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AP-C Objectives (From College Board Learning Objectives For AP Physics)

This document discusses angular momentum and its conservation. It defines angular momentum and how to calculate it for particles and rigid objects. Angular momentum depends on the position and velocity of masses relative to a point of origin. For a rigid object rotating about its center of mass, angular momentum equals the object's moment of inertia multiplied by its angular velocity. Angular momentum is conserved when no external torques act on a system. Examples demonstrate how angular momentum is conserved when a skater pulls in their arms, reducing their moment of inertia and increasing angular velocity, and when two spinning discs stick together.

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Umar Shah
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56 views

AP-C Objectives (From College Board Learning Objectives For AP Physics)

This document discusses angular momentum and its conservation. It defines angular momentum and how to calculate it for particles and rigid objects. Angular momentum depends on the position and velocity of masses relative to a point of origin. For a rigid object rotating about its center of mass, angular momentum equals the object's moment of inertia multiplied by its angular velocity. Angular momentum is conserved when no external torques act on a system. Examples demonstrate how angular momentum is conserved when a skater pulls in their arms, reducing their moment of inertia and increasing angular velocity, and when two spinning discs stick together.

Uploaded by

Umar Shah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AP-C Angular Momentum

AP-C Objectives (from College Board Learning Objectives for AP Physics)


1. Calculating Angular Momentum
a. Calculate the angular momentum vector for a moving particle.
b. Calculate the angular momentum vector for a rotating rigid object where angular momentum is parallel to the angular velocity.
2. Conservation of Angular Momentum
a. Recognize conditions under which angular momentum is conserved and relate this to systems such as satellite orbits.
b. State the relation between net torque and angular momentum.
c. Analyze problems in which the moment of inertia of an object is changed as it rotates freely about a fixed axis.
d. Analyze a collision between a moving particle and a rigid object that can rotate.

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Calculating Angular Momentum

AP-C Objectives (from College Board Learning Objectives for AP Physics)


1. Calculate of Angular Momentum
a. Calculate the angular momentum vector for a moving particle.
b. Calculate the angular momentum vector for a rotating rigid object where angular momentum is parallel to the angular velocity.

Momentum
Momentum (p) is a vector describing how difficult it is to stop a moving object.
Total momentum is the sum of individual momenta.
A mass with velocity v has momentum p=mv.
m
v
Angular Momentum
Angular momentum (L) is a vector describing how difficult it is to stop a rotating object.
Total angular momentum is the sum of individual angular momenta.
r
A mass with velocity v moving at some position r about point Q has angular momentum LQ
Note that angular momentum depends on your point of origin!

        Q
LQ = r × p = r × mv = ( r × v )m LQ = mvr sinθ ⎯v=ωr
⎯⎯ →

LQ = mr 2 ω

Spin Angular Momentum


For an object rotating about its center of mass, L=Iω. This is an intrinsic property of an object rotating about its center of mass,
and is known as the object’s spin angular momentum. It is constant even if you calculate it relative to any point in space.

Angular Momentum of an Object in Circular Orbit


Find the angular momentum of a planet orbiting the sun,
assuming it follows a circular orbit.
Note
v2
       v1
LQ = r × p = r × mv = ( r × v )m → Use RHR to determine direction r2
of angular momentum vector
  
LQ = m r × v = mvr sinθ ⎯θ=90°⎯⎯ →
(into the plane of the paper). The
angular momentum is constant
r1 Q
 with respect to point Q.
LQ = mvr

Angular Momentum of a Point Particle


Find the angular momentum for a 5 kg point particle located at (2,2) with a velocity of 2 m/s east
A) about the origin (point O)
B) about point P at (2,0) Q
C) about point Q at (0,2)
 2
LO = mvr sinθ = (5)(2)(2 2)sin 45° = 20 kg•m s
 2 O P
LP = mvr sinθ = (5)(2)(2)sin90° = 20 kg•m s

LQ = mvr sinθ = (5)(2)(2)sin0° = 0

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Conservation of Angular Momentum

AP-C Objectives (from College Board Learning Objectives for AP Physics)


1. Conservation of Angular Momentum
a. Recognize conditions under which angular momentum is conserved and relate this to systems such as satellite orbits.
b. State the relation between net torque and angular momentum.
c. Analyze problems in which the moment of inertia of an object is changed as it rotates freely about a fixed axis.
d. Analyze a collision between a moving particle and a rigid object that can rotate.

Relationship Between Angular Momentum and Net Torque

Consider the angular momentum about point Q for an object with momentum p.
  
 d
 
dA
  
  dt ( A× B)= dt × B+ A× dt
dB

dL Q dr   dp ddtr =v
LQ = r × p ⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → = × p+r × ⎯d⎯⎯
p →

=F
 dt dt  dt dt

dLQ     v and p in same direction →v × p=0 dL    × F =τ


= v × p + r × F ⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ Q = r × F ⎯r⎯⎯ →
dt
 dt
dLQ 
= τQ Notes
dt A torque on an object changes its angular momentum.
A change in angular momentum is caused by a torque.

Conservation of Angular Momentum  


Spin angular momentum, the product of an object’s moment of inertia and its angular velocity
about the center of mass, is conserved in a closed system with no external net torques applied.
L = Iω

Ice Skater Sample Problem


An ice skater spins with a specific angular velocity. She brings her arms and legs closer to
her body, reducing her moment of inertia to half its original value. What happens to her
angular velocity? What happens to her rotational kinetic energy?

As the skater pulls her arms and legs in, she reduces her moment of inertia. Since there is no
 
external net torque, her spin angular momentum remains constant, therefore her angular velocity
must double. Rotational kinetic energy, on the other hand, is governed by K=0.5Iω2. Moment of L = Iω
inertia is cut in half, but angular velocity is doubled, therefore rotational kinetic energy is
doubled. The skater must have done work in pulling her arms and legs in while spinning! K = 12 Iω 2

Combining Spinning Discs


A disc with moment of inertia 1 kg·m2 spins about an axle through its center of mass with angular
velocity 10 rad/s. An identical disc which is not rotating is slid along the axle until it makes
contact with the first disc. If the two discs stick together, what is their combined angular velocity?

L0 = L → I 0 ω0 = Iω →
I 0 ω0 (1kg • m2 )(10 rad s )
ω= = = 5 rad s
I 2kg • m2

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