980. This rule also covers all
the rights of the Indonesian government in regulating all forms of exploitation activities that
exist in natural resources on the surface, at the bottom, and under the sea, as well as the right
to conduct research on resources. biological resources or other marine resources in it.
In Law No. 5 of 1983 concerning the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), it is an area
outside and adjacent to the territorial sea which is subject to alegal regime
specialestablished based on the rights and jurisdiction of the coastal state and the rights and
freedoms of other countries. . (CHAPTER V article 55)
The Exclusive Economic Zone is a zone not more than 200 nautical miles wide
calculated from the baseline.
In this Exclusive Economic Zone, the coastal state has exclusive sovereign rights for
the purposes of exploration and exploitation of natural resources as well as certain
jurisdiction over:
1. The construction and use of artificial islands, installations and
buildings. 2. Marine scientific research.
3. Protection and preservation of the marine environment.
The Exclusive Economic Zone is measured when sea water is receding. In this
Exclusive Economic Zone, the Indonesian government has the right to regulate all
exploration activities as well as exploitation of natural resources at sea level, on the seabed
and also under the sea, as well as to conduct research on biological resources and other
marine resources. In this 200-mile Exclusive Economic Zone, the coastal state has the right to
natural resources in the sea area and also has the right to exercise its legal policies, freedom
of navigation, fly over it or plant cables and
pipes.
3. Function of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
Based on what we have discussed above, the function of the implementation of the Exclusive
Economic Zone can be interpreted as follows:
∙ With the enactment of the Exclusive Economic Zone, all natural resources in the sea
zone belong to the state. beach. In it also applies all forms of legal policies in which
there are regulations regarding freedom of navigation and flying over the area, as well
as carrying out activities of planting cables and pipes under the sea.
∙ Give the state rights over the creation and use of artificial islands, installations, and the
structures contained therein.
∙ The state is allowed to carry out various marine research, protect and conserve the
marine environment in accordance with the limits set in the Exclusive Economic
Zone.
∙ All communities living in the Exclusive Economic Zone area are allowed to make a
living and meet the potential needs of marine biota in it. However, it must still
comply with the laws and regulations in force in that country.
∙ EEZ has a function as a medium for defense and security of marine areas from the
defense and military sectors. For the Indonesian state itself, of course this will
provide benefits, because Indonesia is an archipelago that has a very large marine
area as well.
The outer boundary of the territorial sea of the EEZ is 200 miles and should not
exceed that of the baseline where the territorial coast has been determined. The wording of
this provision suggests that 200 nautical miles is the maximum limit of the EEZ.
From this zone astate coastalhas the right to natural wealth in therein, and reserves
the right to use its statutory discretion, freedom of navigation, to fly on on it, or planting
cables and pipes. The concept of the EEZ emerged from urgent need.
The concept of the EEZ has been far ahead of Kenya for the first time Asian-African
Legal Constitutive Committee in January 1971, and at Sea Bed TheCommittee UNthe
following year. The main provisions in the Law of the Sea Convention are related to EEZ is
contained in the 5th part of the convention. Around 1976 the idea of ZEE was
enthusiastically received by most of the UNCLOS members, they have been generously
universal acknowledges the existence of EEZ without waiting for UNCLOS to end or
impose convention.
Universal designation of an EEZ area of 200 nautical miles would provide at least
36% of the total sea area. Although this is a relatively small portion, within an area of 200
nautical miles given represents about 90% of all commercial fish deposits, 87% of the
savings world oil, and 10% manganese deposits. In the context of state sovereignty, EEZ is
in contrast to the territorial sea which is bounded as far as 12 miles from the coastline
according to law international.
In Indonesia, the EEZ boundary itself was only officially enforced in 1980.
Regulations This also includes all the rights of the Indonesian government in regulating all
forms of activity exploitation of natural resources on the surface, at the bottom, and under
the sea, as well as the right to conduct research on biological resources or other marine
resources is in it. There is a delimitation of the EEZ exclusive economic zone: The outer
boundary of the area the EEZ zone is the outer boundary of the territorial sea area. This
outer boundary zone is definitely not allowed more than 200 miles of sea area or the
equivalent of 370.4 km of baseline, or the area of coast territories that have previously been
determined and mutually agreed upon.
The current frontier is that countries cannot claim 200 nautical miles in full with the
reason because it intersects with neighboring countries. If this has happened, then the
restrictions on the area will be regulated in international maritime law.
In principle, the entire island area can be made into an EEZ, but there are several
which should be considered Although in principle islands can be designated as EEZ, but
there is a Law of the Sea Convention that says if the whole rock can't provide benefits and
advantages in human life or in terms of life them, the island is prohibited from being used as
an Exclusive Economic Zone area.
In exercising their rights and obligations in the exclusive economic zone, the coastal
state must pay attention to the rights and obligations of other countries and act in accordance
with the provisions of the convention. In addition, the coastal state has the following rights
and obligations to enforce laws and regulations:
1. Board, conduct inspections, detain and submit to court the ships and their crews.
2. That the vessels and their crews that are detained will be released immediately after
payment of the security deposit.
3. In carrying out the detention of foreign ships, the coastal State shall immediately notify the
representative of the flag State of the ship of the action taken and the fine imposed. 4. In the
absence of an international agreement, the coastal state for violating fishing laws and
regulations from the Exclusive Economic Zone is not allowed to carry out imprisonment.
