Liz Hocking‘Macmillan Education 4 Crinan Street, London N1. 9XW A division of Macmillan Publishers Limited Companies and representatives throughout the world ISBN 978-0-230-03220-0 ‘Text © Liz Hocking 2012 Design and Illustration © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2012 First published 2012 All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, ‘transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers. Designed by Anna Stasinska Page make-up by EXPO Holdings, Malaysia Cover design by Oliver Design Ltd. The publishers would like to thank the Macmillan teams eround the world and Hala Fouad, Hoda Garreya, Caroline Toubia, Samira Mahameh, Adnan Bazbaz, Nisreen Attiya, Mohammed Abu Wafa, Fatima Saleh, Muna Ghazi, Anna Soloweva, Tatyane Oishevskaya, Irina Shikyents, lrine Burdun, Elena Mitronova, inna Daugavet, Olga Pavienko, Svetlana Potaning, Irina Ostrovskaya, Zhanna Suvorova, Sergey Kozlov, Olga Matsuk, Elena Gordeeva and Marina Kuznetsova. ‘These materials may contain links for third party websites. We have no control over, and are not responsible for, the contents of such third party websites. Please use care when accessing them. Although we have tried to trace and contact copyright holders before publication, In some cases this has not been possible. if contacted we will be pleased to rectify any errors or omissions at the earliest opportunity. Printed and bound in Malaysia 2018 2017 10987ability Aa ability / s‘bilati / noun the skill someone needs to do something + Harry has no ability in sport and he can't even throw or catch a ball. able / ‘eib(>)I / adjective having the skill or power to do something » Harry is able to write very.neatly but he can't spell! An elephant is able to lift a lorge tree with its trunk. abolish / s'bolif / verb stop or end for ever + Keeping people as slaves was abolished in America 150 years ogo. about / a'baut / adverb close to, nearly + We moved to Africa when | wos about six. above / > bav / preposition at a higher place than something else « Your eyes are above your nase. abroad / 2 bra:d / adverb in or to another Country * My uncle often works abroad and he's in Canada at the moment. absolutely / ‘zbsolu:ti / adverb totally, completely + | am absolutely certain thot you will pass your exom because you've worked hard. aceident / ‘zksid(a)nt / noun an event in which somebody is injured but not on purpose « Ben's aceldent happened when he stood on the chair and it broke. by accident, not planned Sue stepped on Anna's foot by accident. according (to) / »kxirkdin (,tu) / preposition in the opinion of « According to Professor Binks, this vase is more than 4,000 years old. accordion / a'ka:(r)dian / noun a musical instrument accurate / ‘zkjurat / adjective correct in every detail « When you are doing science, all ‘measurements must be accurate, ache / cik / verb to feel painful « Anna went home from school because her head was aching. acrobat / ‘ekra bet / noun a performer wha balances, jumps and turns upside-down to entertain people across / 2'kros / preposition from one side to ‘the other * Sam walked across the road. act / xki / verb to be a character in @ play or film « We are going to act Shakespeare in the school theatre. ECebEUalet 1-9 ‘action / ‘zk§(a)n / noun 1 something somebody does * When Ben got home, his first action was to switch on his computer. 2 movement * When we were little, we used to sing songs and do the actions. active / 'zktrv / adjective 1 always ready and able to do things + Tom is an active boy and he swims every day. 2 ready and working + This active volcano often hhas smoke coming from the top. activity / rk'nvati / noun something fun and interesting that people do Sam's favourite activity is playing computer games. actor / ‘wkta(r) / noun a person who performs in a play or film actually / 'skifuali / adverb in fact, really « The London Eye isn't actually an eye, is g big metal wheel. ad / ed / noun a short form of ‘advertisement’ address / 9'dres / noun 1 the number and name of the apartment, street and town or city where somebody lives 2a talk or presentation « The scientist's address to the professors was very interesting. address / s'dres / ver) 1 to write the name and place on an envelope: or parcel where it is to be sent + Nina addreszed the envelope, put the letter inside and put itin the postbox. 2 to speak to someone in a formal way + The head teacher addressed the students on the subject of motivation. admire / od'mara(t) / vero 1 to have a very good opinion about someone or something + We ail admired Ben when he learned to speak Spanish in a year. 2 to think something is good and to find it pleasing * Mrs Brown admired the colourful plants in the flower shop. adore / 9'do:{r) / verb to love very much * My cousin adores his new wife and he gives her flowers every week. adult /edalt, o'dalt/ noun a grown-up person or animal advantage / od'vamtids / noun a good thing that helps you to succeed or achieve something Being tall is on advantage if you play basketball.adventure adventure / ad'vent/a(r) / noun a time or an event when many exciting things happen + Our Journey to find the lost city was a great adventure. advert / ‘advs:(ryt / noun short form of ‘advertisement’ advertisement / od'v3:(r)tismont / noun an announcement in words, and often with pictures, in a newspaper, on TV or the internet that encourages people to buy something or do something + Lots of people sow the advertisement for cheap computers and ail of them were sold. advice / ad'vais / noun sensible ideas + When ‘my aunt got married, Grondma gave her lots of helpful advice. advise / ad'varz / verb to give someone your opinion of the best thing to do in a particular situation + Our guide advised us not to go into the jungle alone, aerial j ‘coriol ‘ adjective in the air + The planes did a wonderful aerial display across the whole sky. afford / o'f(nd / verb to have enough money ‘to pay for something + Sam would like to buy a motorbike but he can’t afford it after / ‘a:fla(r) ’ preposition 1 later than + After school, the students practised their play. 2 next in order + May comes after April. afternoon / .:fta(rj/numn / noun the period of the day from 12 noon to the evening again / a'gen / adverb one more time + Will you play that song again, please? against / o'genst / preposition in competition with + The Red team is playing against the Blue team. age ‘ eid3 / noun how old somebody or something is * What age is your sister? ages / cid3iz ’ noun (plural) a long time * Weve been waiting for the bus for ages. ago / o'gou / adverb in the past * This hospital was built two years ago. agree / 2gri: / verb to have the same thoughts and opinions as another person + Ben agreed with Sam that the film was awful and they left before the end. Elida teler-ia agreement /9‘gri:mant / noun 1 when two people have the same opinion about something * Unfortunately, Mum and Dad are in agreement about a new TV — were not getting one! 2 an arrangement or decision about what to do * Ben and Dad came to an agreement about where to go on holiday. agriculture / ‘xgri,kalt{a(r) / noun the activity of growing crops and plants for food air / co(r) / noun the mixture of gases that we breath and that makes up the atmosphere of the earth + In the mountains, the air is fresh but in cities itis often polluted. airline / 'eo(r),lain / noun a business company that flies airplanes airport / ‘ea(r),p>(r)t / noun a place where planes land and take off + When you fly to ‘another country, you arrive at the airport. album / ‘zlbam / noun a large book with blank pages onto which pictures, often photos, can be stuck and kept for looking at again at another time alert / 's(rjt / noun a warning or important reminder * The police sent out an alert about the danger of forest fires. alien / ‘cilion / noun a strange and unknown creature from space alive / allaiv / adjective living, not dead + This tree has no leaves but you can see tiny green buds so it's definitely alive. come alive, full of excitement and activity In Spain the streets come alive in the evening. allow / 9'lau / verb let someone do something + Wete sometimes allowed to start our homework before the end of the lesson. almost ! ‘s:lmeust / adverb nearly + Ben is almost @s tall as Sam who is one centimetre taller, alone / o'loun / adjective without another person * After the children went home, the teacher was alone in the classroom. although / »:!'d0u / conjunction 1 though, in spite of the fact that + Although it ‘wos sunny, the wind was freezing cold. 2 but + The film was good, although | wouldn't go and see it again.altogether altogether / xlta'geda(r) / adverb including everyone or everything + There are 30 students in the class altogether. always / 's:lwerz / adverb every time + | always catch the bus to school amazed / a'meizd / adjective very surprised and pleased « We were all amazed when Dad won the marathon. amazement / 9'merzmont / noun surprise and wonder » Everyone gasped in amazement when the clown juggled with ten bananas. amazing / o'merzuy / adjective surprising and wonderful « The concert was amazing and everyone clapped and cheered for ages at the end. ambulance / ‘embjulons / noun a vehicle for taking sick or injured peopie to hospital among /s'man / preposition in the middle of * There was 0 house among the trees. amount / s‘maunt / noun the number. size or weight of something * There was a small amount of sugar in the jar. anchor / 'axnko(r) / noun the large piece of metal with hooks that is used to attach a boat to the sea bed «When the ship was near the island, the sailors threw the heavy anchor into the sea. ancient / ‘cin{(a)nt /adjective very old + These ancient ruins were discovered 300 years ogo. anger / ‘zngo(r) / noun the strong feeling of being displeased « The king’s anger at losing the battle was terrible. anger / ‘sxngo(r) / verb to make someone angry + Jock angered his father by not doing his homework propery. angry / ‘engti / adjective very cross and displeased + Dad was angry when we broke the window. animal / ‘enm(a)! / noun a living creature animate / ‘znimert / verb to make something lively and interesting * We could animate our display by showing a DYD and playing some music. animation / zni'meif(a)n / noun a way of making characters move in cartoon films using thousands of drawings Els) octet ankde / ‘zenk(a)I / noun the bottom part of the leg above the foot « Lil's long dress covered her ankles. announcement / s'naunsmant / noun a short piece of information that is told to people « At the station we heard an announcement teling us that our train was late annoy / 9'no1 / verb to make someone or something cross * People who drop rubbish in the street really annoy me because someone else has to clear it up. another / o'nade(r) / adjective one more person or thing of the same type as before * My aunt has just had another boy and now she has four sons. answer / ‘ainsa(r) / noun a written or spoken reply to a question + Everyone got the right answers in the English test. ; answer / ‘a:nso(r) / verb to give a reply toa question + The students asked a lot of questions and the professor answered them all. in this exam you must answer all the questions. antler / ‘ntla(r) / noun one of the two tall, bony shapes like branches that grow on a reindeer’s, head anxious / ‘zpkfos / adjective worried « Try not to be anxious about the exam. anyone / ‘eni,wan / pronoun a person ¢ Can you see anyone in the park? anyway / ‘cni,wes / adverb in any event, whatever the situation + | don't like this dress and anyway, it's much too big. apart / o'pa:(r)t / adverb 1 away, at a short distance * Anna was cross with her friends so she sat apart from them. 2 into two or more pieces + Both of the boys pulled the toy plane and it suddenly came apart. apartment / s'pa(r)tmant / noun @ home in a block of flats + Our apartment has three bedrooms. appear / o'pia(r) / verb to come into sight + The wolf appeared on the forest path. appearance / s'prarons / noun 1 how someone or something looks + The man had a strange appearance because his hair was bright red. 2 the act of being seen + The clown jumped out of the box and his sudden appearance made everyone faugh.applaud / siplo:d / verb to clap hands because something is good ¢ The people applauded at the end of the play. apple / ‘ep(a)l / noun a round red, yellow or green fruit with a smooth skin that grows on trees appointment / 2'psintmant / noun an arrangement for something to be done at a particular time * | couldn't play chess after school yesterday because | had an appointment at the dentist. approximately / s'proksimoili / adverb about, not exactly + This new suspension bridge is approximately 400 metres long. apron / ‘eipran / noun a shaped piece of cloth that is worn to protect the front of a person's clothing when they are cooking, painting or doing similar work aquarium / s'kweariam / noun a large glass container for keeping fish in arch / a:(r)t{ noun the curved shape of an opening in a building or bridge archaeologist / «:(r)ki'pladsist / noun a person who looks for very old things in the ground + A team of archaeologists found the king's tomb. architect / ‘a:(r)ki,tekt / noun a person who is trained to design buildings and structures area / ‘earia / noun a large piece of land + This area is a wildlife park argue / ‘a:(r)gju / verb 1 to disagree + The two little boys argued about whose ball it was and in the end they had a fight. 2 put a point of view In his essay, Ben argued that global warming was caused by human behaviour. argument / ‘a:(r)gjumant / noun a discussion when two people do not agree about something + Pete wanted to use Ben's computer and they had a big ‘argument because Ben wouldn't let him. arm / a:(r)m / noun one of the two long parts of your body that grow from your shoulders and which have your hands on the ends armchair / “u(r)m,{fea(r) / noun a soft, comfortable chair with sides for resting your arms on asleep army / ‘a:(r)mi / noun a very large group of fighters around / 'raund / adverb 1 in many places + The boys went onto the pitch and began to kick the ball around. 2 in a circle + The children made a ring then held hands and wolked around. around / s'raund / preposition surrounding + ‘Mum put a shaw! around Grandma's shoulders. arrange / a'reinds / verb to put in the right place and in order * Nina arranged her photos on the shelf arrangement / 9'reind3mont / noun the organising of events such as a meeting or a journey * Dad made all the arrangements for our holiday in London, arrival / o'raiv(a)l / noun the time when someone or something arrives * We waited excitedly for the plane's arrival arrive / s'ratv / verb to come to a place + We arrived home yesterday. arrow / ‘grou / noun La stick with one sharp end and feathers at the other end In some places people stil use arrows to kill animals. 2. shape like an arrow > that is used to point the way art / a:(r)t / noun objects that have been created for people to look at such as paintings, drawings and sculptures ¢ Let's visit the Museum of Modern Art. artist /‘a:(r)tist / noun a person who paints, draws or makes sculptures arts / ox(r)ts / noun (plural) artistic activities such as painting, drawing, music, dance, theatre, literature * In the past, kings and other rich people did a lot to encourage the arts. ascend / a'send / verb to go up or climb something * The climbers ascended the north side of the mountain, ask / a:sk / verb to put a question to someone + Ben asked his teacher what the homework was. asleep / a'slisp / adjective not awake, eyes shut and not conscious * Nina didn't hear the storm last night because she was asleep.aspect aspect / ‘espekt / noun a particular part or feature of something * Which aspect of English do you find most difficuk, spelling or grammar? astonish /o'stom{ / verb to surprise and amaze * Dad astonished everyone by learning to speak Chinese. astonished / o'stonu{t / adjective very surprised + Sam was astonished when he won the class prize. astonishing / 2'stoni{1n / adjective amazing and pleasantly surprising + The teacher was delighted at the astonishing success of her students. astronaut / ‘estra,ns:t / noun a person who travels in space astronomer / o'stronama(r) / noun a person who studies the stars and pianets astronomy / o/stronami / noun the study of the stars and planets attack / a'tek / verb the action when one Person or thing fights against another The soldiers attacked the castle at dawn attractive / a'trektiv / adjective nice to look at + The pretty garden makes this house very attractive. audience / 's:dians / noun the people watching @ play, concert or any performance inside or outside aunt / ant / noun the sister of your mother or father autobiography / a:taubar'pgrafi / noun a book about a person's life, written by the person + Mary Seacole called her autobiography Wonderful ‘Adventures of Mrs Seacole in Many Lands’. automatic / o:ta'metik / adjective happening by itself + This automatic washing machine washes the clothes for an hour then it turns itself off automatically / o:ta'matrkli / adverb as the usual way of things © The bell rang and the students automatically begon to pack up their books. autumn / ‘s:tom / noun the season between ‘summer and winter avoid / o'void / verb to try not to hit + The car tured suddenly to avoid the man in the road. awl /'s:f{0)1 / adjective terrible + The film was ‘awful and we didn't lke it at all. ee element wooden handle for chopping wood baby /‘beibi / noun a very young child back / beek / noun 1 the upper part of your body on the other side to your chest * In many countries, mothers carry their babies on their backs. 2 the place farthest from the front + The letter was hidden at the back of the desk. back / beck / adverb away from + The lion roared ‘and the tourists jumped back. bad / bed / adjective 1 not good + Ben got bad marks in the test. 2 not behaving well * My cousin was very bad at kindergarten and my aunt had to take him home. badminton / "badminton / noun a game similar to tennis played on a court in which two or four players use light rackets to hit a small, light object called a shuttlecock over a net bag / beg / noun 1.a container made of paper or plastic for carrying shopping in 2. container made of cloth or leather for carrying personal possessions in + Sometimes the police look inside pessengers’ bags at the airport. bake / beik / verb to cook in an oven baker / 'berka(r) / noun @ person who bakes bread and sells it balcony / 'belkani / noun part of a building that Is out of doors * There are plants and flowers on our balcony. ball / bo:l / noun a round object used in different games such as basketball and football ballet /‘beele: / noun a kind of dance performance balloon / ba'lum / noun a soft shape that can be filled with air until it is round and floats in the air bamboo / bam'bu: / noun a tall forest plant that grows in parts of China + Pandas live in bamboo forests and eat the leaves.ban / ben / verb to stop something from happening or being used * Smoking is banned in this restaurant and cars are banned from the city square banana /bo'na:na / noun a long, soft, sweet fruit with a yellow skin that grows in bunches band / bend / noun 1 a circle of metal + The princess wore a silver band around her head, 2a group of musicians ¢ Our favourite band is playing in the city park tonight. bandage / 'bandids / noun a long strip of cloth used to cover and tie round a wound or injury * When Ben cut his finger badly, Mum put @ bandage on it. bank / bank / noun 1 the edge of the land next to a river « Plants ‘ond trees often grow on the banks of a river. 2.a building where business to do with money is carried out * Dad went to the bank to take out some money. bar / bax(r) / noun a long thin metal rod « My tuncle has bars across his windows to stop thieves from breaking in, barbed wire / ba:(r)bd 'waia(r) / noun long thin metal wire with short, sharp points on it used for fences + The barbed wire fence stopped the ‘cows from getting out. bark / bair)k / noun the outside covering of a ‘tree trunk « Some trees have smooth bark and some have rough bark. bark / ba(n)k / verb to make a short loud sound (usually made by a dog or wolf) # We heard a dog barking in the distance. barn / barn / noun a large farm building for keeping animals in barrier / ‘beria(r) / noun 11a fence or wall that stops someone or something from going from one area to another + After the tree fell down, the police put a barrier ‘across the road. 2 a fact or situation that stops ‘something from happening ¢ Laziness is a barrier to learning. baseballl/‘beis,ba:l / noun an American game for ‘two teams with nine players in which a player hits a ball with a bat and tries to score points by running round four bases while the other team catches the ball basically / ‘bersikli / adverb 1 in the most important aspects + Basically, your essay is very good but you should check your spelling. 2 (spoken) used to emphasise the important point in what you are saying + Basically, that film is complete rubbish so don’t go and see it. basket / bakit / noun a container for carrying | or putting things in, often woven from natural materials such as reeds, parts of other plants or strips of wood | basketball / ‘basskit bail / noun a team sport in which players score by throwing a ball into a net called a basket bath / ba:0 / noun a long deep container that you fill with water then get in it and wash yourself bathroom / ‘ba:0,ru:m / noun the room in the house where the bath or shower is and where | you wash yourself battery / ‘bai(a)ri / noun an object that holds electricity and is used to make things work « Dad put a new battery in my torch before we went | into the cave. battle / 'baet(s)I / noun a fight between two armies bay / bet / noun a part of the coast where the land curves inwards creating an area of calmer water + In the summer you can take a boat across the bay. beach / bi:tJ / noun the sandy area next to the sea beak / bi:k / noun the hard pointed part of a bird's mouth beam /biim / noun 1 a long line of light + The beam of the torch showed the old mill clearly. 