The rights and obligations of Indonesia as a coastal state according to law, are as follows:
1.All countries are free in shipping, aviation, laying cables and pipes under the sea and
other international freedoms related to the operation of aircraft and cable ships and
pipe under the sea. All countries in exercising their rights and obligations in
Indonesia's EEZ must respect the rights and obligations of the Indonesian state in the
fields regulated by the Convention on the Law of the Sea or other International Law
(article 58 paragraph 1, 2).
2. If a dispute occurs between the Indonesian state and other countries in the Indonesian
EEZ, it must be resolved on the basis of justice (equitable solution) by taking into
account all related conditions (article 59).
In the framework of preserving living natural resources in the Exclusive Economic Zone,
the 1982 Sea Law Convention requires Indonesia to:
1. Determine the amount of fish that can be caught (the coastal state shall determine the
allowable catch of the living resources in its exclusive economic zone).
2. By using the best scientific data (the best scientific evidence available to it), the best
that can be provided must prevent over-exploitation with preservation and proper
management of living natural resources. If necessary, it is suggested or recommended
to cooperate with other countries or international organizations either subregional,
regional or global (as appropriate, the coastal state and competent international
organization, whether subregional or global, shall co-operate to this end).
rights according to the Indonesian dictionary are rights that have the highest power
over a state or regional government.
The definition of sovereign rights according to article 56 paragraph 1 letter (a) United
Nations Conventions On The Law Of The Sea 1982 is the right that has the highest power
over the needs of exploration and management of natural resources, whether living or non-
living from waters above the seabed and the ground beneath it.
EEZ is part of Indonesia's jurisdiction where Indonesia has sovereign rights. Further
provisions regarding this sovereign right are implemented based on the provisions of
statutory regulations and international law.
Sovereign Rights of Coastal States
Then Article 56 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
("UNCLOS") which has been ratified by Law Number 17 of 1985 concerning Ratification of
the United Nations Convention On The Law of The Sea (United Nations Convention - Nation
concerning the Law of the Sea) states the jurisdiction and duties of the coastal states in the
EEZ region as follows. In the exclusive economic zone, the coastal State has:
Sovereign rights for the purposes of exploration and exploitation, conservation and
management of natural resources, both living and non-living, from the waters above the
seabed and from the seabed and the land beneath them and with respect to other activities for
the purposes of exploration and economic exploitation of the zone, such as the production of
energy from water, currents and wind. The jurisdiction as defined in the relevant provisions
of this Convention with respect to: the manufacture and use of artificial islands, installations
and structures;
marine scientific research;
protection and preservation of the marine environment;
Other rights and obligations as defined in this Convention.
In exercising their rights and fulfilling their obligations under this Convention in the
exclusive economic zone, the coastal State shall take due account of the rights and
obligations of other States and shall act in a manner consistent with the provisions of this
Convention.
The rights stated in this article with respect to the seabed and the land under it must be
exercised in accordance with Chapter VI.
In addition, Article 61 point 1 of UNCLOS reads: "The coastal State must determine
the amount of catch of biological resources that can be allowed in its exclusive economic
zone."
With regard to supervision in the EEZ region, Article 73 number 1 UNCLOS regulates the
jurisdiction of coastal States as follows:
The coastal State may, in exercising its sovereign rights to explore, exploit, conserve and
manage living resources in the exclusive economic zone take such actions, including
boarding ships, inspecting, arresting and carrying out judicial proceedings, as necessary to
ensure compliance with laws and regulations.an invitation which it establishes in accordance
with the provisions of this Convention.
Yoshifumi Tanaka in his book The International Law of the Sea summarizes the sovereign
rights of the coastal state as referred to in UNCLOS:
The sovereign rights of the coastal state can only be exercised in the EEZ region.
The sovereign rights of the coastal state are limited to matters governed by international law
(ratione materiae).
The coastal state can exercise legislative functions and exercise jurisdiction. The coastal
state can exercise its sovereign rights in the EEZ region to everyone regardless of their
nationality (so there is no limitation ratione personae). The sovereign rights of the coastal
state over the EEZ area are something exclusive in the sense that their implementation
requires the approval of the coastal state. It is true that other countries have the right to
access natural resources within the EEZ of a coastal state. [4] However, this can only be
done with the permission of the coastal state. So that it can be concluded, the rights of
coastal states in the EEZ region are only related to the needs of exploration, exploitation,
conservation and management of biological resources as mentioned above. Thus, the coastal
State cannot exercise its jurisdiction beyond these purposes.
Sovereign rights:
1. Additional zone
2. Exclusive economic zone
3. The continental shelf
Additional zone
- Sovereign rights are not sovereign rights
- Sovereign in several aspects related to supervision for: customs, fiscal, immigration, the
exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf
- Sovereign rights are not sovereignty
- Sovereign in the exploitation and exploration of natural resources
- Rights of other countries exist: navigation rights and rights to laying submarine or
pipelines, and so on.