2a long, thick piece of wood used to make a simple bridge or to support the roof of a building bean / bisn / noun the seed of some plants that can be cooked and eaten beanstalk / ' grow-on / noun a plant that beansbeard / bra(r)d / noun the thick growth of hairs ‘on @ man's chin and face beast / bist / noun an animal or insect beat / bist / verb 1 to hit someone to hurt them « The cruel man beett his dog with a stick. 2 to mix hard and make smooth « When you make a cake you have to break eggs and beat them for several minutes. 3 to get more points in a game than another team or opponent We beat the City team by four ‘goals! beautiful / 'bju:tof{s)! / adjective lovely and attractive to look at because / bi'koz / conjunction for the reason ‘that ¢ Don’t run for the bus because it has already gone. beckon / 'bekan / verb to sign to someone to come to you « The teacher beckoned to Ben and he went to her at once. become / bi'kam / verb to change and be different or new + Shadows become longer in the evening. A caterpillar will become a butterfly. My cousin hos just become a doctor. bed / bed / noun the long flat piece of furniture that you sleep on bedroom / 'bed,ru:m / noun the room where your bed is and where you sleep bee / bi: / noun a flying insect that makes sweet honey beef / bi:f / noun meat that comes from cattle cooked minced beef in a bread roll with salad and sauces before / br'fs:(r) / adverb earlier than » You must be at the station before ten because that's when the train leaves. begin / bi'gm / verb to start beginning / br'gm / noun the start + The beginning of the story was excting so | went on reading. behave / bi'herv / verb 1 to do things in a particular way * My litle cousin cried and behaved badly at the mall so my ‘unt took him home. 2 to be polite and helpful * Aunt Meg is coming to lunch today so please behave while she is here. behaviour / br'hervja(e) / noun 1 the way in which someone or something * dues things + The man's behaviour was strange and the policeman became suspicious. Bb 2 the dally actions of a person or animal * The cubs are playing attack games, which isthe usual behaviour of young lions. behind / bi'hamd / adverb 1 staying after someone or something has gone + The bus went early and Ben was left behind. 2 following someone or something + Pete went first and Sam came behind. behind / bi'haind / preposition 1.2 place at the back of someone or something ¢ The man pushed me from behind. 2a place on the furthest side of something © The thief hid behind the wall when he heard the police car, believable / brlisvab(s)I / adjective can be believed + 2a payee am world was completely bellevable. believe / br'li:v / verb to think that something Is true + | belleve we've met before. bell / bel / noun 1 a metal object shaped like a cup turned upside-down that makes a sound when it is hit © The bells at the top of the tower are rung on special occasions. 2a piece of electrical equipment that makes a ‘sound to get someone's attention * When you arrive, press the bell on the door and someone will ‘come and open it. betong / br'lon / verb to be owned by * This house belongs to my uncle. below / bi'lu / preposition 1 under, in a lower position * The cat is sleeping below the window. 2 less than ¢ Five is a number below ten. belt / belt / noun a thin length of leather or cloth that you wear round your waist to hold your trousers up or for decoration bench / bentf / noun a long seat for several people to sit on at one time benefit / ‘benifit / noun good thing * The new playground in the park will be of benefit to the children,beside / bi'said / preposition next to * The museum is beside the station so we haven't got far to walk, best / best / adjective better than all the others * Ben is the best at maths and he always comes first in the tests. better / 'beta(r) / adjective good compared to another one # This book is better than that book because it has more pictures. between / bi'twim / preposition in the middle of two things ¢ May comes between April and June. big / big / adjective of large size * A whale is o big sea creature. bike / baik / noun a machine with two wheels that you can ride and travel on bin / bin / noun a container for putting rubbish in binoculars / bi'nokjulo(t)z / noun (plural) special glasses used outside that make distant objects look bigger biological / ,baro'lodsik(a)l / adjective to do with biology biology / bar'bladsi / noun the study of living things bird / bs:(r)d / noun a creature with feathers that lays its eggs in nests bird's eye view, the way a bird sees things when flying ¢ if you go to the top of a tall building and look down, you get a bird’s eye view of the ground below. birthday / 'bs:(r)8de1 / noun the day in the year on which you were born * Harry's birthday is on 1st July. bit / bit / noun small piece, part or amount of something * This bit of the story is really funny. a bit, a little Ive lost my phone so I'm feeling a bit cross. bite / batt / verb 1 to cut or break something with your teeth, usually to eat it * Anno bit off @ small piece of cake and tasted it thoughtfully 2 the attack action of some animals when they are scared or angry + The explorer stood on the snake by mistake and it bit him. bite / bar / noun 1 the act of cutting or breaking something with your teeth * Ben took a huge bite out of the pizza. ‘2 the plabe-where your skin is broken by an insect or &nimall ¢ Look at all the insect bites on my leg! blackberry / 'bleekbori / noun a very small black fruit blade / bleid / noun a thin flat piece of metal + This knife has a very sharp blade. blanket / 'blaenkit / noun a bed cover made of wool or another soft material blink / blink / verb to shut then open your eyes very quickly if you get dust in your eyes, blink o few times and they'l feel better. blizzard / ‘blizo(r)d / noun very bad weather when snow falls fast and heavily ¢ You can easily get lost in a blizzard. block / blok / noun 1a solid shape with six sides * The Great Pyramid was built of huge blocks of stone. 2a large building with several floors + Our apartment block is near the station. blood / blad / noun the red liquid inside your body + Sam realised he had cut himself when he saw blood on his knee. blouse / blauz / noun a piece of clothing worn by women that is like @ man’s shirt board / bor) / noun 1a flat area fixed to the wall for writing on in the classroom 2a flat piece of wood for playing games on + For chess, players use a board with black and white squares. on board, on a ship or train When the ossengers were on board, the train left. boat / bout / noun a wooden or metal structure than floats on water and carries people and objects bob / bob / verb to go up and down with the movernent of the waves ¢ The boats were bobbing up and down on the sea ‘boil / boil / verb to heat liquid to the point where bubbles appear on the surface bone / boun / noun the hard parts inside the body of a person or animal You can feel your bones under your skin. book / buk / noun lots of sheets of paper fixed together with words and pictures # My favourite book is about a horse.tere) hiya booking / ‘bukin / noun an arrangement to do something * We've made a booking to stay ina hotel boot | but / noun strong footwear, sometimes covering the ankle, used for outdoor activities and sports * When you climb in the mountains you ‘must have really good boots because the racks are rough. border ''bo:rida(r) / noun a band along the edge of something + Molly's blue skirt has a red border round the bottom. bore | bx:(r) verb 1 to cut deep into the ground by machine + The engineers bored a hole through the rock to make a tunnel, 2 to be uninteresting + Sports programmes bore me so I don't watch them. bored ‘ b>ir)d adjective not interested + This film is sily and I'm realy bored! boredom / 'bs:(r}dom / noun the feeling of being bored + Prisoners often suffer from boredom because they sometimes have nothing to do. boring ‘ 'bo:riy adjective 1 not at all interesting * Some people think that computer games are boring but some people say that they are really good fun. 2 cutting * This small boring tool is used by corpenters, born | boi(r)n | adjective existing as a result of birth + Lots of babies are born in hospitals. borrow | boraw | verb to use something that belongs to another person for a short time « If you want to borrow something, you must always ask first. both ° bau pronoun the two * Both Anna and ‘Nina enjoyed the science lesson. bottle ‘bot(a)! “noun @ glass or plastic container for keeping liquid in bottom /‘botam noun the lowest part + There is water at the bottom of the well. bow bau / noun a long, curved piece of wood with string that is used for shooting an arrow bowl | boul noun 1.a container for keeping food or liquid in * There was a bow! of fruit on the table. 2a container for eating from Ii like o bowl of soup, please. yg Uar Cig box / boks ‘ noun a rectangular container made from cardboard, plastic or metal that can be used for keeping things in or for packing things in to send to someone boy / boi / noun a male child brain / brem / noun the large soft lump inside your head which you use to think, move and do things + Every day, scientists discover more about how the brain works. brainwave | 'brein.werv / noun a very good idea branch ‘ bra;ntj / noun the part of a tree that carries leaves and fruit brave bre | adjective not easily scared, having courage It was brave of the firemen to go into the burning building. bravery | 'brewvari / noun brave actions * The man's bravery was rewarded with a medal. bread bred | noun a food that is made from baked flour and water break | breik / noun the short time for playing during the school day break / breik / verb 1 to harm something so you cannot use it + joe stood on his toy car and he broke it 2.to do better than * Fred ran 100 metres in 12 seconds and he broke the school record. phrasal verbs 1 break down to stop working * All the traffic lights broke down at once and there were traffic jams everywhere. 2 break into to enter by force + The firemen had to break Into the house because the people were asleep, 3 break off to separate from the main part + Lots of branches were broken off the trees by the strong winds. 4 break out to start or begin suddenly * When the war broke out, many people left their homes. 5 break up break into pieces + The ie broke up as the weather got warmer. breakable / breikab(a)l / adjective can be broken Be careful of Mum's vase because it's breakable. breakfast ‘ ‘brekfast / noun the first meal of the day that you eat before you start doing things12 breath / bre@ / noun the air that goes in and ‘out of your body when you breathe take one's breath away, to be so impressed by someone ‘or something that you stop breathing for a moment + When | first saw the king’s wonderful palace, it took my breath away. breathe / bri:d / verb the natural process of taking air in and out of your body breathlessly /‘brelasli / adverb in a way that is without much breath « After he won the race, Sam spoke breathlessly. breathtaking / 'bre®,teikin / adjective extremely impressive or beautiful + The view from the top of the London Eye is breathtaking. breeze / briz / noun gentle wind + The breeze blew Anna's hair around her face. brick / brik / noun a small block used to make buildings and walls bride / braid / noun the woman who is marrying aman + The bride wore a white dress and the groom wore a white suit. bridge / brids / noun a structure that is built across a river so people and traffic can cross briefcase /‘bri:fkeis / noun a case for keeping letters and papers in + The professor put his briefcase on the floor beside his desk. brightly / ‘brautli / adverb with a lot of light + The fire was burning brightly. brilliance / ‘brilions / noun the strong brightness of something + The brilliance of the sun can damage your eyes so wear your sunglasses. brilliant / ‘briljant / adjective 1 shining strongly * The sea was brilliant in the sunlight. 2 very good + That's a brilliant idea! bring / brin / verb 1 to carry something with you * Bring your dictionaries to class tomorrow. 2 to carry something to someone Sit down and Il bring o cup of tea for you. phrasal verbs 1 bring back to return with something * We brought back some shells from the beach 2 bring forward to change the time or date of something so that it happens sooner + Dad brought forward his holiday from September to july so we can all go away together. 3 bring out to produce + That car was only brought out last month and it’s already popular. 4 bring round to persuade someone + My brother wanted to keep a snake but Mum hates them cand he couldn't bring her round to the idea. 5 bring up to look after a child until he or she is an adult + My aunt and uncle decided to bring up their children in the country so they left the city. broad / bro:d / adjective wide + The river is broad where it meets the sea. broken / 'braukan / adjective damaged, in pieces bronze / bronz / noun a hard metal that used to be used to make weapons and helmets bronze / bronz / adjective made of bronze + This bronze sword is nearly 2,000 years old. broom / bru:m / noun a brush on a long stick that is used to sweep the floor brother / 'brado(r) / noun the male child of your mother and father brush / braf / noun 1. an object with stiff hairs used for cleaning things 2 an object with fine hairs used for painting pictures 3 a flat object with a lot of hairs used for covering walls and doors with paint brush / braf / verb to make something clean or tidy using a brush + Don't forget to brush your teeth before you go to bed. bubble / 'bab(a)l / noun the round shape of air trapped inside a liquid bubble / ‘bxb(a)l / verb to make bubbles * The hot soup bubbled in the pan. buckle / ‘bak(a)I / noun a metal fastening on objects such as shoes, belts and bags bud / bad / noun a tightly closed flower before it opens + When the sun shines in spring, the buds begin to open. bug / bag / noun (informal) an insect build / bild / verb to make a building or other structurebuilding building / ‘bildin / noun a structure with walls and a roof and sometimes several or many floors bulldozer / ‘bul,douza(r) / noun a machine that pushes a lot of earth or rocks at once + The bulldozers moved the rocks off the road. bump into / 'bamp ,intu / phrasal verb 1 to meet by chance * We bumped into my aunt when we were at the mall. 2 to hit or knock against something « The car bumped into the wall and it fell down, bunch / bantf / noun a group of things together + a bunch of flowers bungee jump / ‘bandsi samp / noun a jump from a high bridge or tall building with an elastic rope tied to the leg burger / 'bs:(r)ga(r) / noun small pieces of meat mixed with herbs, pressed into a fiat round shape and eaten between two halves of a bread roll burn / b3:(r)n / verb 1 to be on fire + The house is burning. Please call the firemen. 2 produce light / heat + The candles are burning brightly and they look very pretty. 3 to spoil food by heating for too long * Oh no, | forgot about the cake and now it’s burned. phrasal verb burn down to be damaged by fire * The palace burned down and nothing was left. burst / ba:(r)st / verb to open or explode suddenly ¢ It was so warm that the buds on the trees began to burst open. bury / ‘beri / verb to put into the ground and cover + The piates buried their gold on the island. bus / bas / noun a large road vehicle that lots of passengers can travel in at the same time bush / buf / noun a plant with leaves and short branches like a small tree business / 'biznos / noun 1 the buying and selling of goods and services + My father wants me to have a career in business but | don't find it interesting. 2.a group of people or an organisation that produces something that other people buy + My uncle owns «a car repair business with ten mechanics. businessman / ‘biznosman / noun a man who runs a business or works in business bustling / 'bas(a)lin / adjective busy, full of movement and activity + The market place is bustling from early in the morning. busy / 'bizi / adjective doing a lot of things * Ben is always busy after school because he plays lots of sports. butterfly / 'bato(r),flai / noun an insect with large colourful wings button /'bat(a)n / noun small flat discs sewn onto clothes to hold parts together + It’s cold today so do up the buttons on your coat. buy / bar / verb to pay money for something and keep it + Nina's gone to buy a new pen to use in school. buzz / baz / noun the sound made by the wings of a flying insect * The loud buzz: of the flies round the light was very annoying. cable / keib(o)I / noun a very strong metal rope * Cables are put around heavy objects then they are lifted by a crane. café / 'kzfei / noun a piace where you can sit down and buy drinks and snacks cage / keds / noun a container made of metal bars for keeping animals and birds in cake / kcik / noun a sweet food made by baking a mixture of flour, eggs, butter and sugar calculator / ‘kelkjy letta(r) / noun a small piece of electronic equipment used to work out sums + You can use a caleulator in this maths test. call / kl / noun a spoken conversation by telephone or satellite * Mum got « phone call from our aunt in America. call sign, the word that is used to show which spacecraft, plane or ship is calling The scientists heard the space station's call sign. all / korl / verb 1 to name somebody something * Mum and Dad called our new baby sister Bella. 2 to speak in a raised voice « Nina called to her friend across the street and she came over to chat to us phrasal verb call out to shout a comment or answer ¢ Please don't call out. Put your hand up to answer. 13calm / kam / adjective 1 (water) flat, without waves « After the storm, the sea was calm. 2 (a person) quiet and not anxious ¢ It’s important to keep calm in a dangerous situation. calm / kam / verb to make someone or something still and quiet + The nurse calmed the ld lady by talking to her kindly. camel / 'kem(a)I / noun an animal that lives in the desert and can be used to carry heavy loads camel train, a line of camels carrying goods and people through the desert camera / 'kezm(2)ra / noun a small machine that takes photos camp / kmp / noun a place where people live in tents for a short time * Mountain climbers often make a camp at the bottom of a mountain. can / ken / verb to have the ability * My cousin an run a mie in four minutes and thirty seconds. can / kan / noun a metal container cancel / ‘kzns(3)! / verb to stop an event or an arrangement * The basketball match is cancelled because all the players are il. candle / 'kend(a)I / noun a solid tube shape made of wax and string that burns and gives light candlelight / 'kzend(2)],lait / noun the light from one or more candies canoe / ko'nu: / noun a long boat for one or several people that is moved by paddling captain / 'keptin / noun 1 the leader of a team ¢ Lily is the captain of the basketball team. 2 the person who leads on a ship, plane or in an army ¢ The eaptain told the sailors to put down the anchor. caption / 'kzepf(2)n / noun words that give information about a picture or a photo + The caption under this photo of a castle says where itis. captivity / kep'tivati / noun being kept in a cage or prison * Some prisoners are kept in captivity for many years. capture / 'keptfo(r) / verb to catch and keep hold of something + The pirates captured the ship and stole all the treasure. car / ka:(r) / noun a vehicle with four wheels that is powered by an engine card / ka:(r)d / noun a picture with a greeting or message that you give or send to somebody on a special occasion * Grandma sent me o pretty card on my birthday. careful / 'kea(r)f{o)I / adjective thinking about what you do so that nothing bad happens « Be careful when you pick up the baby and make sure you don't drop her! carefully / 'kea(r)f{a)li / adverb in a careful way carpenter / 'ka:(r)pinta(r) / noun a person who makes useful things from wood carriage / ‘kaend3 / noun the part of a train that the passengers ride in carrot / ‘keerat / noun a long orange coloured vegetable that grows in the ground carry / ‘keri / verb to hold something and take it from one place to another place « The passenger picked up his bag and carried it onto the plane. phrasal verb carry on to continue * You may carry on writing your stories for homework. cart / ka:(x)t / noun a small vehicle with two or four wheels that is pulled by an animal such as a donkey or a horse carve / ka;(r)v / verb to cut a shape out of wood with a knife ¢ The craftsman carved a wooden spoon from the fallen branch. cascade / kz'skeid / noun a stream of falling water ¢ The mountain river fell in cascades over the rocks. cascade / ke'skerd / verb fall like a waterfall + The river ran along the valley then cascaded straight down the cliff castle /'ka:s(a)l / noun a very large building, usually made of stone, built in the past to keep people safe from attack cat / ket / noun an animal with soft fur and whiskers that catches mice and some people keep as a pet catch / ketf / verb 1 to stop a falling object and hold it + Fred caught the apple that dropped off the tree.caterpillar 2 to prevent an escape « The police caught the thieves when they ran out of the bank. 3 to get an illness or disease + John caught a bad cold last winter. 4 to take public transport * We caught o bus to the station. 5 to start to burn « The firework fell on the roof of the house and it caught fire. catch a glimpse, to see something for a short time We caught a glimpse of the queen through the crowds. catch someone’s eye, to get someone's attention by looking at them Dad caught the waiter’s eye and ‘asked him to bring a jug of water. caterpillar /‘kaeto(r) pilo(r) / noun a long insect without wings that crawls and eventually turns into a butterfly cattle / 'keet(o)! / noun (plural) cows and bulls + People have kept cattle for thousands of years. cause / ko:z / noun reason « The cause of the children’s argument was a broken toy. cautious / 'koifas / adjective having or using very great care + My mum is a very cautious driver. cave / kerv / noun an underground space made by nature + We explored the deep caves in the mountains. CD / si:'di:/ noun a compact disc that is used to store music and speech CD player, 2 machine for playing a CD on celebrate / ‘sels breit / verb to do particular activities because of a special day or event + Wee going to celebrate Mum's birthday with a boat trip on the river. centimetre / '‘senti,mista(r) / noun a measurement of 10 millimetres century / ‘sentfari / noun a period of 100 years certain /'s3:(r)t(a)n / adjective sure * Are you certain that the bus hasn't gone yet? certainly /'ss:()(a)nli / adverb definitely true + It is certainly a good idea to read as much as you can. certainty / 'ss:(r)t(a)nti / noun sureness + There's no certainty that john will pass the exam. chair / tfea(r) / noun a piece of furniture for sitting on challenge / tfzlinds / noun a difficult event or task, something that is not easy to do + Walking to the North Pole isa big challenge for explorers. chauffeur champion / 't{mpian / noun the winner of many important races or competitions « My uncle is the champion chess player in our town. chance / tfa:ns / noun opportunity, a time when something can be done | wanted to finish my project today but | haven't had a chance to do it. by chance, by good luck and without proper organisation or planning We had no map and we only found the village by chance. chandelier / farndo'lto(r) / noun a very large light made with lots of pieces of glass + The palace was lit by many glttering chandeliers. change / tfeind3 / verb to make different + I don't like my idea for my project so I'm going to change it. phrasal verb change into to become something different A tadpole changes into a frog. channel / 't{zen(a)I / noun 1.a television station and its programmes + The film we want to watch is on Channel 5. 2.a narrow area of water between two pieces of land + Some people have swum across the channel between England and France. chapter / 'tfepta(r) / noun a part of a book + Harry read four chapters of his new book. character / ‘kerikta(r) / noun a person in a story, play or film chariot / ‘feriat / noun a strong cart with two wheels that is pulled by a horse and was often used in battles in the past chart / t{a:(r)t / noun information shown in a table with lines and squares + This chart shows how tall and how old the children are. chat / tfzet / verb to talk in a friendly way with someone + Grandad chatted to the man who wos selling melons. chat / tft / noun a friendly conversation ‘* Mum and Aunt Sue love to get together for a chat. chat show, a TV programme where well-known people are interviewed about themselves chauffeur / 'foufo(r), fou'fa(r) / noun a person whose job is to drive a wealthy or important individual around in their car chauffeur-driven, driven by a professional driver who often wears a uniform 1516 cheap / {itp / adjective not costing much money + Paper fans are cheap but sik fans are expensive. cheaper / 'fi:pa(r) / adjective costing less money than something else + Paper fans are cheaper than silk fans. cheek / tfik / noun the soft parts of the face on each side of the nose cheelky / 'ifiki / adjective behaving in a way that does not show respect, especially to an older or more important person * Anna told our uncle that his hair needed cutting, which was very cheeky. cheer / tf10(1) / verb to shout to encourage ‘someone or because they have done well + Everyone cheered when Sam ran across the finishing line first. cheerful / 'ifia(r)f(a)l / adjective happy, feeling good * When Mum sings to herself, we know she's feeling cheerful. cheerfully / 't{1o(r)fla)li / adverb in a happy way cheerfulness / 'tfia(r)f{2)Inos / noun the feeling of happiness + Ben smiled when he got his exam results and his cheerfulness told us they were good. cheerio / ,ftari'su / interjection (informal expression) goodbye cheese / t{i:z / noun a solid food made of milk « Do you like cheese on the top of your pizza? chemistry /'kemistri /noun a science cheque / ifek / noun a written payment + Dad sold our old car and the buyer wrote him a cheque. chequered / ‘tfeko(r)d / adjective with a black and white square pattern on + The chequered flog tells drivers when they have finished the race. chess / ifes / noun a board game for two players + In the game of chess, each player has 16 pieces. chesspiece, one of the different shapes with special names that are used in a game of chess chest / tfest / noun 1 the front part of the upper body * The old soldier wore a medal on his chest. 2a large box with a lid for keeping things in chick / t{ik / noun a young bird chicken / ‘tfikin / noun a hen, a farmyard bird that lays eggs that people eat chief / tfi:f / noun the most important person in a group * When the chief spoke, everyone listened. child / tfaild / noun a young person childhood / 't{arid hud / noun the period of being a child childish / ‘jaildif / adjective right for a child + This book has lovely pictures but the story is too childish for Anna, now she's a teenager. children / 'tfildron / noun (plural) more than one child chimney / ‘ifimni / noun the short, round pipe on the roof of a house or building where smoke from a fire can escape into the air chip / t{ip / noun a long piece of potato cooked in oil, often eaten with a burger chocolate / 'tfoklat / noun a sweet food eaten on its own + a bar of chocolate chocolate / 't{oklat / adjective with chocolate flavour * chocolate ice cream choir / kwata(r) / noun a group of singers choose / tfu:z / verb 1 to decide which one you want from a number of things * Mum chose a pretty scarf when we went to the market. 2 to decide to do something + You can choose to print your project if you like. chop / tfop / verb to cut into small pieces with a knife (food) or an axe (wood) chorus / 'koxras / noun the verse of a song or poem that is repeated several times ¢ The chorus was easy to learn but the verses were harder. church / tf3:(r)tf / noun a religious building circle / 's3:(r)k(9)I / noun a round shape ity / ‘siti / noun a place where many people live, with many buildings, streets and traffic class / kla's / noun a group of school students who have lessons together * Nina and Anna are in the same elass for English. claw / kis: / noun the hard, sharp parts at the end of a bird's foot or an animal's paw clay / kle1 / noun very thick, heavy soil that can be shaped into pots, bowls and plates then baked hardclean / Klin / verb to take away dirt by washing, brushing or sweeping clean / klim / adjective without any dirt cleanliness / ‘klenlinas / noun the state of being clean + Cleanliness is very important when somebody is ill or hurt. clear / klia(r) / adjective 1 can be seen through * Windows usually have clear glass in them. 2 evident, obvious * It's clear from your good marks that you work hard. 3 plain and easy to follow + Give clear instructions when you write a recipe 4 neat and easy to read * Make your writing clear in your exam. clearing / ‘kliariy / noun a small open space between trees in a forest + Grass grew in the clearing where the sunlight fell. clearly / 'klia(r)li / adverb in @ way that is easy to understand ¢ The teacher said the word clearly ‘ond the students wrote it down. clever / ‘kleva(r) / adjective very good at thinking « Joe is elever and he always gets good marks. click / klik / noun the small sound made when a switch is pushed ¢ There was a click and at ance the light came on. cliff / klsf / noun'the very steep side of a high area of land « At the north end of the island the cliffs are 200 metres high. climate / ‘klaimat / noun the weather and temperature in a region or area * You can’t grow bananas in England because the climate is too cold. climb / klaim / verb 1 to take steps upwards + Ben climbed the stairs to the classroom. 2 to use hands and feet to go up something + The boys climbed the trees in the forest. climber / 'kiaima(r) / noun @ person who climbs hills and mountains * Climbers often use ropes to help them get to the top. cloak / klouk / noun a large piece of cloth worn around the shoulders and covering most of the body lock / klok / noun an object that tells the time o'clock, for saying the hour ¢ It’ two o’elock. close / klouz / verb to shut * Close the door, please, it’s cold. close / klaus / adverb near + Your mouth is close to your nose. close up, from only a very short distance away When I looked at the butterfly close up, | saw that its wings had a pattern on them. closed / klouzd / adjective shut, not open + The shop is closed now so come back tomorrow. cloth / klo® / noun material that is made from woven threads, often cotton or wool clothes / klavdz / noun (plural) things you wear to cover your body cloud / klaud / noun the white shapes in the sky made of tiny drops of water cloudy / 'klaudi / adjective the weather when there are lots of clouds in the sky clove / klovv / noun the small part that makes up a garlic vegetable clown / kiaun / noun a performer who does funny things to make people laugh club / kiab / noun a group of people who do an activity together + Lots of students go to the chess club every week. cluck / klk / noun the sound a chicken makes clumsy / 'kiamzi / adjective careless and without skill ¢ The baby grabbed the cup with clumsy movements and dropped it. coach / koutf / noun a person who trains people in sports * Our basketball coach helps us and we play well now. coast / kaust / noun the edge of the land next to the sea * Some coasts are rocky and some are sandy. coastal / 'kaust(a)I / adjective of or to do with the coasts * Many of the coastal villages have restaurants and sandy beaches. coat / kout / noun a thick piece of clothing with sleeves that you wear over other clothes coffee / 'kofi / noun a hot drink made from hard, brown beans 17coil / koil / verb to turn something long and thin round and round in circles You can coil a rope. A snake coils itself cold / kould / adjective how you feel in winter + It’s snowing and you will get cold if you don't wear your coat. collar / 'kolo(r) / noun the part of a coat or shirt that goes around the neck collect / ka'lekt / verb to save and keep in one place * Grandpa collects coins from all over the word. collection / ka'lek§(a)n / noun @ group of objects that someone has put together because they are special or the same « Anna has a collection of dolls from around the world. colour / 'kala(r) / noun red, blue, green, etc. colourful / ‘kala(r)f{(2)I / adjective having lots of different colours column /'kolom / noun a tall support + Part of the roof is held up by columns. come / kam / verb 1 to move towards a place * Come here, please. 2 to get to a place + My sister came home early because she was il phrasal verbs 1 come back to get to a place again where you were before « Our teacher went out then she came back with our books. 2 come in to move from outside into a place « Our classroom is on the ground floor and visitors often come in. 3 come round to visit someone at their house + Ben came round after school today and we started our project. comfortable / 'kamftab(2)l / adjective nice to use, making you feel good + This armchair is very comfortable. comical / ‘komuk(a)I / adjective funny « The enormous clown looked comical in his tiny car. command / ko'marnd / verb to tell someone to do something * The captain commanded the soldiers to attack. commander / ko'ma:nda(r) / noun the leader of an army or space journey poets adel commentator / 'koman,terta(r) / noun a person who describes to other people what is happening in an event, usually on radio or television * The commentator talked excitedly when the goal was scored. commute / ka'mjust / verb to travel some distance to work every day by public transport or car * Dad commutes to London every day by train. commuter / ka'mju:ta(r) / noun a person who commutes + Most commuters travel to work in the ‘morning and go home in the evening. ‘compass / 'kampas / noun an instrument that, tells you the direction of north compete / kom'pi:t / verb to try to win against another person or people * Sam competed in the chess match, competition / kompo'tif(a)n / noun an event when individuals or teams compete to find the winner * Sports competitions are usually very exciting. competitor / kam'petita(r) / noun a person who takes part in a competition complain / kam'plein / verb to speak crossly when something is bad or wrong * Mum complained because | didn't tidy my room. complete / kam'pli:t / adjective finished + Hurrah! Our project is complete at last. completely / kam'plistli/ adverb totally, very + The glass vase fell on the floor and was completely smashed. complex / ‘kompleks / noun a group of several buildings that are used for the same activity + The new shopping complex in the city centre has just opened. complicated / 'kompl,keitd / adjective with a lot of detail and not easy to follow This pattern is too complicated to copy. computer / kam'pju:ta(r) / noun an electronic machine that you can use to store and produce information and connect to the internet concentrate / 'kons(a)n,trett / verb to think hard about something without stopping * If you don’t concentrate when you do your homework, you will make mistakes.concentration concentration / kons(a)n'treif(a)n / noun thinking hard without stopping ¢ ft will help your concentration if you don’t have the TV on while you do your homework. concerned / kan'ss:(r)nd / adjective worried * Dad is concerned about our uncle who had an accident yesterday. concert / ‘konsa(r)t / noun a musical performance concrete / 'kokri:t / noun a very hard material for building * Our house has walls that are made of concrete. condition / kan'di{(an / noun the quality of something, what it is like « The condition of the house was bad as it had broken windows and no doors. conditions / kan'di{(2)nz / noun (plural) the environment or situation in which something happens « It’s sunny and the sea is calm so these ore good conditions for taking a boat trip. condor / ‘konds:(r) / noun a large American bird confidence / 'konfid(a)ns / noun the feeling that you can do something well + joe lost his confidence in playing sport when he broke his leg. confident / ‘konfid(a)nt / adjective certain you can do something well + Ben did some extra revision and now he feels confident about his exam. confidently / ‘korifidantli / adverb in a sure and certain way * Sam knew the right answer so he replied to his teacher confidently. confusion / kan'fju:3(2)n / noun a feeling that you do not understand or cannot decide what to do « There was confusion at the airport when the announcer said all fights were cancelled. congratulation / kon,grixtfu'leif(9)n / noun a good wish on a special occasion + Congratulations on passing your driving test. My brother received many congratulations when he got married. connect / ko'nekt / verb to join + Ben heard the phone line connect, then he heard his dad say “Hello” constellation / konsta'leif(an / noun a group of stars that are named after the pattern or shape they form + A wellknown constellation is The Plough. construct / kan'strakt / verb to build or make something * The new bridge was constructed from metal. construction / kan'strakf(2)n / noun something. that is built + The Pyramids of Giza are ancient constructions. contact / 'kontekt / verb to speak to someone or send them a letter, message or email + You can contact me by phone or | can give you my email address. contain / kan'tein / verb to have something inside « This bucket contains clean water. container / ken'tema(r) / noun an object that is used for putting things in, e.g. a box or a bottle continual / kan'tinjual / adjective happening often again and again + The people who live near the airport say that the noise of planes is continual. continuous / kan'tinjuas / adjective unbroken, happening without stopping + This patient needs a continuous supply of oxygen. continuously / kon'tinjuasli / adverb without stopping + The engineers worked continuously for two days to repair the broken bridge. control / kan'traul / noun a part of a machine that you use to make it do actions + The astronaut used the controls to land the spaceship. controversial / kontra'va(r){(a)l / adjective causing a lot of discussion and disagreement « The new bridge is very controversial because a lot of people think it’s ugly but other people really like it. conversation / konva(r)'seif(2)n / noun speaking between two or more people « In the café, two ladies were having a conversation about parrots. convince / kan'vins / verb to make someone certain of something + Ben convinced Mum that he had done his homework by showing her his finished project. 00 / ku: / noun the sound made by a pigeon cook / kuk / verb to get food ready for eating by heating it cool / ku:l / verb to let something get cold cool / kul / adjective not at all warm + It’s cool today so wear your jacket.20 copy / 'kopi / verb to produce or make another ‘one the same You can copy a page from this website onto your own computer. Please copy your essay onto paper and put it in your folder. copy / 'kopi / noun something that is the same as something else * This picture is a copy of the ‘one that is in the Museum of Art. corn / ko:(r)n / noun a grass with seeds that people make flour from cornea / 'ks:(r)nia / noun part of the eye corner / ‘kor(r)na(r) / noun 1 the place where two walls come together the corner of the room 2 the place where two edges meet + the corner of the page correct / ka'rekt / adjective right + You have nine correct answers and only ane is wrong. correction / kalrek{(a)n / noun a change that makes something right or solves a problem + Ben made corrections to his writing so he got @ better mark. cosmonaut / 'kozmo,n:t / noun the Russian word for a space traveller * Yuri Gagarin was the first cosmonaut in space. cost / kost / noun the amount you have to pay for something + The cost of these jeans is $40.00. costume / ‘kostjum’/ noun the clothes an actor wears on stage couneil / 'kauns(a)! / noun a group of people who take decisions about a city, town or Neighbourhood + We should write to the council about all the rubbish in our streets. count / kaunt / verb 1 to say numbers in order « My little cousin can count to ten. 2 to number things one by one to find out how many there are + Let's count the sweets in the bag then share them out. country / 'kantri / noun 1 the land away from towns and cities « Grandma lives in the country and there are fields all round her house. 2 the land belonging to a nation of people + | live in England. Which country do you live in? countryside / ‘kantri said / noun the land away from the towns and cities Many people like to go to the countryside at the weekend, couple / ‘kap(a)] / noun two + There was only a couple of passengers on the train, courage / 'kands / noun bravery + Ben showed tue ‘courage when he jumped into the river to save his sister. courageous / ko'reid3as / adjective brave + Space travel is dangerous and astronauts are courageous people. course / ka:(r)s / noun a series of lessons in a particular subject + My cousin has finished his engineering course and now he's looking for work. courtyard /'ks:(r)tjjo(r)d / noun an area between buildings with walls on four sides ‘+ We played basketball in the courtyard of our ‘apartment blocks. cousin /'kaz(a)n / noun the son or daughter of your aunt and uncle + We usually play with our cousins at the weekend. cover / 'kava(r) / noun 1 the front of something + the cover of a book 2 something that is placed on top of an object + A pretty blue cover was on the bed. cover / 'kava(t) / verb to put something on top of another thing + Mum covered the fruit with a cloth because of the insects. cow / kav / noun a farm animal that is kept for / its milk crab / kre / noun a roundish sea creature with a hard shell that moves on legs and has sharp claws crack / krak / verb to break without complete separation of the parts The plate cracked when Sam dropped it but it didn’t break apart. crack open, to crack and then open up The egg cracked open and the chick appeared. craft / kra:ft / noun the making of things by hand « A carpenter’ eraft is making things with wood. rane / krein / noun a tall machine for lifting heavy objects + The crane lifted the bricks to the top of the building. crash / kraf / verb to hit strongly + The box fell off the lorry and crashed onto the road.crater / ‘kretta(r) / noun 1 the opening at the top of a volcano ¢ The sides of a crater are often steep. 2 the bow!