C. CLOSING
A. CONCLUSION
EEZ is a zone with an area of 200 nautical miles from the coastline of a country, in which
a coastal state has rights to natural resources in it and a zone covering an area of 200 nautical
miles from the coastline, which is in that zone a coastal state. has rights to natural resources in
it, and has the right to use its legal policy, freedom of navigation, to fly over it, or to plant
cables and pipes.
The concept of Indonesia's EEZ is contained in the announcement of the EEZ on March
21, 1980. The EEZ 200 mile announcement contains several points regarding the
determination of Indonesia's EEZ pathway, sovereign rights to carry out exploration and
exploitation, the implementation of these sovereign rights, recognition of certain freedoms
and willingness to hold negotiations regarding the determination of boundaries between
neighboring countries.
The points raised are based on international provisions regarding the 200 mile EEZ regime,
the formulation of which is contained in Chapter V INCT (Informal Composite Negotiating
Text) articles 55-75. The announcement regarding the 200 mile EEZ stated that the
Indonesian EEZ is a route outside the sea territory of Indonesia as stipulated under Law No.
4 / Prp. In 1960, Indonesian waters with a width of 200 nautical miles were measured from
the lines of the Indonesian Sea Base.
As a result of the implementation of this EEZ, the total area of Indonesia in the form of
land and water and the total contingency runway is around 8.5 million square km. Prior to
Law N0 4 / Prp. In 1960, the Indonesian territory was only about 2 million square kilometers.
Problems arising from the implementation of the 200 mile EEZ have to do with maritime
boundaries and the continental shelf with neighboring countries. Indonesia as a coastal
country realizes the importance of this, so that in this framework an agreement to determine
the boundaries of the sea area, continental shelf and EEZ 200 miles was held.
Indonesia has entered into continental shelf boundary agreements and territorial sea
boundary agreements with neighboring countries such as Vietnam, Australia, Malaysia, the
Philippines and Papua New Guinea. With neighboring countries, Indonesia has established
EEZ boundaries to reduce regional tensions in Southeast Asia, due to overlapping claims
country. Until now, Indonesia still leaves several border problems with several neighboring
countries.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
∙ Pusat Data dan Analisa Tempo.2019.Sejarah Zona Ekonomi Ekslusif.Jakarta:Tempo
Publishing.
∙ Detail Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif,https://kamus.tokopedia.com
∙ Dwi S,Joko.2018.”Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif (ZEE) Dalam Proses Maritim Dan Tol
Laut:Jurnal Saintek Maritim Volume XVIII (hlm.6-7).Semarang:STIMART “AMNI”
Semarang.
∙ https://jurnalmaritim.com/
∙ https://media.neliti.com/
∙ http://perspektif-hukum.hangtuah.ac.id/
∙ Dimyati Hartono (1977). Hukum Laut Internasional, Jakarta : Bhratara karya Akasara.
Hadi Soesastro, AR Sutopo (ed), (1981).
∙ Strategi dan Hubungan Internasional Indonesia dan Kawasan Asia Pasitik. Jakarta :
CSIS. Hasyim Djalal, (1978).
∙ Perjuangan Indonesia di Bidang Hukum Laut, Jakarta : Deplu.
∙ http:// id. Wikisource.org/wiki/ “Deklarasi Pemerintah Indonesia mengenai Zona
Ekonomi Eksklusif Indonesia”,
∙ Dinamika Asia Tenggara Menuju 2015, Yogyakarta : Pustaka Pelajar. ∙ Mochtar
Kusumaatmadja, (1978). Hukum Laut Internasional, Bandung : Karya Nusantara.
∙ Undang- undang N0 4/Prp. Tahun 1960, tentang Perairan Indonesia.
FAKULTAS HUKUM
UNVERSITAS ISLAM RIAU
PEKANBARU
2021
NAMA KELOMPOK:
20) ADITYA PRATAMA ( 181010653)
ABSTRAK
Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif merupakan hal yang penting bagi Indonesia sebagai Negara
Kepulauan terbesar di dunia. Indonesia memiliki potensi kekayaan yang luar biasa, terutama di
wilayah lautnya. Potensi itu berupa kandungan minyak dan gas serta mineral di samping
perikanan. Potensi ini akan sangat bermanfaat untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat
dan kekuatan bangsa Indonesia. Posisi geografis Indonesia memiliki nilai strategis baik secara
ekonomi maupun politik global. Batas wilayah Indonesia yang berbatasan dengan 11 negara
tetangga sangat positif, namun juga ada sisi negatifnya apabila tidak dikelola dengan baik,
terpadu dan komprehensif.
A. PENDAHULUAN
Secara Umum , ZEE adalah zona yang luasnya sejauh 200 mil laut dari garis pantai suatu
negara, yang mana dalam zona tersebut sebuah negara pantai mempunyai hak atas kekayaan
alam di dalamnya dan zona yang luasnya 200 mil laut dari garis dasar pantai, yang mana dalam
zona tersebut sebuah negara pantai mempunyai hak atas kekayaan alam di dalamnya, dan berhak
menggunakan kebijakan hukumnya, kebebasan bernavigasi, terbang di atasnya, ataupun
melakukan penanaman kabel dan pipa.