-shaped hole in the ground made by an explosion ¢ The firework went off and left a small crater in the ground. crawl / kro:l / verb 1 (@ person) to move slowly on hands and knees 2 (creatures) to move slowly on four or more arms and legs crayon / ‘kreron / noun a coloured pencil used for colouring on paper crazy / ‘kreizi / adjective strange and very silly * Travelling to the moon by hot-air balloon is a crazy idea create / kri'eit/ verb to make something new exist An artist created this sculpture from metal. creation / kri‘er{(a)n / noun something that is made using skill and ideas + My cousin's wedding dress was a wonderful creation. creature / 'kristfa(r) / noun a living thing * Many different creatures live in the rainforest. credible / ‘kredab(2)I / adjective can be believed + The idea that Ben will go to America is very credible because he likes travelling. crescent / 'krez(o)nt / noun a curved shape like anew moon crime / kram / noun a very bad act that the police catch people for doing + The men stole a car and that was a crime. crimson / ‘krimz(a)n / adjective a dark red colour crisis /'‘kraisis / noun a very big problem ¢ Floods can create a huge erisis very quickly. crisp / krisp / adjective stiff » Dad always wears a blue shirt with a crisp white collar when he's working. croak / krauk / verb to make a rough sound like @ frog + When Dad had a sore throat he couldn't speak — he croaked! crockery / ‘krokori / noun plates, cups, saucers and bowls made of china or pottery crocodile / ‘krokadail / noun a large sea and river creature with short legs, a long tail and a long mouth with sharp teeth crop / krop / noun the plants and fruits that farmers grow © The crop in this field is potatoes. . cross / kros / adjective not pleased, a little angry the road carefully. cross / krns / noun (in football) the direction of a bail that travels across the pitch crossroads / ‘kros,raudz / noun (plural) the place where two roads cross each other crown / kraun / noun the headdress word by kings and queens cruel / ‘kru:ol / adjective very unkind and hurtful cruise / kruz / verb to move slowly and smoothly + The big ship cruised across the calm bay. crumpled / 'kramp(a)ld / adjective squashed up into a small shape crush / kraf// verb to squash hard and break into small lumps or pieces * Machines are used to crush stones for making roads. ery / krat / verb 1. to have tears coming from your eyes because of feeling sad + We all cried at the end of the film because the hero died. 2 to call out in a loud voice « The down asked, “Where is my hat?”“k’s on your head!” the children cried. cube / kju:b / noun a shape like a box with six equal faces culture / 'kaltfa(r) / noun customs, habits, art and language of a nation or people cup’/ kap/ noun a container for drinking from cupboard / 'kaba(r)d / noun a piece of furniture with shelves inside and doors on the front for keeping things in cure / kjua(r) / verb to make better + The tablet ‘Mum gave me cured my headache. curtain / 'ks:(r)t(2)n / noun a piece of cloth that is hung across a window to keep out light cushion / ‘ku§(2)n / noun a soft object that is put on chairs to make them comfortable custom / 'kastam / noun something that people do in a certain way + In England itis a custom to put candles on a birthday cake.22 cut / kat / verb to divide something using scissors or a knife * Mum eut the cake and we all had a piece. phrasal verb cut out to cut a shape or piece from something else * Draw a circle then cut it out. cute / kju:t / adjective pretty, attractive * Baby ‘animals always look cute. cutlery / ‘katlori / noun knives, forks and ‘spoons eyele / 'satk(a)1 / verb to travel by bike eyele lane / 'saik(a)I jlemn/ noun a bike/cycle lane, a narrow track, often as part of a large road, that is only for people riding bicycles to use ¢ The cycle lane is sofer because there are no cars. cycling / ‘saiklin / noun the activity of travelling by bike cylinder / ‘silinda(r) / noun a round, hollow object shaped like a tube damage / ‘daemids / verb harm * Eating too much can damage your health, The car was badly damaged in the accident. damage / demids / noun breaking and destroying of things * The stom caused a lot of damage. dance / da:ns / noun to move with rhythm to music often with particular movements dancer / ‘da:nsa(r) / noun a person who dances danger / 'demd3a(r) / noun a time or situation when something bad might happen ¢ There is danger in climbing a mountain during a blizzard. When the ship sank, the passengers were in danger of drowning. dangerous / ‘deindgoras / adjective likely to harm or hurt ¢ Lions are dangerous wild animals. daring / ‘dearin / adjective brave + it was very daring to run ofter the thief and catch him. dark / da:(r)k / adjective without any light + It is dark outside in the middle of the night. darkness / 'dax(r)knas / noun the dark at night or in a place with no lights ¢ The darkness in the cave was scary. Cel relate] dart / da:(r)t / verb to move very suddenly and quickly * The mouse darted across the floor and ‘Mum screamed. date / dett / noun 1. particular day in the year shown by the number and month, e.g. 25th May 2, fruit that grows on a tree in hot countries date palm / ‘deit pa:m / noun the kind of tree that dates grow on daughter / ‘doxta(r) / noun the girl child of a mother and father dawn / do:n / noun the time when the sun first ‘shines light in the sky day / dei / noun a period of 24 hours daylight / ‘des lait / noun light given by the sun during the daytime dead / ded / adjective no longer alive + This plant is dead because we forgot to water it decide / di'said / verb to make a choice about something + Have you decided to go to the seaside or the mountains for your holiday? decision / di's13(3)n / noun the choice someone makes about something + | think your decision to study Chinese is a good one. deep / disp / adjective going down a long way * This pool is deep. It's 10 metres to the botton. defiance / di'farens / noun the act of not obeying * The boy's deflance made his teacher angry. definite / ‘def{a)nat / adjective 1 clearly decided and particular ¢ The 23rd is the definite dote of our prize day. 2 certain + I'm completely definite about my choice of university. definitely / 'def{a)natli / adverb certainly « I'm definitely going to finish my project today. deliberate / di'lib(a)rat / adjective on purpose, meant to happen * The large stoné under the broken window showed that the damage was deliberate. delicate / ‘delikot / adjective fine, easily broken or damaged * A butterfy’s wings are delicate. delighted / di'lattid / adjective very pleased + ‘Mum and Dad were delighted when | passed my piano exam.den / den / noun the place where a wild animal lives * Wolves have dens in forests. dentist / ‘dentist / noun a person who you go to see for treatment on your teeth depressed / di'prest / adjective very sad, often for a long time * Anna felt very depressed when her best friend moved awey. descend / di'send / verb to go down * You can descend the mountain in a special train. descendant / di'sendant / noun a person who is born into a family at a later time * The descendants of the old king left the country and travelled across the sea. describe / di'skraib / verb give details about something in order to explain what it is like * I'll describe New York to you then you'll understand why I want to go back! description / di'skrip{(o)n / noun a statement giving details about something + The police produced a description of the man they were looking for. desert / ‘deza(r)t / noun a large area of land that has almost no rain and few plants deserve / di'zs:(r)v / verb to have done something well so that a reward is the right thing * Ben deserves his prize because he has worked hard all year design / di'zamn / verb to draw a plan, a pattern or a picture of an object before making it * For ‘our homework we had to design a hotel. design / di'zam / noun 1a pattern + I like this spotty design 2. drawing to show how something will look « The design for the new racing car is completely secret. designer / di'zaina(r) / noun a person who draws designs for objects such as clothes and cars desk / desk / noun a table in a classroom, office or study where you can sit and do your work despair / di'spea(r) / noun the feeling that ~ everything is bad and nothing can change it + When the people saw their flooded houses, they were in despair. despair / di'spea(r) / verb to fee! that everything is bad * Don’t despair if you don't pass the test because you can take it again. desperate / ‘desp(a)rat / adjective 1 willing to do anything because the situation is So bad ¢ The desperate man jumped from the window to escape the burning house. 2 fearful and upset because of a bad situation * Ben's voice was desperate when he phoned the firefighters. desperately / ‘desp(a)ratli / adverb urgently and anxiously because of a bad situation destination / desti'neif(a)n / noun the place someone or something is travelling to * We've visited Rome and our next destination is Paris. destroy / di'stro1 / verb to damage something so badly that it cannot be used * The house was destroyed by fire. detail / ‘disteil / noun a small fact or piece of information about something » Ben described the details of the thief’s appearance. in detail, giving all the facts and information You must explain how the machine works in detail. detect / di'tekt / verb find, notice, see * We entered the house but could not detect any sign that ‘anyone was there. detective / di'tektrv / noun a policeman who solves crimes determined / di'ts:(r)mind / adjective very ‘sure about wanting to do something ¢ Sue is determined to study to be a doctor. devastate / ‘devassteit / verb to damage a lot + The town was devastated by the storm. devastated / 'deva stertid / adjective feeling shocked and upset * My uncle looked devastated when he realised that his new car had been stolen. diagram / 'darogrem / noun a simple drawing of an object to show how it is made or how it works * This diagram shows how a turbine tums cand helps to make electricity. dial / ‘datal / noun a round control on a piece of equipment that can be turned to make it work * Turn the dial on the washing machine to On and it will start. diary / ‘datari / noun a book in which a person writes what they have done each day * We can learn a lot of history from old diaries. die / dat / verb to stop being alive 2324 diet / ‘darat / noun what a person or animal eats +A diet of sweets, chocolate and fizzy drinks is very bad for you. difference / ‘difrans / noun something that makes one person or thing not the seme as another + The difference between the twins is the colour of their har different / ‘difrant / adjective not the same as something or someone else + Red and blue are different colours. difficult / ‘difik(a)lt / adjective hard, not easy « It is difficult to learn two languages at the same time. digger / 'digo(r) / noun a machine that digs + Diggers are used when roads are made. digital ‘did3u(o)l / adjective able to store information such as sound or pictures as numbers or electronic signals a digital camera, 2 piece of equipment that takes photos using a digital process dim / dim / adjective only a little light « ft was, dim in the room because there was only a small window. dinner / ‘dina(r) / noun a meal eaten in the evening dinosaur / ‘daina,so:(r) / noun a creature that existed millions of years ago on earth and was like a giant lizard dip / dip / verb to put something into a liquid « Dip your toe in the pool and find out if the water is cold, direction / di'rekj(2)n / noun the place that someone or something faces, moves or points towards + Can you tell me which direction the station isin, please? dirty /'d3()ti / adjective covered in dirt « My little brother's muddy boots made the floor dirty so Mum cleaned it. disappear / ,diso'pio(r) / verb to go from sight « The lion disappeared into the jungle. disappoint / diso'point / verb to upset someone by not doing something they hoped for or expected + Freddy disappointed his parents when he failed his exam. disappointed / ,diso'poinud / adjective the feeling when you don't get something you disposable hoped for or expected * We were disappointed when our class vist to the museum was cancelled. disappointment / ,diso'pointmant / noun the feeling of being disappointed disaster / di'za:sta(r) / noun very bad event * A flood is a terrible disaster for people who live near ! the river. disc / disk / noun a round fiat object that can be used to store sound or pictures + My photos are all on the dise in this plestic box. discourage / dis'karids / verb to say or do things to persuade someone not to do something + Ben discouraged his friend from watching TV by | suggesting a game of football. ; discover / di'skava(r) / verb 1 to find out facts + A long time ogo people discovered that the earth is round. 2 to find a place * Columbus discovered America, discovery / di'skav(a)ri / noun a fact or thing i that is found or found out discuss / di'skas / verb to talk about something with one or more people discussion / di'skaj(a)n / noun the act of talking about something + During the programme there was a lively discussion about health. i disease / di'zi:z / noun a type of illness * Some childhood diseases give you spots on your skin disgrace / dis'greis / noun the state of not being liked or looked up to by anyone ¢ The family of the thief suffered disgrace when he went to prison. in disgrace, being badly thought of Som is in disgrace because he broke Dad's camera, disguise / dis'gaiz / noun clothing and objects worn by a person to make him or her look different + Nina’s disguise was a blond wig, a pair of glasses, an enormous hat and a long coat. dish / dif / noun a large plate for serving food on display / di'splet / noun a show of something + We all enjoyed watching the gymnastics display by students at the sports college. disposable / di'spauzab(o)I / adjective for using then throwing away * Cleanliness is very important in hospitals so doctors use disposable gloves once only.Colbie Ula} distance / ‘distans / noun the measurement between two points + The distance from London to Cairo is about 3,500 kilometres. distant nt | adjective a long way away « We could see distant mountains on the other side of the huge lake. dive / day / verb to go head first into water « Penguins dive into the ocean and catch fish. divisible / di'vizab()I * Four is divisible by two. do / du: / verb to carry out an action + I'm doing a drawing of my cat. adjective can be divided doctor / ‘dokia(r) / noun a person who works in a hospital with sick people or who you go to see when you are ill dodge / dods / verb to move quickly and suddenly around an object or person that is in the way + The thief dodged around the policeman and ran away. dog / dog / noun an animal that is kept as a pet or for hunting and helping people to do tasks doll / dol / noun a toy that looks like a girl dolphin / ‘dolfin / noun a mammal that lives in the sea in groups and which often leaps out of the water door / do:(r) / noun the tall rectangular piece of wood or metal at the entrance to a room that can be opened or closed doorway / do:(r),wer / noun the space at the entrance to a room when the door is open down / daun / preposition to a place below + Let's go down the hill to the river downhill / daun’hil / adverb in a direction going down the hill + it's easy to cycle downhill drag / draeg / verb to pull an object over a surface + The sailors dragged the boat across the sand and into the sea. dragon / ‘draegon / noun an imaginary creature > that can fly and breathes fire + People used to believe that dragons were real animals. dragonfly / ‘dregan,flar/ noun a kind of insect with two pairs of wings that lives around ponds and rivers drain / drein / noun the pipe that takes dirty water away from a building and into the ground * Drains sometimes smell terrible so they must be cleaned often. drama / ‘dra:ma / noun a play or a story that actors tell draw / drs: / verb to make a picture using a pencil dream / dri:m / noun the pictures and events you see when you are asleep dreadful / ‘dredfia)l / adjective very unpleasant / awful + We had a dreadful holiday because it rained every day! dress / dres / noun a piece of clothing for a girl or @ woman that covers the body and part of the arms and legs dribble / ‘drib(a)I / verb (in football) to run kicking the ball gently and keeping it near to the feet drift / drift / verb to float slowly in the air or water + Smoke from the forest fire drifted across the valley. drink / drink / verb to take liquid into your body through your mouth drive / drary / verb to make a vehicle go « My uncle drives a taxi. driver / ‘draiva(r) / noun @ person who drives. droop / dru:p / verb to bend downwards * Ben wos drooping with tiredness by the time they finished the 50 kilometre expedition drop / drop / verb to let fall to the ground + Don't drop that glass! drop / drop / noun a small amount of liquid droplet / ‘droplat / noun a very small amount of liquid drown / draun / verb to die in water + The ship broke when it hit the racks and many sailors drowned in the sea. drum / dram / noun a round musical instrument that is hit to make a sound dry / drat / adjective having no wetness «A desert is a very dry place. dry / drat / verb to take the water from something + The hot sun dried the washing quickly. 2526 duck / dak / noun a bird that lives near rivers and lakes and swims on the water duckling / ‘daklmn / noun a young duck duke / djuk / noun a man who has a high position, just below a prince dull / dal / adjective 1 not bright * The sky was grey and dull so we didn't go to the beach. 2 boring * My cousin told such a dull story that Dad fell asleep! during / ‘djuarmy / preposition throughout the time of » During the lesson the children worked hard. dusty / '‘dasti / adjective covered with fine dirt + The cor was dusty after it had travelled through the desert. duty / ‘djusi /noun a task that must be done as part of a person's job or position * One of the guard's duties was to lock the door every night. dye / dat / noun a liquid that is used to colour cloth * In a factory, many metres of cloth are put into a huge bow! of dye at one time. hand-dyed, coloured by a person putting different dyes on the cloth Hand-dyed cloth is often expensive because every piece is different. each / in{/ adjective every one of two or more persons or things * Each student in this class will be given a revision book. each / it{/ pronoun every one * These cakes are 75 pence each. each other / jf 'ada(r) / pronoun 1 the other one The two boys looked at each other. 2 each of the other people or things in a group When the accident happened, several cars crashed into each other. eagle / ‘izg(o)I / noun a large bird that catches other birds and small animals ear / 10(t) / noun the flap of skin on the side of your head where you hear sound early /'x(1)li / adjective near the beginning of a period of time * In the early morning, the streets ore quiet. early /'s(r)li / adverb before other things + Ben got up early to revise before the exam. earn / 3{(r)n / verb to get money by working ¢ if you get a good jab you will earn a lot of money. earphones / '1a(r),founz / noun (plural) a small piece of equipment you can put in your ears to hear sounds from a CD, radio or music player earring / ‘rarin / noun a piece of jewellery worn on the ear earth / 3:(r) / noun the planet we live on easily / izili / adverb without difficulty or without much effort east / ist / noun the direction where the sun comes up easy / ‘itzi / adjective not difficult or not needing much effort or work * It was easy to find the ‘mountain path but it wasn’t easy to climb it! eat / it / verb to take food into your body through your mouth edge / eds / noun the place where something ends + The penci fll off the edge of the desk. editor / ‘edita(r) / noun the person who decides what goes in a newspaper or magazine and where it appears * The editor decided that the story about the fire wasn't very interesting so he put it on page 6. educate / ‘edjukett / verb to teach + Primary schools educate children until they are I or 12.My dad was educated in America. education / edju'kei{(2)n / noun the activity of teaching people in schools and universities, etc. + Education will help you all your life. eel / i / noun a long thin fish effect / 'fekt / noun the result of an action * One effect of the storm was many fallen trees. (to) have an effect, to create a change The teacher’ wise words had an effect on the class and they worked harder. special effect, when props and cameras are used to film something that is not real and which could not happen The special effects in the film were amazing! The dragon picked up the castle and ate it! egg / eg /noun the round shape made by a bird that a chick comes fromelbow / 'elbau / noun the bony part in the middle of your arm * Please don't sit with your elbows on the table. elbow pad, a piece of thick material that is worn on the elbow to protect it Ben put on his elbow pads before he went skateboarding. electric / 'lekirik / adjective working by electricity * Don't leave the electric lights on when the classroom is empty. electrical / 'lektrik(a)l / adjective of or to do with electricity * My uncle is an electrical engineer. electricity / 1,lek'trisati / noun the power that people use to work lights and machines * When the electricity stops, the lights go off. electrifying / :'Iektri,faun / adjective very exciting and amazing * The president's speech was electrifying and at the end everyone cheered and clapped for ages. elegance / ‘eligans / noun beauty and gracefulness * The people loved the queen for her elegance and kindness. elegant / ‘eligant / adjective graceful and beautiful + This ancient Chinese vase is both elegant cand valuable. elephant / ‘clifant / noun a very large African and Asian animal which has a long trunk and large ears embarrass / 1m'beeras / verb to make someone feel silly, nervous or awkward in front of other people + My dad embarrassed my brother by telling everyone how clever he is. emperor / ‘emp(2)ra(r) / noun a ruler of a very large area of land and very many people ‘employ / 1m’plo / verb to pay someone to work for you * My uncle employs a gardener. empress / ‘empras / noun the female ruler of a large area of land and its people or the wife of an emperor ‘empty / ‘empti / adjective having nothing inside + The archaeologists were disappointed that the “ancient tomb was empty. encourage / in'karids / verb to give hope and confidence + The players were encouraged by their friends cheering loudly. enquire encouragement / in'kanidsmant / noun words or actions used to persuade or help someone to do something * Our teacher gave us lots of encouragement before our exams.With Dad's encouragement, Sam decided to apply for the job aand he got it! end / end / noun 1 the last part of something * My uncle lives ot the end of thi street 2 the finish of something * The end of the film was really sad and we all cried. endangered / in,deind30(r)d / adjective in danger + The endangered village is close to the ‘smoking volcano. energy / 'eno(r)d3i / noun 1 the power your body needs to do things + If you don’t sleep enough, you won't have the energy to do your work. : 2 the power that comes from nature, such as the sun and rivers, that can also be used to make other kinds of power such as electricity + The sun's energy can be used to heat water and houses. engine / 'endsin / noun 1 the vehicle at the front of a train that pulls it along * The engine roared as it pulled the carriages out of the station. 2 the machine inside a vehicle that makes it move * The engine of Dad's car isn't working properly so he’s taking it to the garage. engineer / end3t'nia(r) / noun a person who works with machines engineering / endsi'narin / noun designing and making machines * My cousin is studying engineering at university. enjoy / in'dsot / verb to have a good time + We really enjoyed our holiday because there were so many things to do. enjoyable / in'd3o10b(2)I / adjective giving pleasure * We had an enjoyable day at my aunt's house. enormous / 1'no:(r)mas / adjective very big +A whale is an enormous animal. enquire / in’kwara(r) / verb to ask, find out information * The notice said, ‘For more information, please enquire at the office’. 2728 enquiringly enquiringly / in'kwai(a)rigli / adverts questioningly and in a way that expects an answer + ‘I don't seem to have your homework, Sam,’ the teacher said enquiringly. enter / ‘enta(r) / verb to go into a building or place entertain / enta(r)'tein / verb to amuse and interest « At the party a clown entertained the children. entertaining / enta(r)'temm / adjective fun and interesting * The play was really entertaining and I'm glad | saw it entertainment / enta(r)'temmant / noun a performance or event that is intended to be enjoyable + The firework show was great entertainment. enthusiastic / in Qju:zi'estik / adjective extremely interested in something and excited about it + Dan is so enthusiastic about our visit to Paris that he's learning French. entire / in'taia(r) / adjective whole, all of * The entire class must do this homework again because everyone got it wrong. entrance / ‘entrons / noun the way into a place or building + The school entrance is on King Street. entry / ‘entri / noun the act of going into a place + The policemen forced their entry into the thief’s house envelope / ‘envaloup / noun the flat paper cover that you put a letter into before you send it epic /‘epik / noun a long book, poem or film that contains a lot of exciting events epic / ‘epik / adjective long and exciting * Our journey to India by car was an epic adventure. equalise / 'i:kwolaiz / verb 1 to make two things equal 2 (in football) to score a goal so that you have the same number of goals as the other team equipment / kwipmant / noun objects that are needed for a particular activity * You can hire the equipment that you need to go skiing. erupt / rapt / verb to throw hot rocks and dust high into the air © Sometimes a volcano erupts with a massive explosion eruption /1'rapi(a)n / noun the explosion of a volcano when ash and dust flies into the air and lava comes out of the crater escalator / 'eska|leita(r) / noun a moving Staircase that takes people from one floor of a building to the next floor escape / 1'skeip / noun the action of getting away from something * The story of the thief’s escape was in the newspaper. essential /'sen{(a)I / adjective completely necessary « It is essential that you have the correct documents when you travel abroad. establish / i'steblif / verb to build or set up + Our schoo! was established 20 years ago. evening / ‘i:vnin / noun the part of the day that comes between the afternoon and the night event / 'vent / noun something that happens * The queen's visit to our school was an exciting event. eventually / 'ventfuali / adverb at last, finally + We travelled for three days but eventually, we reached home. every / ‘evri / adjective each one ¢ Try to find ‘every mistake in your work and correct it. We catch the bus every day. everyone / ‘evriwan / pronoun each one of the people in a group +! hope everyone has understood the homework. everything / ‘evr / pronoun each one of all the things * Everything in the sale is half price everywhere / ‘evri,wea(r) / adverb all places + We looked everywhere for the lost key. evidence / ‘evid(a)ns / noun 1 proof + The policeman took fingerprints for evidence of the crime. 2 information that shows something is true + Please show me evidence that you are a member of this club. evident / ‘evid(a)nt / adjective clear + itis not evident to me that you have done any revision at all evidently / ‘evid(a)ntli / adverb clearly + You have evidently done this work carefully so you will get a good mark. evil /‘i:v(a)I / adjective very, Very bad + The evil ‘man stole from his neighbours.exactly exploration exactly / 19'zek(t)li / adverb correctly, accurately + Ben measured the line exactly. Exactly! / 1g'zekt(t)li / quite right, | agree “This film is boring,” said Ben. “Exactly!” replied Sam.“l wanted to watch the other one.” exam / 1g'zam / noun an important test * You ‘must revise before your exam. excellence / 'eksalans / noun the very good quality of something + The excellence of your idea makes it better than the rest. excellent / ‘eksolant / adjective very good + This work is excellent, Ben, well done. exchange / 1ks'tfeinds / verb to change over and to give something in return for something else * Dad exchanged our old car for a new one, excited / ik'saitid / adjective very happy and pleased + Ben was very excited the first time he went on a plane. excitement / ik’sartmant / noun a feeling of happiness and interest because something good is going to happen There was a lot of excitement before the film star arrived. exciting / ik’saitin / adjective 1 making you feel excited and enthusiastic We had such an exciting journey across Indiat 2 full of action and interest ¢ This film is really exciting, isn't it? ‘exclaim / ik'skleim / verb to speak in an excited | or surprised voice * “There's an elephant in our garden!" Mum exclaimed. execute / ‘eksi,kjust / verb to do The skater executed a perfect jump then a fast spin. exhausted / 1q'za:stid / adjective very tired exhausting / 1g'zo:stin / adjective very tiring exhibition / eksi'bif(a)n / noun a display of objects + The new exhibition in the museum is of old cars exhilarating / 1g'z1l9,re1tin / adjective exciting and making you feel lively # Our flight in a hot-air balloon was an exhilarating experience. exist / 1g'zist / verb to live « You can't exist without breathing. existence / 1g'z1st(2)ns / noun the state of being a real or living thing + In the past, some people believed in the existence of creatures on Mars. expand / ik'spiend / verb to get bigger + A balloon expands wien you blow into it. expanse /ik'spens / noun a very large area + The desert is an expanse of sand and rock. expansion / ik'spen{(ajn / noun the act of getting bigger ‘expect / 1k'spekt / verb to think something is going to happen in a particular way * Sam expected the exam to be easy but it wasn’t. expensive / ik'spensiv / adjective costing a lot of money expert / 'eksps:(r)t / noun a person who knows a lot about something * My uncle is an expert in engineering. explain / ik'splein / verb 1 to give a reason for something « “The road is closed because of an accident,” the policeman explained. 2 to make clear how something happens or has happened « This leaflet explains how your new computer works, ‘explanation / ,ckspla'nei{(a)n / noun 1.a reason why something happens or has happened * Dad did not believe Sam's explanation for the broken window. 2 how something works or has happened « The teacher gave an explanation of how a volcano erupts. explode / ik'splaud / verb to break open very suddenly with a loud noise « In the adventure film the empty car exploded and burned quickly. exploit / ik'sploit / verb use for your own advantage ¢ If your family is going to live in Paris you should exploit the opportunity and learn French while you are there. exploitation / ,eksplor‘ter(s)n / noun the use of a person, animal or thing for your ‘own purposes + Many people think that the exploitation of children in factories is wrong. exploration / ekspla'reif(a)n / noun the finding of new places + Space exploration is exciting but sometimes it is dangerous, too. 2930 Coes) (el g explore / ik'splo:(r) / verb to travel through and look at a place for the first time * When they arrived on the island, the children explored the beach first, then the woods. explorer / ik'splo:ra(r) / noun @ person who explores explosion / 1k'splou3(a)n / noun the sound when something explodes expression / ik'spref(a)n / noun the look on a person's face that shows how they are feeling + Ben's expression was one of delight, so we knew hed passed his exams. ‘extinct / 1k'stinkt / adjective no longer living or active + Dinosaurs are extinet. This volcano has not erupted for 1,000 years so it is extinct. extreme / ik'stri:m / adjective much stronger or more difficult than usual + The competition has been cancelled because of the extreme weather. extremely /1k'stri:mli / adverb very * Mum was extremely pleased with Anna's high mark for her project. eye / a1 / noun the part of your body that you use to see with eyebrow / 'aybrav / noun the line of hairs above your eye eye-catching / ‘aikzeiin / adjective attractive, impressive, unusual so that you notice it very easily + The eye-catching dress was covered with sparkling jewels. eyelash / ‘ai laf / noun one of the short curved hairs that grow at the edge of your eyelid eyelid / ‘aiid / noun the skin that covers your eye when you shut it fable / 'feib(2)I / noun a story that teaches something + The fable of the ‘Lion and the mouse’ teaches you that little friends can be big friends. face / feis / noun the front part of the head where the eyes, nose and mouth are face / fers / verb to put the front part towards something + The palace faces the river fact / fekt / noun something that is known to be true * itis @ fact that the earth goes round the sun. in fact, really, truly Ben is very tall In fact, he is the tallest boy in the class. factory / 'feektri / noun @ building where many people make things + There are several car factories in our city. factual / ‘feektfual / adjective to do with facts + This factual book about mountains tells you a lot of interesting, true information. fail / fel / verb 1 to be unable to do something that you try to do + Ben failed to run fast enough to be chosen for the team. 2 to not pass a test + My cousin failed his driving test and he was really annoyed. faint / feint / adjective quiet * We heard faint thunder os the storm came closer. fair / feo(r) / adjective 1 equal « It’s not fair if you have that big ice cream and | have this small one. 2 reasonable + Now you are older its fair to ask you to help ot home. 3 a yellow colour of hair + Lots of people in the north of Europe have fair hair. fair / fea(r) / noun @ market with lots of stalls and displays to look at funfair, a place that has activities, games and rides such as roundabouts falcon / 'fo:Ikan / noun a kind of bird that catches other birds and small animals fall / foil / verb to move downwards + Rain is falling from the sky. phrasal verbs 1 fall apart to break into pieces because of age or being badly made + The first time | wore my new shorts they fell apart, so Mum took them back to the shop. 2 fall down to fall onto the ground + Ben tripped ‘over the cat and fell down. Rocks were falling down the mountain and crashing into the valley. 3 fall off to fall from a place * Harry fell off the slide in the playground and hurt himself. 4 fall over to fall down and lie flat + Grandma slipped on the ice and fell over. The bottle fell over ‘ond water spilled on the table.fame / feim / noun the state of being known by everyone for doing something good or successful + The footballer’s fame grew with every goal he scored familiar / fo'milio(r) / adjective well known from previous experience or easily recognised + | was pleased to see Mum and Dad's familiar faces when | ‘got back from New York. family / 'feer(a)li / noun 1. a group made up of two parents and their children + There are four children in the family that lives next door to us. 2 the wider group of people who are related to you + Most people in my family wear glasses including my aunts, uncles and my cousins. famous / ‘feims / adjective known by lots of people for doing something great + Shakespeare is the most famous English writer. fan / fen / noun 1 a piece of electrical equipment that spins fast and cools the air in a room 2 folded paper or another material that opens to half a circle which people move in front of their faces to cool the air + Chinese empresses had beautiful sik fans. 3 supporter, follower * Some film stars have so mony fans that there is a special club that they can Join. fancy dress / ,feensi ‘dres / noun a costume you wear to look like someone or something * The children wore fancy dress to the party: Nina was a butterfly and Harry was a robot. fantastic / fen'tesuk / adjective very good, amazing + Sending people to the moon is 0 fantastic achievement in science. farm / fa:(r)m / noun an area of land and buildings where animals are kept and crops are grown farmer / 'fa:(r)ma(r) / noun a person who looks after a farm fascinate / fesineit / verb to interest greatly + Plants and insects have always fascinated Andy and now he's studying biology. fascinating / 'faesmeitin / adjective very interesting * Ben thinks spiders are fascinating. Crvatlg fascination / ,feest'ner{(2)n / noun strong interest + The new computer game gave the boys hours of _ fascination. fashion / 'fe{(o)n / noun 1 style of clothing + Designers show their new fashions at special shows. 2 a way of doing something « Billy smiled at his teacher in a very silly fashion and she was cross. fast / fa:st / adjective having a lot of speed + Fast cars can go at over 340 kilometres per hour. fast / fu'st / adverb quickly * The car came round the corner very fast and we jumped out of the road. fat / feet / adjective big and round « My dad has decided he's too fat so he’s stopped eating chips and pizzas. father / 'fa:da(r) / noun the male parent of a child e fault / fo:It / noun the fact of being the cause of a bad situation + The accident was the fault of the driver who was going too fast. It’s (somebody's) fault It’s my fault | missed the bus — | got up late! favourite / 'feiv(a)rat / adjective the one liked more than any of the others ¢ This is my favourite computer game and | play it all the time. fear / fia(r) / noun the feeling of being afraid + Nina's fear of spiders stopped her from sitting in the garden. fearful / 'fia(r)f(a)l / adjective afraid + Mum was fearful that we would miss our train because our taxi was late. fearfully / 'fia(r)f(a)li / adverb in a frightened way ¢ When Anna heard the strange sound she looked up fearfully. fearless / 'fio(r)las / adjective without fear « Heroes are usually brave and fearless. feast / fist / noun a big meal that is eaten on special occasions » The whole family gathered for @ feast when my cousin was married. feather / '‘feda(r) / noun the long, soft flat shapes that cover a bird's body « Parrots have brightly coloured feathers on their bodies and long tail feathers. feature / 'fiifa(r) / noun an important part of something * One really good feature of this book is the wonderful photos. 3132 fed up / ,fed ‘ap / adjective bored and a bit Cross + The children were fed up because it rained for two days. feed / fd / verb 1 to eat * Cows feed on grass. 2 to give food + The farmer fed the chickens. feel / fis / verb 1 to experience an emotion such as fear or sadness + Amy feels happy when she sees her Grandma. 2 to be in a particular condition * Everyone felt cold when the pipes froze and the heating stopped working. 3 to touch + The doctor gently felt Nina's arm and realised it was broken. 4 to give a sensation + A cat’ fur feels soft. fellow /‘felou / noun a man * Our neighbour is 0 strange fellow. female / 'fimeil / adjective a person or animal that gives birth to babies or produces young animals # A female swan lays her eggs in a large nest made of sticks and plants, fence / fens / noun a barrier of wood or metal + There was a fence round the field so that the sheep could not get out. festival / 'festiv(a)l / noun a time when there are singers, dancers, musicians and artists ‘and many people watch them There will be drummers and dancers at the festival this year. fetch / fet{ / verb to carry something from one place to another place + Grandmo’s glasses are in the kitchen, Please fetch them. fever /‘fivo(r) / noun an iliness when the body becomes too hot + When someone has a fever, you must coo! the body. fibre / 'faiba(r) / noun one of the very thin hair- like pieces that are in the threads that cloth is made from fiction /fik{(o)n / noun writing that is not fact but the ideas of the writer + Adventure stories are fiction. science fiction, stories about space and the future The hero of this science fiction story is the captain of a huge spaceship. fiddle /*'fid(a)! / noun (informal) violin field / fild / noun an area of land that is used for keeping animals or growing crops + There ore 70 sheep in that field. fierce / fio(r)s / adjective 1 very frightening + a flerce monster 2 very strong * a flerce storm fig / fig noun a fruit fight / fait / verb 1 to attack another person with your hands and feet + The boys who were fighting in the playground were sent to the head teacher. 2 to try to stop * Doctors fight disease by teaching people about cleanliness. fight / fait / noun when two or more people hit each other fighter / 'faita(r) / noun a person who fights file / fail / noun a folder that sheets of paper can be put into and taken out of ¢ | am keeping my ‘Bears’ project in a file. fact file, a file of information about a subject with facts that are easy to find and understand There is a fact file about animals in the library. filling / ‘filr / noun what is inside + That tomato and cheese filling in your sandwich looks delicious. film / film / noun 1 a set of moving pictures that tell a story * Dad took us to see the new science fiction film last week. 2 the material that is used for taking photos or moving pictures I've taken so many pictures that | need a new film for my camera. film / film / verb to use a camera to record moving images fin / fin / noun the narrow bony part that is on the back of a fish final / ‘fain(a) / adjective last ¢ The final match will decide the winner of the competition. final / 'fain(o)l / noun the last match of a tournament or competition + We have tickets for the final of the National Cup. finally / fain(a)li / adverb at last + We walked for two hours but finally we reached the castle. find / faind / verb to discover something, often after looking for it » The explorers found the lost «ity in the jungle. fine / fain / adjective 1 well, good My sister was il yesterday but she's fine today. 2 thin and light, not heavy * Grandmother wove with fine threads.finely finely / ‘fainli / adverb 1 into very small pieces * Chop up the onion finely. 2 correctly, with great care + This isa very finely made chair finish / 'finif / verb 1 to end + The concert finished at ten o'clock. 2 to complete + You must finish your project by the end of the week. fire / 'fara(r) / noun 1a small pile of burning wood to make heat + The family sat round the fire on cold evenings. 2 flames and smoke that happen when a building is burning It took six hours to put out the fire at the factory. fireman / 'faia(r)man / noun a person who has the job of putting out fires firework / 'faro(r),wa(r)k / noun a burning light that flies up into the sky and shows different colours, often used at night for celebrations + In some cities there are fireworks at New Year. firm / f3x(r)m / adjective strong and solid + Ben took a firm hold of Pete's hand and pulled him out of the lake. first / fa(r)st / adverb L before any others + Anna came first in the race cand she won a prize. 