Sejak Indonesia mengumumkan Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif (ZEE) pada tanggal 21 Maret 1980
sampai sekarang, Indonesia belum dapat dikatakan berdaulat atas klaim ZEE 200 mil. Penetapan
ZEE ini ternyata telah menimbulkan permasalahan dengan Negara-negara tetangga seperti
dengan Malaysia, Filipina, Vietnam dan sebagainya. Penetapan batas ZEE 200 mil memang
sangat penting bagi Indonesia untuk menghindarkan dari persengketaan di kemudian hari terkait
dengan wilayah perairan dan dasar laut yang bertambah. Penyelamatan dan pengamanan
terhadap sumber-sumber kekayaan laut dalam perairan yang begitu luas merupakan tantangan
bagi Indonesia.
Faktor yang mempengaruhi pelaksanaan pengamanan wilayah perairan adalah adanya batas-
batas perairan yang jelas. Ketidakjelasan batas ZEE 200 mil dengan Negara tetangga akan
menimbulkan berbagai kesulitan sebagai akibat terjadinya pelanggaran wilayah dan pencurian-
pencurian ikan oleh kapal-kapal penangkap ikan asing. Pelanggaran wilayah serta aktifitas
pencurian ikan sering kali menimbulkan ketegangan regional di wilayah Asia Tenggara.
Setelah memakan waktu cukup lama ZEE 200 mil dapat dirumuskan. ZEE tidak
dikualifikasikan sebagai laut bebas tetapi sebagai suatu ketentuan hukum tersendiri. Makin
banyak Negara yang mengumunkan ZEE 200 mil, maka proses pembentukan hukum kebiasaan
internasional dewasa ini, ZEE 200 mil telah menjadi hukum laut internasional2 . Indonesia
mengikuti jejak Negara-negara lainnya dan mengumumkan ZEE 200 mil pada tanggal 21 Maret
1980.
Pengumuman tentang ZEE tanggal 21 Maret 1980 mengemukanan bahwa ZEE Indonesia
ialah jalur di luar laut wilayah Indonesia sebagaimana ditetapkan berdasarkan UU N0 4/Prp.
Tahun 1960 tetang perairan Indonesia dengan lebar 200 mil laut diukur dari garis-garis Pangkal
laut Wilayah Indonesia. Akibat penerapan ZEE ini, luas wilayah Indonesia baik berupa darat
maupun air dan landas kontimen secara keseluruhan menjadi sekitar 8,5 juta km persegi.
Sebelum UU N0 4/Prp. Tahun 1960 diterapkan wilayah Indonesia hanya sekitar 2 Juta Km
persegi3 .
Sejauh ini Indonesia telah mengadakan perjanjian batas landas kontinen dan perjanjian batas
laut wilayah dengan Negara-negara tetangga. Negara-negara tetangga Indonesia yaitu Vietnam,
Australia, Malaysia, Filipina dan Papua Nugini termasuk 90 negara yang telah ,mengumumkan
ZEE 200 mil. Dengan Negara tetangga ini Indonesia harus mengadakan penetapan batas ZEE
selain harus menyelesaikan beberapa perundingan mengenai penetapan batas landas kontinen
yang sedang dalam proses.
B. PEMBAHASAN
1. Sejarah Perkembangan ZEE
Selama ini Indonesia memiliki beberapa macam perbatasan nasional: udara, darat,laut,
dan dasar laut. Berlandaskan hukum internasional, kita juga mempunyaikedaulatan atas wilayah
udara di ataswilayah darat dan wilayah lautnya. Luas keseluruhannya sekarang kira-kira 5 juta
kilometer persegi. Bandingkan dengan luas udara saat Indonesiadiproklamasikan pada 17
Agustus 1945,yang hanya 2 juta kilometer persegi.
Ini suatu perluasan yang sangat luar biasa. Batas wilayah darat Indonesia pada dasarnya
adalah batas yang disepakati oleh pemerintah Hindia Belanda dengan pemerintah Inggris dan
Portugal di zaman kolonial, khususnya di Kalimantan Papua, dan Pulau Timor. Walaupun
perjanjian-perjanjian tersebut cukup jelas di atas kertas, tidak mudah menentukanletaknya yang
pasti dan bias menimbulkan kerawanan.
Pada tanggal 28 September 1945 Presiden Amerika Serikat “Harry S. Truman” telah
mengeluarkan suatu proklamasi No.2667,“Policy of the United States with respect to the Natural
Resources of the Subsoil and Seabed of the Continental Shelf”.Dengan proklamasi Presiden
Truman tahun 1945 di atas dimulailah suatu perkembangan dalam hukum Laut yakni pengertian
geologi “continental shelf” atau daratan kontinen.
Tindakan Presiden Amerika serikat ini bertujuan mencadangkan kekayaan alam pada
dasar laut dan tanah dibawahnya yang berbatasan dengan pantai Amerika Serikat untuk
kepentingan rakyat dan bangsa Amerika Serikat,terutama kekayaan mineral khususnya minyak
dan gas bumi. Hal tersebut sesuai dengan isi dari proklamasi tersebut yang pada pokoknya
adalah : Sudah selayaknya tindakan demikian diambil oleh negara pantai karena “continental
shelf” dapat dianggap sebagai kelanjutan alamiah daripada wilayah daratan dan bagaimanapun
juga usaha-usaha untuk mengelola kekayaan alam yang terdapat didalamnya memerlukan
kerjasama dan perlindungan dari pantai.