2 before doing something « It’s time for lunch but first you must wash your hands. at first, at the beginning At first Horry didn’t like school but now he loves it. first-class / fs:(r)st'klass / adjective 1 of the very best + This writing is first-class, well done! 2 the best seats on a train or plane * We are trovelling first-class on the train to London. fish / fif / noun a creature that swims in the sea fit /fit/ verb to match in size + These shoes fit my feet. fit / fit / adjective in good health if you do sport every day, you will be fit. fix / fiks / verb 1 to put firmly in place + The notice that was fixed to the wall said ‘Keep out’ 2 to mend « I broke my bike but Dad fixed it for me. fixtures list / fikstfa(r)z jist / noun all the matches that have been arranged for a team flag / flexg / noun a piece of cloth on a stick that you can wave about or put on a pole flagpole / ‘flag poul / noun a tall, round piece of wood that holds a flag at the top flame / fleim / noun the hot, coloured part of a fire that moves flannel / 'fln(a)l / noun a kind of material flap / fle / verb to move up and down + The bird flapped its wings as it flew. flash / fief / noun light for a few seconds « When ‘our TV broke there was o flash then a smell of burning. flat / flat / adjective without folds or bumps + The land was flat and we could see for many kilometres. - flight / flait / noun the act of flying * Our flight from London to Paris took one hour. float / flout / verb 1 to stay on the surface of water + If you put on ice cube into a glass of water, it wil float. 2 to be held up by air * The clown’s huge bunch of balloons floated above his head. flock / flok / noun a large group of birds, sheep Or goats * This flock has over 100 sheep init floe / flou / noun a large solid area of ice floating in the ocean + As winter comes and the ocean gets colder, the ice floes get bigger. flood / flad / noun a sudden appearance of water on land because of heavy rainfall and rivers flowing over their banks and across the ground floor / flo:(r) / noun 1 the fiat surface you walk on in a building + All of the floors in the palace are made of marble. 2 level in a building * Our flat is on the second floor. flour / flava(r) / noun the fine white powder that is used to make cakes and bread flow / flou / verb to move along smoothly * The water flowed under the bridge. flower / 'flava(r) / noun the pretty, coloured part of a plant that contains the seeds + My cousin carried a bunch of pink and white flowers at her wedding. 3334 fluffy / flafi / adjective soft and light, like wool or feathers * Nina picked up the kitten which felt fluffy and warm, flute / flu:t / noun a musical instrument that is played by blowing into it fly / flat / vert 1 to move with wings + Hundreds of white birds were flying across the sky. 2 to travel on a plane + We flew to Paris last week. 3 to control a plane « The pilot flew the helicopter close to the cliff focus / 'foukas / verb 1 to concentrate attention + You must focus on your school work this year. 2 to bring together to one point + The men focused their torchiights on the door of the old house. fog / fog / noun thick clouds that form close to the ground and make it difficult to see fold / fauld / verb to bend a piece of paper or cloth and press one part of it over another « You can make a fan if you fold a sheet of paper many times. follow / 'folav / verb 1 to walk or drive behind someone who is going in the same direction * The policeman followed the man to see where he went. 2 to obey an order or advice + Follow the instructions carefully following /'folsuiy / adjective next + First we stayed with Grandma and the following week we visited my aunt. food / fu:d / noun what you eat to stay alive / noun a very silly person A person who drives too fast is a fool. foot / fut / noun (plural: feet) the part of your body at the end of your legs that you use to stand on football / 'fut,bstl / noun a game for two teams in which goals are scored by kicking a ball into anet forehead / ‘ford, 'f>x(r),hed / noun the front of the top part of the head foreign / ‘form / adjective from another country + This is a foreign coin and I don't know where its from. forest / 'forist / noun a large area of land where many trees grow close together forever / far'eva(r) / adverb for all time forget / fo(r)'get / verb to not remember + If you have forgotten to bring your project today, you must bring it tomorrow. form / f>:(r)m / verb to make, to shape * A potter forms clay into bowls and plates. fortunate / 'fo:{r)ifonat / adjective lucky, happening in a better way than it might have done * It was fortunate that the accident happened when there were few cars on the road. fortunately / 'fo:(r)tfanotli / adverb luckily * Grandpa fell down the steps but fortunately he wasn't hurt. forward / 'f>:(r)wa(r)d / noun (in football) a player in the front line who tries to score goals forwards / 'fo:(r)wa(r)dz / adverb to a place in front * The children ran forwards to see the king. foul / favl / noun an action that is against the rules * In football, holding onto another player is a foul. found / faund / verb to establish, to set up + This university was founded 800 years ago. fountain / 'fauntin / noun a structure that shoots water into the air The fountain in the park is in the middle of a pool fox / foks / noun a wild animal like a small dog free / fri: / adjective able to go anywhere + ‘Animals in a safari park are free so you must be careful as they are all wild. free time, time when you can choose what you do In the free time at the end of the lesson, Ben decided to work on his project. freedom / ‘fri:dom / noun the state of being free * Wild birds have freedom but coged birds do not. freestyle / ‘fristail / adjective when any way of doing things is allowed * The competition was freestyle and the skier jumped backwards off the rock. freeze / frizz / verb to become very cold * Water freezes at 0 degrees Celsius and becomes ice. freeze to death, to become very cold and die The Arctic explorer lost his way and froze to death.ig 4g freezer / 'friza(r) / noun a large piece of electrical equipment that is used for freezing food freezing / 'frizin / adjective extremely cold, at 0 degrees or lower + It was freezing last night so we fit the fire. fresh / fref / adjective 1 just made « I've just squeezed these oranges so the juice is completely fresh. 2 uncooked + Fresh fruit and vegetables are good for you. freshly / 'frefli / adverb recently + This room has been freshly painted. fridge / frid3 / noun short form of ‘refrigerator’ friend / frend / noun someone you know well and like to be with friendly / 'fren(d)li / adjective behaving in a pleasant, kind and helpful way frightened / 'frait(s)nd / adjective scared * Anna is frightened of spiders and she runs away when she sees one. frog / frog / noun a small creature that hops and swims and lives near rivers and ponds front / frant / noun the part of something that you see first + The front of the building was painted white. front page, the first page of a newspaper The wedding of the king and queen was on the front page of every newspaper. in front of, in a position before something else The man was standing in front of us in the queue for the film frown / fraun / verb to make a cross expression * Billy asked ca stupid question and his father frowned at him, | frozen /'frauz(o)n / adjective colder than 0. degrees C + The water in the pond is completely frozen and you can stand on it. fruit / frux / noun the part of a plant you can eat for food + Some sweet fruits grow on trees but tomatoes grow on much smaller plants fry frat / verb to cook in oil full / ful / adjective no more space inside + This bus is full now and nobody else can get on. fully /'foli / adverb completely * Anna is fully confident that she can win the competition. fumes / fju:mz / noun (plural) smoke or gas that has a bad smell + Lots of people complained about the fumes from the factory. fun / fan / noun a good time * We had fun on holiday becouse the hotel had a great swimming pool ‘and two tennis courts. funeral / 'furn(a)ral / noun the ceremony that happens when someone has died + My grondfather was 90 when he died and many people came to his funeral. funny / ‘fani / adjective amusing, entertaining + Dad knows lots of funny jokes ond he makes people faugh a lot. fur / fs:(r) / noun the thick soft hairs that grow on an animal + A snow tiger has very thick, long fur that keeps it warm in the mountains, furious / 'fjusrias / adjective 7 1 very, very angry * Our neighbour was furious when thieves stole his car. 2 with a lot of speed and energy * The car whizzed round the comer at a furious pace. furniture / 'f3:(r)n1t{a(r) / noun all the items such as tables, chairs, cupboards and beds in a house furry /'fsxri / adjective having fur + Bears and cats are furry animals. further / 'fs:(r)0a(r) / adverb a longer distance away * I'm not tired. Let's walk a bit further. fury / 'fjuari / noun great anger + Anna showed her fury by stamping her foot. fuss / fas / noun extra attention being given to something because it is a problem * There was @ fuss about our train tickets because the date wasn’t clear. make a fuss, to call attention to something by complaining strongly Aunt Jane made a fuss about the dirty table and asked the waiter to clean it. future / ‘fju:tfo(r) / noun events that have not yet happened ¢ Science fiction stories are often set in the future. gale / geil / noun strong wind « A gale can sometimes blow the roof off a building. 3536 Pula gallery / ‘gelari / noun a room or building where pictures or other artworks are shown gallop / 'gelap / verb to move at the fastest possible speed, usually expressing the movement of a horse game / geim / noun an activity that you play + Sam likes ball games like football but Ben prefers computer games. gap / gep / noun an empty space + There is a gap between the museum and the theatre. gape / geip / verb to open the mouth wide often because of surprise * Harry gaped in amazement the first time he saw the sea. garden / 'ga:(r)d(2)n / noun the area around a house or building where trees and plants are grown * Grandma's garden has lovely flowers but we play on the grass in our garden. garlic / ga:(r)lik / noun a vegetable similar to. an onion that has a strong taste and smell gasp / ga:sp / verb to draw your breath in suddenly and make a sound, usually because of surprise, fear or shortage of breath after running + The zoo-keeper gasped when he saw that the crocodile had escaped and was coming towards him. gasp / gasp / noun the sound made when ‘someone breathes in quickly through the mouth + We all gave a loud gasp when we saw Grandma's new car. gate / gett / noun a door in a wall or fence around a field or garden generator / ‘dsena,reito(r) / noun a machine that makes electricity * When the electricity is cut off, this hospital uses its own generator. gentle / ‘dsent(a)! / adjective calm and quiet, touching lightly You must be gentle when you pick up a kitten. geography / dsi:'ngrafi / noun the study of the earth's physical features and the people, plants and animals that live in different regions of the world geologist / d3i'nlad3ist / noun a person who studies the earth and its rocks + Geologists study rocks to find out how old they are. germ / d5s:(r)m / noun a tiny creature that causes disease * Wash your hands to get rid of germs, get / get / verb 1 to buy + Please would you get some tomatoes at the market? 2 to fetch + Dad will get Grandma from the station tomorrow morning. 3 to become « It got darker as the storm ‘approached. 4 to receive + Sam got a present from his cousin. 5 to make progress + How far have you got with your project? get dressed, to put clothes on We all got dressed in our best clothes before the wedding. get rid of, to stop having something Dad wants to get rid of his old car because it doesn’t go well. phrasal verbs 1 get away to escape + The detective was too slow to catch the thief and he got away. 2 get on to succeed + Sam has got on well this year because he has worked hard. 3 get on with to be friends with, to enjoy being with somebody « / get on really well with my cousin. 4 get out to take somebody / something out of something + Please get out your books. My sister got the baby out of the car. 5 get out of to avoid + I can't ploy today because I've got to tidy my room and I can't get out of doing it 6 get to to arrive + We got to the station ten minutes before the train arrived. 7 get up to get out of bed * Anna got up early on the day of the exam geyser / ‘gi:za(r) / noun a hot spring that sometimes throws up water * Some geysers throw water five metres in the air. giant / 'dgaront / noun a very large, tall person in stories + In Jack and the Beanstalk’, Jack had to run away from the angry giant. giant / ‘dsaront / adjective enormous « A strange, giant fish was seen in the lake. gift / gift / noun a present « We gave Aunt Meg a gift at the end of our visit. giraffe / dso'ra:f / noun a large African animal with a very long neck girl / gs(r)I / noun a female childglacier glacier / ‘glzsia(r) / noun the mass of ice that moves very slowly down some high mountain valleys + You can walk across a glacier but you must be careful glance / glans / verb to look quickly « I only glanced at the woman so I'm afraid I can’t describe her very well. glare / glea(r) / verb to look crossly at + The teacher glared at the boy who laughed. glass / glass / noun ‘La hard material that you can see through + Windows are made of glass. 2 an object for drinking from that is made of glass * Could | have a glass of water, please? glass / glo:s / adjective made of glass *There are small onions in this glass jar. glasses / ‘gla:siz / noun (plural) the object that ‘some people wear in front of their eyes to help them see + Ben will have to wear glasses because he can't see the board in school. glimpse / glimps / noun a quick look at something © if you are quiet you might get a glimpse of the tiger before it goes back into the jungle. catch a glimpse, to see something for a short time As we drove through the mountains we caught a glimpse of the river far below us. glisten / ‘glis(ayn / verb to shine because of being wet The pavements glistened in the sunlight ofter the storm. glitter / ‘glita(r) / verb to shine brightly with small flashes of light + The stars are glittering in the sky. gloom / glu:m / noun dim light « We walked into the cave and in the gloom we could see shells on the rocks. gloomy / ‘glumi / adjective 1 without colour or light ¢ It was gloomy inside the cave. 2 alittle sad + Everyone felt gloomy when our team lost the match. “glorious / \glarriss / adjective very beautiful in ‘a way which makes you feel happy * We had a glorious view from the hotel. glory /‘gls:ri /noun praise and admiration you get for doing something impressive + Many doctors save lives but only a few get much glory. glove / glav / noun clothing that you wear on your hand for warmth or protection * Mum uses a thick glove when she picks up a hot pan and Dad wears a pair of gloves when he rides his motorbike. glow / glov / verb to shine but not brightly + The camp fire glowed red and in the dim light the explorers looked at their map. glue / glu: / noun a sticky material used to fix things together * To make this paper box, cut out the shape and stick the sides together with glue. go / gou / verb to move to a place * Please go to the window and open it. phrasal verbs 1 go by to pass « This tree gets taller as each year goes by. 2 go into to start working or training in a particular profession or job + Ben's decided to go into science but Sam is going into engineering. 3 go off to not like anymore + | wanted to visit New York but I've gone off the idea because | don't like flying. 4 go on to continue + You may go on with your project for homework. 5 go over to revise, to read through again + ‘Always go over your essays at least once before you hand them in. goalkeeper / 'g3ul ki:pa(r) / noun the person who guards the goal and tries to prevent the other team’s ball from going into it goat / gout / noun a small farm animal with horns kept for its milk and for meat goggles / 'gog(o)Iz / noun (plural) special glasses that completely cover the eyes to protect them from water, wind and dust gold / gould / noun a precious yellow-coloured metal often used for wedding rings golden / 'gould(a)n / adjective made of gold or of a gold appearance good / gud / adjective ‘nice, pleasant, attractive + Those cakes look good, don't they? 2 well done or well made This is a good essay and you will get a high mark. good at, able to do something well Are you good at sports? goose / gu:s / noun (plural: geese) a kind of large bird that swims on water and lives near itPile celle) Paar ls 38 gorgeous / 'go:(r)dsas / adjective very lovely + Dad gave Mum a gorgeous bunch of flowers for her birthday. governess / ‘gava(rnas / noun a woman who lives with a family and teaches the children government / 'gava(r)amant / noun the group of people who run a country + The government has ‘greed to build more roads this year. grab / greeb / verb to take hold of something or someone firmly + Harry wanted to go to the edge of the ciff but Mum grabbed him and held his hand tight. graceful / ‘greisf(a)l / adjective moving in a beautiful way + Swans always look graceful when they swim on the water. grade / greid / noun 41 mark, level of achievement «| hope | get a good grade in my exams! 2 level « My American cousin is in the fifth grade. gradually / ‘greed3uali / adverb slowly, a little at atime gramophone / '‘gremo,foun / noun an old kind ‘of machine for playing discs of music grand / grend / adjective impressive + The castle has a grand entrance with huge metal gates. grand opening, the formal start of something through a celebration The mayor came to the grand opening of the school and there was a band ‘and dancing. 3 Grandad / 'gran(d) ded / noun a name for your grandfather grandfather / ‘grzen(d),fasda(r) / noun the father of your father or mother Grandma / ‘gren(d),ma: / noun a name for your grandmother grandmother / 'gren(d),mada(r) / noun the mother of your father or mother Grandpa / ‘graen(d),pa: / noun a name for your grandfather Granny / ‘graeni / noun a name for your grandmother grape / greip / noun a small round fruit that is green or purple and grows in large bunches grass / gras / noun the plant with thin green leaves that grows on the ground especially in parks for people to walk and play on great / greit / adjective 1 large, important + Lots of people visit The Great Wall of China. 2 very good, exciting + We watched a great film yesterday. greedy / ‘gri:di / adjective taking too much, especially food, so that others have less + Sam was greedy at the party and he took half the cake. grid / grid / noun a barrier made of spaced metal rods going from top to bottom and side to side + The grid over the window stopped thieves from climbing into the house. grief / grisf / noun a strong feeling of sadness + The man felt a lot of grief when his wife died. grin / grin / verb to smile in a happy way showing your teeth grind / grand / verb to press down heavily on something and crush it into powder groan / graun / vert to make a sound as if in Pain + Sam groaned when the teacher told him his marks, ground / graund / noun the surface under your feet when you are outdoors ground floor, the floor at street level The escalator goes from the ground floor to the second floor. ground pepper / graund 'pepa(r) / noun black pepper seeds that have been crushed and ground into a powder group / grup / noun several things or people together + Ben and three of his friends worked together in a group of four. grow / grav / verb 1 to get bigger * My brother has grown five centimetres this year. 2 to keep plants and look after them * My uncle grows delicious tomatoes on his balcony. growl / graul / verb the low sound made by a dog or a bear when it is angry grown-up / groun'ap / adjective adult + The little children can play when we visit Aunt Jane but now you are a teenager you must show more grown-up behaviour. grumble / ‘gramb(a)l / verb complain, speak a little crossly about something + The old man grumbled because the train was an hour late.grunt / grant / verb to make a short sound without using words | asked Dad if ! could watch TV and he just grunted because he was nearly asleep. guarantee / geran'ti: / noun a promise that something will happen or be done * Ben gave his teacher a guarantee that he would finish his project. guard / go:(r)d / noun a soldier who keeps watch on a building, part of a building or a person + The guards stopped the stranger from entering the palace. guess / ges / verb to give an answer that you think could be right * When you don't know the conswer, just guess. guest / gest / noun a person who is asked to §0 to a place and is welcomed there « We had many guests in our house for the feast. guidance / ‘gaid(a)ns / noun ideas and suggestions to help someone to do something + When Ben has a problem with his homework he casks his dad for guidance. guide / gad / noun a person who shows the way +A guide took us to the coves in the desert. guilty /'‘gilti / adjective having done something wrong * Dad thought that Ben had broken the window because he had a guilty look on his face. guitar / gi'ta(r) / noun a musical instrument with strings gull / gal / noun a kind of bird gunpowder / ‘gan pauda(r) / noun a powder that is used to make an explosion gymnastics / dsim'nestiks / noun a sport in which a person moves and bends their body in particular ways habitat / ‘hebuzt / noun the place where an animal or plant lives or is found * The natural habitat of a tiger isthe forest. -hair / hea(r) / noun the thin strands that grow ‘on your head + Anna has long, straight hair and her friend, Mia, has short, curly hair. hairy / ‘heari / adjective having a lot of hair « Some spiders are really hairy! Ugh! half / ha:f/ pronoun one of two equal parts of a number or object Would you like half of my cake? Half of the students in this class have passed the’ exam. half past, 30 minutes after the hour half price, half of the price first asked for We got half price tickets to see the film. half-time, the short period of time in the middle of a match when players have a short rest hall / hol / noun 1.a very big room or building where lots of people can meet together « The concert was held in the schoo! hall. 2 the area inside the front door to a house + We hang our coats in the hall, hammer /‘hema(r) / noun a tool for hitting nails with hand / hend / noun the part of your body at the end of your arm that you use to hold things with phrasal verb hand in to give work to a teacher * We handed in our homework this morning. handsome / 'hans(2)m / adjective very good- looking (a man) handy / ‘hendi / adjective useful, helpful « Its handy to keep a rubber in your bag so you can correct mistakes. hang / han / verb to swing freely from something ¢ In the forest, monkeys were hanging from the trees. We hang lights in this tree when we have a party outside. happen / ‘hepan / verb to take place + Something funny happened at schoo! today. happiness / ‘hpinas / noun good feelings of joy + The old lady’s grandchildren gave her great happiness. happy / ‘hepi / adjective feeling pleased with no worries hard / har(r)d / adjective stiff, firm and not easy to break or bend Firemen wear hard helmets to protect their heads. hard / ha:(r)d / adverb 1 strongly + Ben kicked the ball hard and it broke the window. 