Dengan demikian maka demi keamanan penguasaaan sember daya alam yang terdapat
dari dalam continental shelf, seyogyanya kekuasaan untuk mengaturnya ada pada negara pantai
yang berbatasan dengan daratan yang bersangkutan”.Tindakan sepihak Amerika Serikat
mengenai landas Kontinen dan perikanan sebagaimana disebutkan di atas, berpengaruh terhadap
perkembangan rezim hukum ZEE 200 mil tersebut.
Hal ini terbukti bahwa negara-negara Amerika Latin dalam mengajukan tuntutan mereka
telah mengemukakan beberapa argumentasi yang bertujuan untuk melindungi sumber-sumber
kekayaan alam yang banyak terdapat diperairan sejauh 200 mil, termasuk dasar laut dan tanah di
bawahnya. Argentina mengajukan teori “Epi Continental Sea”, kemudian Ekuador, Chili dan
Peru mengemukakan teori “Bloma”, yang selanjutnya diikuti oleh negaranegara Amerika Latin
lainnya, yakni Meksiko (1946), Honduras (1950), Costa Rica (1950), El Salvador (1950).
Sebagai tindak lanjut dari tuntutan negara-negara Amerika Latin maka pada tahun 1952
lahirlah suatu deklarasi baru yakni “Deklarasi Santiago” yang ditandatangani oleh Negara-
Negara : Chili, Ekuador dan Peru sebagai motivasi utama tuntutan ketiga Negara peserta
deklarasi Santiago ini adalah pelaksanaan jurisdiksi ekslusif terhadap sumber-sumber kekayaan
alam (daya hayati maupun non hayati) yang terdapat diperairannya yang sejauh 200 mil
laut.Sumber-sumber mana sangat bermanfaat bagi pelaksanaan pembangunan di negara-negara
peserta deklarasi tersebut.
Dalam hal ini negara-negara maritim yang kuat, seperti Amerika Serikat, Uni Soviet,
Inggris, Jepang dan Jerman Barat bersitegang dengan pendapatnya bahwa ZEE 200 mil harus
merupakan laut bebas dengan ketentuan :
a. Negara-negara pantai diberi wewenang tertentu kekayaan alamnya.
b. Kebebasan lautan, termasuk kebebasan menggunakannya untuk kepentingan militer, tetap
terjamin bagi semua bangsa.
Sedangkan Negara-negara pantai terutama negara-negara yang tergabung dalam kelompok 77
(G-77) dengan gigih pula tetap mempertahankan pendapatnya bahwa konsep ZEE merupakan
suara konsepsi suigeneris yang memiliki rezim khusus mengenai hak-hak dan kewajiban-
kewajiban negaranya.
Dengan demikian negara-negara yang tergabung dalam kelompok 77 (G-77) dengan tetap
menentang dipertahankannya status laut bebas bagi ZEE, walaupun mengakui beberapa
kebebasan dilaut lepas dengan ketentuan bahwa hak-hak tersebut harus diperinci secara jelas dan
tegas.
Hasjim Djalal mengatakan bahwa negara-negara tak berpantai (landlocked States) dan negar-
negara secara geografis tidak beruntung (geographically disadvantaged States) menuntut hak-hak
yang sama dengan negara-negara pantai, tidak saja dibidang perikanan tetapi juga terhadap
sumber-sumber kekayaan laut lainnya di dasar laut.
Jadi dapat kita pahami bahwasannya Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif (ZEE) pertama kali
diterapkan oleh negara Kenya pada Asian-African Legal Constitutive Committee yang
berlangsung pada bulan Januari 1971 dan juga pada Sea Bed Committee PBB yang berlangsung
pada tahun 1972.
Proposal dari negara Kenya ini menerima dukungan dari banyak negara Asia dan juga
Afrika. Pada waktu yang hampir bersamaan, banyak negara Amerika Latin mulai membangun
sebuah konsep serupa atas laut patrimonial. Kedua konsep yang serupa tersebut muncul secara
efektif ketika UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea) dimulai.
Batas perairan laut di Indonesia berawal pada tahun 1957 saat pengeluaran deklarasi
Juanda yang melahirkan konsep Wawasan Nusantara. Dalam deklarasi Juanda tersebut, telah
ditetapkan bahwa batas perairan wilayah Indonesia adalah 12 mil (19,3 km) dari garis dasar
pantai pada masing-masing pulau di Indonesia sampai dengan titik yang paling luar. Namun,
aturan mengenai batas perairan laut Indonesia yang sudah ditetapkan tersebut tidak langsung
dikeluarkan. Aturan mengenai batas perairan atau Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif (ZEE) Indonesia
baru dikeluarkan pada tahun 1980, yaitu sepanjang 200 mil (321,8 km) yang diukur dari pangkal
wilayah laut Indonesia. Pada ZEE ini, Indonesia memiliki hak untuk melakukan eksplorasi dan
eksploitasi sumber daya alam di permukaan dan di dasar laut serta mengadakan penelitian
sumber daya hayati maupun sumber daya laut lainnya.
Secara Umum , ZEE adalah zona yang luasnya sejauh 200 mil laut dari garis pantai suatu
negara, yang mana dalam zona tersebut sebuah negara pantai mempunyai hak atas kekayaan
alam di dalamnya dan zona yang luasnya 200 mil laut dari garis dasar pantai, yang mana dalam
zona tersebut sebuah negara pantai mempunyai hak atas kekayaan alam di dalamnya, dan berhak
menggunakan kebijakan hukumnya, kebebasan bernavigasi, terbang di atasnya, ataupun
melakukan penanaman kabel dan pipa.
Suatu batas wilayah yang ditetapkan sepanjang 200 mil dari pangkalan wilayah laut, di
sana negara mempunyai hak atas kekayaan alam yang ada di dalamnya, berhak memanfaatkan
dan juga memberlakukan seluruh kebijakan hukumnya, serta mempunyai kebebasan bernavigasi
dan terbang diatas wilayah tersebut.
Pengukuran atas jarak ZEE ini dilakukan saat air laut berada dalam keadaan yang sedang
surut. Batas ZEE Indonesia sendiri baru secara resmi diberlakukan pada tahun 1980. Aturan ini
pun mencakupi seluruh hak pemerintahan Indonesia dalam mengatur segala bentuk aktivitas
eksploitasi yang ada pada sumber daya alam di dalam permukaan, di dasar, serta di bawah laut,
serta hak dalam melakukan penelitian sumber daya hayati ataupun sumber daya laut lain yang
ada di dalamnya.
Dalam Undang-Undang Nomor.5 Tahun 1983 tentang Zona Ekonomi Eksklsif (ZEE)
adalah suatu daerah diluar dan berdampingan dengan laut territorial yg tunduk pada rejim hukum
khusus yang ditetapkan berdasarkan pada hak-hak dan yurisdiksi negara pantai dan hak-hak serta
kebebasankebebasan negara lain. ( BAB V pasal 55)
Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif merupakan suatu zona selebar tidak lebih dari 200 mil laut yang
dihitung dari garis pangkal.
Di Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif ini negara pantai mempunyai hak- hak yang berdaulat yang
eksklusif untuk keperluan eksplorasi dan juga eksploitasi sumber daya alam dan juga yuridiksi
tertentu terhadap :
1. Pembuatan dan juga pemakaian pulau buatan, instalasi serta bangunan .
2. Riset ilmiah kelautan .
3. Perlindungan dan juga pelestarian lingkungan laut .
Zona Ekonomi Ekslusif ini diukur ketika air laut sedang surut. Pada Zona Ekonomi
Eksklusif ini pemerintah Indonesia memiliki hak untuk mengatur segala kegiatan eksplorasi dan
juga eksploitasi sumber daya alam di permukaan laut, di dasar laut dan juga di bawah laut, serta
mengadakan penelitian sumber dara hayati meupun sumber daya laut yang lainnya . Dalam Zona
Ekonomi Eksklusif yang luasnya 200 mil ini, maka negara pantai mempunyai hak atas kekayaan
alam yang ada di wilayah laut tersebut dan juga berhak menggunakan kebijakan hukumnya,
kebebasan bernavigasi, terbang di atasnya ataupun melakukan penanaman kabel dan juga pipa-
pipa .
3. Fungsi Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif (ZEE)
Berdasarkan yang sudah kita bahas di atas, maka fungsi dari diberlakukannya Zona Ekonomi
Eksklusif dapat diartikan sebagai berikut:
Dengan diberlakukannya Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif, maka seluruh kekayaan alam yang
berada di dalam zona laut tersebut adalah milik negara pantai. Didalamnya berlaku pula
seluruh bentuk kebijakan hukum yang di dalamnya terdapat peraturan mengenai
kebebasan bernavigasi dan juga terbang di atas wilayah tersebut, serta melakukan
aktivitas penanaman kabel dan pipa di bawah laut.
Memberikan hak negara atas pembuatan dan penggunaan pulau buatan, instalasi, dan
bangunan yang ada di dalamnya.
Negara diperbolehkan untuk melakukan berbagai riset kelautan, melindungi, serta
melestarikan lingkungan laut sesuai dengan batasan yang sudah ditetapkan di Zona
Ekonomi Eksklusif.
Seluruh masyarakat yang berada dalam kawasan Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif tersebut
diizinkan untuk melakukan mata pencaharian dan memenuhi kebutuhan kebutuhan
potensi biota laut yang ada di dalamnya. Tapi, tetap harus tunduk pada peraturan
perundang-undangan yang berlaku dalam negara tersebut.
ZEE mempunyai fungsi sebagai media pertahanan dan keamanan wilayah laut dari sektor
pertahanan dan militer. Untuk negara Indonesia sendiri, tentunya hal ini akan
memberikan keuntungan, karena negara Indonesia adalah negara kepulauan yang
mempunyai kawasan perairan laut yang sangat luas pula.
Batas luar dalam laut territorial dari ZEE adalah 200 mil dan tidak boleh melebihi dari itu
dari garis dasar dimana luas pantai territorial telah di tentukan. Kata-kata dalam ketentuan ini
menyarankan bahwa 200 mil laut adalah batas maksimum dari ZEE.
Dari zona tersebut sebuah negara pantai mempunyai hak atas kekayaan alam di
dalamnya, dan berhak menggunakan kebijakan hukumnya, kebebasan bernavigasi, terbang di
atasnya, ataupun melakukan penanaman kabel dan pipa. Konsep dari ZEE muncul dari
kebutuhan yang mendesak.