2 with concentration and effort « if you work hard, you will pass the exam. hardly / ‘ha:(r)dli / adverb not much ¢ It was so dark in the cave that we could hardly see. 3940 harm / ha:(r)m / verb hurt + Luckily, no one was harmed during the storm. harmful / 'ha:(r)mffa)l / adjective creating damage or hurt ¢ Breathing in a lot of smoke is harmful to people's health, harness /‘ha:(r)nis / noun straps or ropes that are put round an animal to attach it to a vehicle so it can pull it + The boy put a harness ‘on the horse and it pulled the cart out of the barn. harsh / ha:(r)f / adjective extremely difficult, hard and unpleasant hat / het / noun a piece of clothing worn on the head hate / heit / noun the very strong feeling of not liking someone or something + The evil man felt only hate for other people. hate / heit / verb to dislike someone or something very much * Sam hates eggs and he never eats them. head / hed / noun the round part of your body with hair on top and your face at the front headdress / ‘hed dres / noun a decorated item made to be worn on the head, often to show a person's importance + Some Native American chiefs wore headdresses made of eagle feathers. header / ‘heda(r) / noun (in football) directing, the ball using the head heading / ‘hedin / noun the word or a few words above a paragraph that tell you what the paragraph will be about + This paragraph is about elephants in Africa and the heading is ‘African elephants’ headline / ‘hed,am / noun the words with large letters at the top of a newspaper report + The headline above the report of the fire was ‘Amazing Rescue!” headscarf / ‘hed ska:(r)f / noun a scarf worn over the head headset / ‘hed set / noun large earphones with a microphone attached used by pilots so they can listen and hear while they are flying a plane health / hel9 / noun the condition of being well or not + Our neighbour has bad health and the doctor often visits him. healthy / ‘hel6i / adjective in good health + Ben is a healthy boy because he eats good food and sleeps well hear / his(r) / verb to take sound in through your ears * We heard dogs barking in the distance. heart / ha:(r)t / noun part of the body that sends blood around it « If you do sport every day, your heart will work better. heat / hist / verb to make something hot + The sun heats the earth. heavy / ‘hevi / adjective having a lot of weight + ‘An elephant is one of the heaviest animals height / hart / noun how high something is + The height of the tree is ten metres. heir / ca(r) / noun the person who will receive the money of another person when he or she dies + Our neighbour is the heir to a rich uncle. helicopter / ‘heli,kopta(r) / noun an aircraft with blades on top that spin round fast and lift it into the air Helicopters can land in a small area ‘and are often used for mountain rescues. helmet / ‘heimit / noun a hard round-shaped cover for the head to protect it help / help / verb to do things for people to make things better for them « Ben helped Grandma to carry the shopping. hen / hen / noun a farm bird kept for its eggs herb / hsi(r)b / noun a plant that has a strong smell and is used in cooking hero / 'hiarou / noun a man who does good and brave things and who other people think is great + Superman is a hero in a story. heroine / ‘heravin / noun a woman who other people think is @ good and brave person + Florence Nightingale became a heroine because she helped many wounded soldiers. hesitate /"hezitert / verb to stop and think for a moment before doing something + Anna hesitated before she spoke but she got the answer right. hidden / ‘hid(a)n / adjective not seen by anyone + The way into the cave was hidden by plants. hide / haid / verb to go where no one can see you * When my sister is scared, she hides under her bed.tel tel try hideous / ‘hidias / adjective horrible and ugly + My aunt has @ hideous vase made of purple and orange glass, high / hat / adjective a long way up + The ‘mountains are so high that they have snow on the top in summer. hill / bul / noun an area that is higher than the Jand around it hippo / ‘hipau / noun a large African animal that lives near rivers hiss / his / noun the sound that a snake makes + We heard a hiss from under the bush so we stayed away. history / ‘hist(a)ri / noun events that happened in the past + The history of this caste is very interesting. hit / hit / verb 1 to move your hand quickly against something in order to hurt + My little brother hit my sister on her face ond made her cry. 2 to move an object quickly against something + The carpenter hit the nail firmly with his hommer. hobby / ‘hobi / noun something you like doing in your free time + Pete's hobby is swimming and ‘Meg's hobby is collecting dolis. hold / hould / verb to have something in your hands or arms * In this photo I was five and I'm holding 0 dol. phrasal verb hold on 1 to wait on the telephone ¢ Please hold on a ‘moment and I'll fetch the person you want to speak to. 2 to grip tightly * The bus went quickly round the bend and the passengers held on tightly hole / hau! / noun 1.2 space made in the ground » The thieves dug a deep hole to put the treasure in. 2a space in a surface or other material « a hole in the roof, a hole in your trousers hollow / ‘holau / adjective with nothing inside + This old log is hollow and you can crawi through it. home / hum / noun the place where you live homework / ‘houm,ws:(r)k / noun school work that you do at home honest / ‘onist / adjective truthful, doing things in the correct way + The shopkeeper was honest cand measured a full kilogram of fruit. hot spring honestly / ‘onis(t)li / adverb 41 truthfully (informal) ‘ 2.an exclamation showing a little annoyance + Look at this dirty floor! Honestly! | cleaned it five minutes ago. hood / hud / noun the part of a coat or cloak. that is fixed to the neck that you can pull over your head hook / huk / noun a smail piece of metal shaped like a U for hanging things on hop / hop / verb to jump forwards on one leg. only horrible / ‘horab(a)! / adjective nasty or unpleasant + The weather was horrible so we stayed indoors. horrid / ‘horid / adjective not nice * Ben was horrid to his sister and she cried.” horrifying / ‘hort fann / adjective very frightening * Some films are horrifying and | never watch them. horror / ‘hora(r) / noun fear and dislike « Mum has a horror of snakes and she won't even look at them in the zoo. horse / hox(r)s / noun a large animal kept for riding and pulling carts horseback / ‘hox(r)s,bek / noun by horse ¢ In the past, most people travelled on horseback. hose /hauz / noun a long, thin tube for running water along * When the firemen turned on their hoses, water spurted onto the burning building. hospital / ‘hospit(a)l / noun the building where doctors and nurses help people who are ill or injured host / houst / noun the person who welcomes the guests + My uncle was the host at the feast. host / houst / verb to welcome guests + When you host a feast you must be friendly to everyone, hot / hot / adjective how you feel when there's a lot of sun in summer hotel / hau'tel / noun a big building with lots of bedrooms for guests + We stayed in a small hotel next to the beach. hot spring / hot ‘sprin / noun hot water that rises up out of the ground and makes a pool « Some hot springs are deep enough to swim in.42 hour / ‘ava(r) / noun 60 minutes house / haus / noun a building that usually one family only lives in hug / hag / verb to hold someone in your arms + We all hugged Grandma on her birthday. huge / hju:ds / adjective very large hugely / ‘hju:dsli / adverb very, extremely + Grandfather is hugely admired for his kindness to poor people, hum / ham / noun a low steady sound from a machine or a person's voice + There was a quiet hum in the computer room. human / ‘hju:man / adjective to do with people + The human brain is larger than the brain of a dog. hungry / ‘hangri / adjective how you feel when you need food hunt / hant / verb to follow and catch « Lions hunt zebras and kill them. hurriedly / ‘haridli / adverb in a hurried way + Ben did his homework hurriedly and he got a bad mark. hurry / ‘hari / verb 1 to go quickly « Hurry into school, youre late 2 do something quickly + Don't hurry your work, do it carefully. in a hurry 1 having little time + I'm in @ hurry so | can’t stop and talk. 2 quickly + I drew this in @ hurry so it’s not very good. phrasal verb hurry up be quick + Hurry up, the bus is waiting for us. hurt / hs:(r)t / verb to feel bad + My leg hurts because | fell over. husky / ‘haski / noun a kind of dog that is used to pull sledges in the Arctic ice / ats / noun frozen water + Would you like ice in your orange juice? The ice on the pond is thick this winter. ice cream / ais 'kri:m / noun a frozen sweet made of sugar and milk * My favourite kind of ice cream is chocolate and banana. important ice floe / ‘ais lov / noun a large flat area of ice that floats in the Arctic ocean idea / ar'dia / noun 1 a thought + Use your own ideas to finish the stary. 2.a suggestion + It was Ben’s ideo to go to the club and we all agreed. ignorance / ‘ignarans / noun not knowing about important facts and information * The boy's ignorance was surprising because he had just passed his exams. il / 11 / adjective sick, not feeling well * Anna stayed at home yesterday because she was il. illness / ‘iInas / noun the condition of being ill « Because of Grandma's illness, we didn't go on holiday. illustrate / ‘ilastreit / verb to draw or include Pictures to go with a piece of writing + Please illustrate your projects with suitable pictures. The travel guide was illustrated with beautiful coloured photos. imagination / 1 mad31'neif(2)n / noun the ability to form pictures and new ideas in your mind ¢ The spaceship in Ben's story came from his imagination. Anna has a lot of imagination and she writes amazing stories. imagine / s'mad3in / verb to think of something in your mind + Ben imagined he saw something in the corner of his room but when he turned on the light there was nothing there. immediately / 1'midiatli / adverb at once, now * Please come here immediately. immensely / 1'mensli / adverb a lot, extremely impatient / im'per{(a)nt / adjective not wanting to wait + The boy was impatient and pushed through the crowd to get onto the bus. imperfect / 1m'p3:(r)fikt / adjective not perfect, having a fault + Imperfect pots were being sold at half price in the market. impolite / 1mpo'lan / adjective rude, with bad manners * Itis impolite to take things without asking. importance / im'pox(r)t(9)ns / noun the necessary quality of something * Our teacher pointed out the importance of aiways teling the truth important / 1m’p:(r)t(a)nt / adjective having a lot of power and being necessary + A king is an * important man.Teale rd impress / imipres / verb to create a good opinion + Ben's essay impressed his teacher so he got @ good mark. impressed / 1m'prest / adjective have a good feeling about something and admiring it + Ben's teacher was very impressed with his project. impression / im'pref(o)n / noun 1. feeling or idea about someone or something ¢ | had the impression that someone was walking behind me. John made a good impression on his teacher because he worked hard, 2.a mark that is made by pressing something onto a surface + The chair leg left a deep impression on the carpet. impressive / im[presiv / adjective remarkable, making a strong impression « The pianist’s performance was impressive and everyone applauded loudly. improbable / 1m'probab(,)! / adjective not likely + Anew library in our school is improbable because © sports hall is being built this year. improvement / impru;vmont / noun the better quality of something * Anna's work showed a huge improvement once she stopped watching TV all the time. in / m/ preposition inside something + Peas grow in a green pod. in / m/ adverb into something The restaurant is ‘open so lets go in. include / in'klu:d / verb make something a part of something else * You should inelude pictures ‘and maps in your desert project. inclusion / in'klu:3(a)n / noun the act of including ¢ The inclusion of Ben in the basketball team surprised everyone. incredible / in'kredab(o)I / adjective 1 cannot be believed + The man gave incredible reasons for his actions and he was found guitty. 2 (informal) amazing + You've made incredible progress this year and you have top marks. ‘independent / indi'pendont / adjective without help or support from anyone * When children grow Up, they lear to be independent of their parents. indirect / indai'rekt / adjective not going straight to somewhere « The indirect route to the City goes around the mountains, Py) ta indoor / 'indo:(r) / adjective inside a house or building + In the winter we have indoor sports because it’s too cold to play outside. industrial / in'dastrial / adjective to do with industry and making things ¢ Industrial towns and cities often have a lot of trofic, especialy big lorries. industry / ‘indostri / noun the process of making things that people use * The main industry in our city is making cars. infect / m'fekt / verb to spread germs to someone ¢ Dirty sheets can infect a patient. informal / in'fo:(r)m(a)I / adjective friendly, relaxed + Som had an informal talk with his teacher ‘about his future career. information / info(r)'meif(a)n / noun knowledge or facts about someone or something + You can find information about the castle in the guidebook. ingredient / in'grizdiont / noun something that is put together with one or more others in order to make something + The ingredients for this cake cre eggs, butter, sugar and flour. initial / 'nf(2)l / adjective first * The initial letter of Ben's name is B. My initial idea for Mum's present was a bog but then | decided on a scarf injure / ‘ind3a(r) / verb to harm or to wound * This broken glass could injure someone so let's pick it up and put it in the bin, injury / ‘indgari / noun a wound « Ben went to hospital because he had a bad injury. ink / ink / noun a coloured liquid that people use for writing and printing insect / ‘nsekt / noun a small creature such as a fly or an ant separable / in'sep(o)rab(a)l / adjective cannot be separated + Anna and her cousin Meg are inseparable and they spend every day together, inside / 1n'said / adverb in something + We opened the box and we saw a crown inside. inside / in'said / preposition into a room or building ¢ It rained and we went inside our house, inspire / in'spaia(r) / verb to give someone id and enthusiasm ¢ The archaeologist inspired his audience to visit the museum by telling them the history of many objects. 4344 rd ates instinct / ‘instinkt / noun natural behaviour ‘© When lions hunt ond kill they ore following their instincts. instruction / in'strakf(o)n / noun a thing you must do to make or do something * Anna read the instructions for making the doll before she started. instrument / ‘instrumant / noun 1 an object made for playing music on + A piano iso large musical instrument. 2.a small tool used by a surgeon to do an operation on a person * The instruments used in ‘on operation must be extremely clean. insulate / ‘isjulett / verb to protect from cold + These boots have fur inside to insulate your feet. intelligent / in'telid3(o)nt / adjective clever and able to think ¢ Sam is good at his lessons because he is very intelligent. interesting / ‘intrastin / adjective holding your attention and making you want to know more + Ben found the planets so interesting that he decided to study astronomy. internal / m'ts:(r)n(a)l / adjective inside * The internal doors of this building are all made of glass. international / ,nta(r)/nae{(a)nal / adjective between different countries or nations ¢ Fifty countries are taking part in this international football competition: internet / 'inta(r) net / noun the system that joins computers all over the world * We found lots of information about lions on the internet. interview / ‘inta(r),vju: / noun the act of asking questions and answering + The interview with the actor was very interesting. interview / ‘inta(r),vju: / verb to ask someone questions and listen to their answers + We interviewed an Olympic runner for our school magazine last week. interviewee / nta(r)vju'i: / noun the person who is interviewed * The interviewee was very nervous. interviewer / ‘inta(r),vju:a(r) / noun the person who asks the questions + The interviewer was very friendly. into / 'intu: / preposition to the inside of something * We walked up the steps and into the museum. Teale 4 intricate / ‘intrikat / adjective detailed in structure or design + The pattern on this butterflys wings is very intricate. intricately / ‘intrikolli / adverb in a detailed way . intriguing / in'tri:gin / adjective a little mysterious and interesting + The plot of this story is intriguing and | don’t know what is going to happen next. introduce / intro'djuss / verb to bring forward someone for people to meet * My friend introduced me to his parents. introduction / ,ntra'dak{(ajn / noun the start of something + The introduction of music lessons was popular with the children. invent / in'vent / verb to design or create something new invention / in'venf(a)n / noun something new that is made or designed ¢ The invention of the car changed people's lives. inventor / in'venta(r) / noun a person who has ideas for new things and makes them * An ‘American inventor made the first electric light. invest / in'vest / verb to put money into something to make it better and more valuable + Dad invested in my uncle's electrical company and now it’s really big and worth a fot. invisible / in'vizab(s)! / adjective cannot be seen * Stars are invisible during the doy. invitation / ,invr'ter{(9)n / noun a letter or card asking someone to go to an event or to do something * We sent the mayor an invitation to our school play.The author received an invitation to open the new library. in'vait / verb to ask someone to do something * We've invited our neighbours to come to my sister's wedding iris / ‘airis / noun the coloured part of the eye iron / ‘a1a(r)n / noun 1a hard, strong metal + Bridges are often made of iron. 2.a piece of electrical equipment that is heated and used to smooth clothes ironing / ‘aio(r)niy / noun the task of using an iron to smooth clothes * Mum listens to the radio while she does the ironing.island / ‘atland / noun an area of land with sea all round it isolation / atso'lerf(a)n / noun being separated from others * if people live in isolation they can become very lonely and depressed. jacket / 'dsekit / noun a piece of clothing like a short coat + It was very hot in the restaurant so the ‘men took off their jackets. jar / dga:(r) / noun a container, often made of glass, for keeping food in * Mum took a jar of tiny onions to Grandma because she likes ther. jaw / dso: / noun one of the two bones of the mouth ¢ The lion roared and showed its teeth on its bottom jaw. jeans / dsimz / noun (plural) trousers made of a blue material called denim + Lots of students wear Jeans because they last a long time. jellyfish / 'dseli,fif / noun a sea creature without bones that has many long tentacles jewel / 'dsu:al / noun a precious stone that has been cut and polished so that it shines * My sister was given a ring with five jewels on it when she was married. jewellery / ‘dsualri / noun items like necklaces, rings, earrings, etc. that people wear « Mum keeps her jewellery in a box in the bedroom. job / dspb / noun the work that someone does + ‘My cousin has just got a job as a nurse in a hospital. join / doin / verb 1 to put things together + You can use glue to join these pieces of wood together. 