Konsep dari ZEE telah jauh diletakkan di depan untuk pertamakalinya oleh Kenya pada
Asian-African Legal Constitutive Committee pada Januari 1971, dan pada Sea Bed
Committee PBB pada tahun berikutnya. Ketentuan utama dalam Konvensi Hukum Laut yang
berkaitan dengan ZEE terdapat dalam bagian ke-5 konvensi tersebut. Sekitar tahun 1976 ide dari
ZEE diterima dengan antusias oleh sebagian besar anggota UNCLOS, mereka telah secara
universal mengakui adanya ZEE tanpa perlu menunggu UNCLOS untuk mengakhiri atau
memaksakan konvensi.
Penetapan universal wilayah ZEE seluas 200 mil laut akan memberikan setidaknya 36%
dari seluruh total area laut. Walaupun ini porsi yang relatif kecil, di dalam area 200 mil laut yang
diberikan menampilkan sekitar 90% dari seluruh simpanan ikan komersial, 87% dari simpanan
minyak dunia, dan 10% simpanan mangan. Dalam konteks kedaulatan negara, ZEE adalah
berbeda dengan laut teritorial yang batasnya sejauh 12 mil dari garis pantai sesuai hukum
internasional.
Di Indonesia batas ZEE sendiri baru secara resmi diberlakukan pada tahun 1980. Aturan
ini pun mencakupi seluruh hak pemerintahan Indonesia dalam mengatur segala bentuk aktivitas
eksploitasi yang ada pada sumber daya alam di dalam permukaan, di dasar, serta di bawah laut,
serta hak dalam melakukan penelitian sumber daya hayati ataupun sumber daya laut lain yang
ada di dalamnya. Terdapat delimitasu dari zona ekonomi eksklusif ZEE: Batas luar dalam area
zona ZEE berupakanbatas luar dari area laut teritorial. Zona batas luar ini sudah pasti tidak boleh
melebihi 200 mil wilayah laut atau setara dengan 370,4 km dari garis dasar, atau luas pantai
teritorial yang sebelumnya sudah ditentukan dan disepakati bersama.
Batasan saat ini berupa negara ada yang tidak bisa mengklaim 200 mil laut secara penuh
dengan alasan karena bersinggungan dengan negara tetangganya. Apabila hal ini sudah terjadi,
maka pembatasan atas wilayah tersebut akan diatur dalam hukum laut internasional.
Pulau-pulau prinsipnya seluruh area pulau bisa di jadikan sebagai ZEE tapi ada beberapa
yang harus di perhatikan Walaupun memang pada dasarnya pulau-pulau bisa ditetapkan sebagai
ZEE, tapi terdapat Konvensi Hukum Laut yang mengatakan jika seluruh batu yang tidak dapat
memberikan manfaat dan keuntungan dalam kehidupan manusia atau dalam segi kehidupan
mereka, maka pulau tersebut dilarang untuk dijadikan sebagai kawasan Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif.
Hak-hak dan kewajiban Indonesia sebagai negara pantai menurut hukum, sebagai berikut:
1. Semua negara bebas dalam pelayaran,penerbangan, meletakkan kabel dan pipa di bawah
laut dan kebebasan-kebebasan internasional lain yang berhubungan dengan
pengoperasian kapal-kapal pesawat terbang dan kabel serta pipa di bawah laut. Semua
negara dalam melaksanakan hak dan kewajiban di ZEE Indonesia harus menghormati hak
dan kewajiban negara Indonesia dalam bidang-bidang yang diatur oleh konvensi Hukum
Laut atau Hukum Internasional lainnya (pasal 58 ayat 1, 2).
2. Jika terjadi perselisihan antara negara Indonesia dengan negara-negara lain di ZEE
Indonesia harus diselesaikan atas dasar keadilan (equitable solution) dengan
memperhatikan semua keadaan yang berkaitan (pasal 59).
Dalam rangka pelestarian sumber daya alam hayati di Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif, Konvensi
Hukum Laut 1982 mewajibkan Indonesia untuk :
1. Menentukan jumlah ikan yang boleh di tangkap (the coastal state shall determine the
allowable catch of the living resources in its exclusive economic zone).
2. Dengan menggunakan data-data ilmiah (the best scientific evidence available to it)
terbaik yang dapat disediakan harus mencegah eksploitasi yang berlebihan (over-
exploitation) dengan tindakan pelestarian dan pengeloaan yang benar atas sumber daya
alam hayati. Jika perlu disarankan atau dianjurkan bekerja sama dengan negara atau
organisasi internasional lain baik subregional, regional maupun global (as appropriate,
the coastal state and competent international organization, whether subregional or global,
shall co-operate to this end).
Selanjutnya Konvensi Hukum Laut mewajibkan Indonesia sebagai negara pantai untuk
mengusahakan pemanfaatan secara optimum sumber daya alam hayati di ZEE (the coastal state
shall promote the objective of optimum utilization of the living resources in the ZEE without
prejudge...”) dengan cara-cara sebagai berikut :
1.Menentukan kapasitas atau kemampuan penangkapan pihak Indonesia sebagai negara
pantai di ZEE (the coastal state shall determine its capacity to harvest the living resources of the
EEZ). Dalam hal pihak Indonesia tidak mempunyai kemampuan memanen seluruh “allowable
catch” harus mengizinkan negara/ nelayan negara lain mengambil surplusnya (where the coastal
state does not have the capacity to harvest the entire allowabke catch, it shall, through
agreements or other arrangements and pursuant to the terms).
2.Pihak asing yang menangkap ikan di ZEE Indonesia harus tunduk kepada aturan- aturan
untuk pelestarian sumber alam hayati yang akan dibuat oleh pemerintah Indonesia, antara lain
menyangkut:
a. Lisensi Nelayan, jenis kapal dan perlengkapannya termasuk pembayaran uang perizinan yang
dapat berupa perlengkapan (alat) atau teknologi yang berhubungan dengan industri pengelolaan
ikan (licensing of fisherman, fishing vessels and equipmen, including payment of fees and other
forms of remuneration, which, in the case of developing coastal states, may consist of adequate
compensation in the field of financing, equipment and technology relating to the fishing industy).
b. Penentuan jenis ikan yang boleh ditangkap, kuota penangkapan dan waktu penangkapan
(determining the species which may be caught, and fixing quotas of catch, whether in relation to
particular stocks or groups of stocks or catch per vessel over a peiod of time...”).
c. Pengaturan musim dan daerah penangkapan, serta jumlah ukuran dan tipe kapal ikan
(regulating seasons and areas of fishing, the types, size and amount of gear, and the types sizes
and number of fishing vessels that may be used.”
d. Penentuan umur dan ukuran ikan serta jenis lain yang boleh ditangkap (fixing the age and size
of fish and other species that may be caught).
e. Keharusan memberikan informasi mengenai hasil dan kegiatan penangkapan serta laporan
posisi kapal (specifying information required of fishing vessels, including catch and effort
statistics and vessel position reports).
f. Pelaksanaan program penelitian perikanan tertentu dan pelaporan hasilnya (“... the conduct of
specified fisheries research programs and regulating the conduct of such research... and reporting
of associated...”).
g. Penempatan pengawasan atau pelajar praktek di kapal (the pacing of observers or trainees on
board...”).
h. Pendaratan sebagian atau seluruh hasil tangkapan di pelabuhan Indonesia sebagai negara
pantai (the landing of all or any part of the catch by such vessels in the ports of the coastal state)
i. Syarat-syarat “joint venture” atau bentuk kerjasama yang lain, (terms and conditions relating to
joint ventures or other co-operative arrangements)
j. Keharusan melatih personal dan alih teknologi, termasuk meningkatkan kemampuan Indonesia
untuk melakukan penelitian perikanan (requirements for the training of personnel and the
transfer of fisheries technology, including enchancement of the coastal state’s capability of
undertaking fisheries research); dan
k. Peraturan-peraturan penegakan hukum di laut (enforcement procedures).
Hak berdaulat menurut kamus Bahasa Indonesia adalah hak yang mempunyai kekuasaan
tertinggi di atas suatu pemerintahan negara atau daerah.
Pengertian hak berdaulat menurut pasal 56 ayat 1 huruf (a) United Nations Conventions On The
Law Of The Sea 1982 adalah hak yang mempunyai kekuasaan tertinggi atas keperluan eksplorasi
dan pengelolaan sumber kekayaan alam, baik hayat atau non-hayati dari perairan di atas dasar
laut dan tanah dibawahnya.
ZEE merupakan bagian dari wilayah yurisdiksi Indonesia di mana Indonesia memiliki
hak berdaulat. Ketentuan lebih lanjut mengenai hak berdaulat ini dilaksanakan berdasarkan
ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan dan hukum internasional.
Kemudian Pasal 56 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (“UNCLOS”)
yang telah diratifikasi oleh Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 1985 tentang Pengesahan United
Nations Convention On The Law Of The Sea (Konvensi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa tentang
Hukum Laut) menyebutkan yurisdiksi dan tugas dari negara pantai di wilayah ZEE sebagai
berikut. Dalam zona ekonomi eksklusif, Negara pantai mempunyai:
Hak-hak berdaulat untuk keperluan eksplorasi dan eksploitasi, konservasi dan pengelolaan
sumber kekayaan alam, baik hayati maupun non-hayati, dari perairan di atas dasar laut dan dari
dasar laut dan tanah di bawahnya dan berkenaan dengan kegiatan lain untuk keperluan eksplorasi
dan eksploritasi ekonomi zona tersebut, seperti produksi energi dari air, arus dan angin.
Yurisdiksi sebagaimana ditentukan dalam ketentuan yang relevan Konvensi ini berkenaan
dengan: pembuatan dan pemakaian pulau buatan, instalasi dan bangunan;
riset ilmiah kelautan;
perlindungan dan pelestarian lingkungan laut;
Hak dan kewajiban lain sebagaimana ditentukan dalam Konvensi ini.
Hak-hak yang tercantum dalam pasal ini berkenaan dengan dasar laut dan tanah di
bawahnya harus dilaksanakan sesuai dengan Bab VI.
Selain itu, Pasal 61 angka 1 UNCLOS berbunyi: “Negara pantai harus menentukan jumlah
tangkapan sumber kekayaan hayati yang dapat diperbolehkan dalam zona ekonomi
eksklusifnya.”