2 to become a member of a group + Ben has joined the chess club. joke / dsauk / verb to tell a funny story that isn't true * When Ben said he saw an elephant in the playground, he was joking. journey / 'dgsx(r)ni / noun the travel from one place to another * Our journey to Russia took six hours. joy / d3o1 / noun happiness jubilant / ‘d3u:bilont / adjective very happy and joyful The crowds were jubilant as they watched their team returning with the World Cup. judo / ‘dsu:dau / noun a sport where two people try to push each other onto the ground jug / d3ag / noun a container with a handle for keeping liquid in and pouring it out + The waiter put a jug of water on the table. juggler / ‘dsxgla(r) / noun a performer who can throw several objects into the air and keep catching and throwing them juice / dsu:s / noun the liquid from a crushed fruit © Sam drinks a glass of orange juice every morning. jump / dsamp / verb to push yourself off the ground and into the air for a moment « The children jumped up and down with excitement when their father came back from London. jumper / 'd3ampo(r) / noun a piece of clothing that you pull over your head and which covers the upper body and arms, and is often made of wool jungle / ‘d3ang(o)I / noun a very large forest in a hot, wet part of the world just / dsast / adverb only « There were just two children on the bus. just then, at a certain moment We thought the house wos empty but just then, we heard a loud noise, justify / ‘dsastifat / verb to show that there is a good reason for something + in the TV interview, the businessman justified his decision to close the factory. kangaroo / ka-nga'ru: / noun a large animal from Australia with strong back legs and a thick tail « Kangaroos don’t run, they jump! keen / kimn / adjective wanting to do something well + All our basketball players ore very fit and keen. keen on, enthusiastic about I'm keen on science fiction but | don’t enjoy science. keep / kirp / verb 1 to have something and not throw it in the bin + Let’s keep this picture. We con use it in our project. 2 to stay, to remain + Keep still while I'm cutting your hair. phrasal verbs 1 keep off to stay off + Sometimes in a park you have to keep off the grass. 45keyboard laden 2 keep out to stay out of or away from a place * Dad told us to keep out of the study while he is working. keyboard / 'ki;bo:(r)d / noun 1 part of a musical instrument such as a piano that has keys you touch to play sounds 2a musical instrument that has a keyboard, especially an electric piano 3.a piece of computer equipment with keys on it that you press to enter information into a computer kick / kik / verb to push hard with your foot + Ben kicked the ball hard and it went over the wall. kickoff ‘kik of / noun the first kick at the centre spot that begins a football match + The ‘game was thriling from the kickoff, kid / kid / noun a very informal word for a child kill / kil / verb to end the life of a person or animal ¢ The hunter could not kill the leopard because it ran away. kilogram /‘kila,gram / noun the weight equal to 1,000 grams kilometre / kila,mi:ta(r) ki'Tomita(r) / noun the distance equal to 1,000 metres kind / kamd / noun one of a group + A parrot is. a kind of bird. kind / kaind / adjective gentle and friendly, taking care of other people + Our neighbour is very kind and she cooked for us when Mum was ill kindergarten / 'kinda(r),ga:(r)t(9)n / noun a school or class for very young children kindly / 'kaindli / adverb in a kind way * The teacher spoke kindly to the litle boy. king / kin /noun a name for the powerful male ruler of a country + The first kings of England lived jn the Tower of London kingfisher / ‘kin fifo(r) / noun a kind of bird that lives beside rivers kiosk / ki:osk / noun a tiny shop in a station or on the street * Dad bought me some chocolate and a bottle of water from the kiosk. kitchen / 'kitfon / noun the room in the house where cooking is done kite / kart / noun an object made of wood and cloth or paper, that can fly in the sky on the end of a string * A windy day is good for flying a kite, kite surfer, a person who travels across the sea on a board that is attached to a very large kite kitten / ‘kit(a)n / noun a very young cat knee / ni: / noun the part of your leg that bends * Anna fell down and hurt her knee when she wos playing basketball. knee pad, a thick piece of material that can be worn over the knee to protect it Ben fell off his skateboard but he didn't hhurt his knees because he was wearing knee pads. kneel / ni:l / verb to go down on your knees + The boys were kneeling on the floor playing with their toy cars. knife / naif noun a sharp tool for cutting things and eating with knock / nok / verb to hit something to make a sound + You must knock on the door before you go in, know / nau / verb 1 to recognise + ! know that boy. 2 to understand ¢ | knew what you mean, 3 to have facts about + ! know how to play chess. knowledge / 'nolids / noun what you know + Knowledge is ahvays useful and it's a good thing to go on learning all your life. koala bear / kav'a:la bear) / noun a small Australian bear that lives in trees and eats leaves + Koala bears look nice but they can be fierce. label / ‘leib(a)I / noun a few words on or near an object that give information about it + The label on this dress says that it is for a girl aged ten. ladder / 'Izeda(r) / noun a tall piece of equipment you can climb up to reach high places + The fireman climbed up a ladder to rescue the people on the second floor. laden / ‘leid(a)n / adjective full of something + The lorry was laden with sacks of vegetables being token to market.lady /"leidi / noun a more formal word for a woman + The lady who is next to my uncle is my aunt. lagoon / lo'gun / noun a bay on the coast that has land almost all round it + The water in a lagoon is usually calm. lake / leik / noun a large area of water with land all round it * My dad and my uncle often go fishing on the lake in the mountains. lamp / lemp / noun a light * The lamp on the outside of the house lit up the entrance. land / lend / noun the parts of the earth that are not under the oceans * Sailors travel to another land by ship. land / lend / verb to come onto land from a boat or a plane * Our plane landed at the airport on time. landslide / ‘leen(d) slaid / noun a fall of earth and stones down a slope or hillside + The road was completely blocked by a landslide. lane / lein / noun a narrow road language / ‘lzengwids / noun the words used by a group of people or the people of a country Jantern / ‘lenta(r)n / noun a light that can be carried around last / la:st / verb to. continue for some time * The film lasted for two hours. last / la:st / adjective the final one after all the others * This is our last lesson this term. fast / la:st / adverb after all the others * Ben was annoyed because he came last in the race. at last, after a long time, in the end The journey was long but at last we got there. late / lett / adverb after the expected time « if you arrive late at school your teacher will be cross. laugh / la:f/ verb to make sounds with your voice because something is funny * Sam is good at telling jokes and he always makes us laugh. launch / Io:ntf / noun the start of something + The launch of the new TV channel is tomorrow. fava / ‘la:va / noun the hot rock that flows out of a volcano law / Is: /noun a rule that everyone must obey * {tis against the law to drive fast in the city. lay / let / verb to make an egg + Birds lay their eggs in nests. lazy / ‘lerzi / adjective not liking work * Dan is a lazy boy and he never does his homework. lead / lid / verb to go first and show the way to others * The fireman led the people out of the building, lead / li:d / noun the position in front of all the others * Halfway through the ten kilometre race, Ben was in the lead. leaf / lisf / noun the fiat thin shape that is usually green and grows on a plant or tree leaflet / 'liflat / noun a piece of paper that gives you simple information about a place or activity and which often has pictures * This leaflet says that there is a new exhibition at the museum, ean / lim / verb to bend over a little * The nurse leaned over the bed to hear what the old lady said. leap / lisp / verb to jump high learn / Is(r)n / ver 1 to get knowledge about something * We are learning about plants in science. 2 to become skilful at something * My cousin is learning Spanish. leather / 'ledo(r) / noun a material made from animal skin and used for shoes and bags leave / liv / verb 1 to forget to take something with you * Oh no! I've left my school bag on the bus. 2 to go away from a place * We left home early cand went to the airport leave (someone or something) alone 1 to not touch or change something * Your picture is good so you should leave it alone now. 2 to keep away from someone or something * Sam was in a bad temper so we decided to leave him alone. left / left / noun the side of your body to the west when you are facing north leg / leg / noun one of the parts of your body that you use to walk with legend / ‘leds(2)nd / noun a story that comes from an event from the past, though not always true * There are many legends about kings and princes. 4748 lemon / 'leman / noun a bitter yellow fruit lemonade / Jema'neid / noun a drink made from lemons, sugar and water lend / lend / verb to let someone use something of yours for a short time * Ben lent a CD to Sam. fens / lenz / noun 1a thin piece of curved glass or plastic + There is a special lens in a telescope that makes objects look larger. 2 the part of the eye that bends light to pro- duce an image on the retina lesson / ‘les(2)n / noun a period of time in school when you learn a subject let / let / verb to allow * Dad doesn’t let us travel in the car without our seat belts done up. lettuce / 'letis / noun a green leafy vegetable that you eat fresh in a salad lid / lid / noun the cover of a pan or box je / Iai / verb 1 to be flat on a surface Sam lies in bed for ages at the weekend, The book was lying on the table. 2 to say something that is not true © Jack said he didn't break the window but he lied because we saw him do it. lie / lat / noun to Say or write something that is not true + People who tell lies often don't have many friends. life / laif/ noun the time that something or someone is living * Grandfather was an archaeologist and he had a very interesting life. lifeguard / 'laif,goxr)d / noun 2 person who watches swimmers at the pool or at the beach and helps anyone who has difficulties lifejacket / ‘larf,dgekit / noun a jacket with air inside it that is worn round the body to. help a person to float in water + Always wear a lifejacket when you do water sports. lift / lift / noun a machine like a large box that carries a small group of people up and down to the different levels of a tall building lift / Inf / verb 1 to raise and hold something * The man lifted the box off the back of the lorry. 2 to raise something to a higher position * Dad lifted my little brother so he could see the toys in the shop window. phrasal verb lift off to rise up and leave the ground in flight * With a great roar of its engines, the rocket began to lift off light / lait / adjective 1 not heavy and easily lifted A bird’ feather is very light. 2 full of brightness The room was light because the sun was shining in through the window. light / lait / noun a piece of electrical equipment that produces brightness + Tum off the lights when you leave the room. ight / lait / verb to make alight * We must light the candles because there is no electricity phrasal verb light up to throw light onto + Some ity buildings are lit up at night so that everyone can see them. lightning / ‘lartnty / noun flashes of electricity that are seen in the sky during a storm like / latk / verb to think that someone or something is nice, enjoyable or attractive * Ben likes chocolate. Som likes football. fike my new jeans and I think they look great. like / laik / preposition 1 similar to something or someone else * The giant's footsteps sounded like thunder. 2 such as, for example + You can see small crea- tures in the forest, like fiogs and butterflies. likeable / 'laikab(a)I / adjective very easy to like + Ben is a very likeable boy and he has lots of friends. lily / ‘ili / noun a kind of flower limit / ‘limit / noun the most that is possible or allowed + The speed limit in the town is 50 kilometres per hour. There is a limit to the amount that one person can carry. limousine / Iimo'zim / noun a large, comfortable, expensive car line / lain / noun 1a long, thin mark * Use your ruler to draw a line : 6 centimetres long. ; 2.2 row of things or people « The children were standing in a line outside the classroom. in-line skates / inlain 'sketts / noun skates that have a row of wheels in a line on the bottom link / link / noun something that joins one thing to another + The pyramids are a link with ancient historytg fink / link / verb to join two things with something * The Channel Tunnel links England with the rest of Europe. lion / ‘laton / noun a wild African and Indian animal like a very large cat that hunts list / list / noun a set of things that are written one below another for a reason + Could you write ‘tomatoes’ on the shopping list, please? The teacher had a list of students who were going on the trip. listen / ‘lis(2)n / verb to use your ears to hear sounds or voices little / ‘tw(a)l / adjective 1 small + An ant is a little insect. 2 young + My little brother is learning to write. live / Inv / verb 1 to have a house or apartment somewhere + We live in the city centre. 2 to be alive + Elephants live in Africa and Asio. lively / ‘laivli/ adjective active and interesting + Ben gave a lively talk about keeping fish. loads / loudz / noun (plural) a large amount « My cousin has loads of sugar in his coffee — at least four spoonfuls! focal / 'l2uk(2)I / adjective in the nearby area + We can buy everything we need at our local shops. location / lou'kerf(o)n / noun place + This valley is the exact location of a famous battle which happened 200 years ogo. lock / Ink / verb to turn the key in a door or box to stop it being opened * Mum locked the door when we left home. log / Ing / noun a large, thick, round piece of wood from a tree lollipop / 'loli,pop / noun @ sweet on a small stick lonely / ‘lounli / adjective feeling sad because of being left on your own « Kitty was lonely when her best friend moved away. long / lon / adjective measuring a lot from one end to the other « It takes ten minutes to drive through this long tunnel. long-time, continuing over a long period of time Joe is Ben’s long-time friend, since kindergarten, in fact. long hours, 2 lot of hours of the day Dad works long hours so we only see him at the weekend. no longer, not eT anymore This building is no longer a factory, t's a sports club now. ' look / luk / verb to direct your eyes towards something * Look at that amazing car! phrasal verbs 1 look after to care for » Mum looks after the flowers in our garden and she waters them every day. 2 look for to search + Mum dropped her earring on the floor and we all had to look for it. 3 look forward to to think about a future event with 2 good feeling + | am looking forward to our holiday in Spain. 4 look into to discover the facts about something + The traffic police are looking into the cause of the accident. 5 look like to have an appearance the same as something else * This jellyfish looks like a spaceship, 6 look up to find a piece of information or a fact + if you want to know about something you can easily look it up on the internet. look / luk / noun how a person appears because of his clothes or actions ¢ That man with the orange ond green hat has a very strange look lorry / ‘Iori / noun a large vehicle for taking a lot of goods from one place to another lose / luz / ver 1 to not have any longer + I lost my pen somewhere in the playground so | had to buy another one. 2 to not win « When | play chess with Ben | always lose the game which is very annoying. loud / laud / adjective making a lot of sound + ‘My dad has 0 very loud voice. loudly / ‘laudli / adverb with a lot of sound Ben played his trumpet so foudly that Dad tald him to stop. lovable / ‘Iavab(o)I / adjective very easy to love a lot « My baby sister is always smiling and she's so lovable. love / Inv / noun strong feelings of liking ‘someone or something + Nina's love of music comes from her uncle, a famous violinist. love / Inv / verb to have strong feelings of liking someone or something very much + Grandma foves all her grandchildren. 18 4950 lovely / lavli / adjective beautiful, nice * We gave ‘Mum a lovely bunch of flowers. lower / 'loua(r) / verb to move something downwards + The crane lowered the big box onto the lorry. luck / lak / noun a good thing that happens by chance * We saw the football match by luck because my uncle was ill so he gave us his tickets. lucky / 'Iaki / adjective having good things often happening + Ben is lucky. He won a computer in a competition and next week he is going to London. luggage / ‘Iagids / noun the bags and suitcases that passengers carry when travelling lump / lamp / noun a big piece of something + ‘Mum put a lump of sugar in her tea. lunch / lAnt{ / noun the meal eaten in the middle of the day lynx / links / noun a wild animal like a very large cat machine / mo'fin / noun a piece of equipment with moving parts that does a particular job and works by power such as electricity, water or steam mad / med / adjective very silly or stupid + You'll think I’m a bit mad but I’ve decided to give up chocolate for a year. like mad, very quickly and with a lot of effort We had to work like mad to get our project finished. magazine / mago'zim / noun a booklet with a lot of pages with photos and pictures, and lots of different articles that is printed every month or every week * Dad's favourite magazine is about cars. magic / 'mad3ik / adjective special, making ‘something unusual happen without explanation + My uncle's best magic trick is when he pulls a huge bunch of flowers from his hat. magical / 'med3ik(9)I / adjective attractive and amazing + The wonderful ballet had magical scenery and costumes. magnificent / meg'nifis(a)nt / adjective very wonderful, excellent + Ben felt proud when his teacher said that his project was magnificent. marvellous maid / meid / noun a woman servant who looks after the house * Grandma's maid brushes the steps every morning. mail / mel / noun letters and parcels that are sent to people's addresses make / meik / verb to create or produce something male / meil / noun a person or animal that does not give birth to babies * Look at these lions — the | male has a huge mane of hair round its head and neck. mall / mo:l / noun a very large building with lots of shops in it mammal / ‘mem(9)I / noun an animal with hair or fur that is born from its mother's body and drinks its mother’s milk as a baby * Cots have kittens and dogs have puppies but a hen is not a mammal because it lays an egg and the chick grows in the egg. man / mzn / noun an adult male person manager / ‘manid3a(r) / noun the person who organises groups, events and teams The manager of the band arranged the next concert. map / map / noun a drawing of land that shows where things are + This map shows the river, the lakes and the forests as well as the roads. marble / 'ma(r)b(a)I / noun a shiny rock with different colours « Artists make statues from marble and builders make floors and steps. marriage / 'mzerids / noun the joining together of a man and woman as husband and wife + The marriage of my cousin was a beautiful and happy event. marry / ‘mari / verb to take someone as your husband or wife * My uncle married c nurse. Mars / ma;(r)z / noun the planet fourth from the ‘sun between earth and Jupiter marvel / 'ma:(r)v(9)l / noun something wonderful and surprising * I's a marvel that Lucy passed her piano exam because she hardly ever practises. marvellous / 'ma:(r)valas / adjective extremely enjoyable and impressive * The opera singer's performance was marvellous and the audience clapped for ages.mask / mask / noun something you wear to cover all or part of your face or to make you look like a character in a play massive / 'mesiv / adjective very big + The Egyptian pyramids ore massive. mast / ma:st / noun the tall round piece of wood in the middle of a boat that holds the sails « The sailor climbed up the mast to mend the sail. mat / mat / noun a small thick piece of cloth that is put on the floor to protect it or for decoration match / met{ / noun 1 the event when two teams play a game against each other + The Red team won the ‘match ogainst the Blue team. 2 the small stick that bums when the top is struck against the side of the box it comes in + Open the bax and strike a mateh then you can light the fire match / matf / verb to put two or more things together that are the same material / ma'tiarial / noun 1 cloth + Grandma's new dress is made of green and blve material. 2 things that are used to make objects * Wood, lass and metal are good materials for buildings. mathematics /,ma@a'maetiks / noun the study of numbers and shapes to measure and describe objects maths / mas / noun short form of ‘mathematics’ matter / 'mato(r) / noun subject, topic or idea + Cimate change is a matter that people discuss more and more often. mayonnaise / meis'netz / noun a sauce made of eggs and oil mayor / mea(r) / noun an important person who leads the people in a town or city mean / mim / verb to express an idea in words Or pictures This sign has a red line across it. What does it mean? meaning / 'mi:nin / noun the sense of a word or sentence ¢ If you don’t know the meaning of a word, find it in your dictionary. ‘meanwhile / 'mizn,wail / adverb at the same time + Sam was playing football and meanwhile, ‘Anna was doing her homework. measurement / 'mesa(r)mant / noun the figure that tells you the length, weight or height of something * We took measurements careflly in our science experiment. meat / mi:t / noun the fiesh of an animal or bird eaten for food medal / 'med(a)I / noun a flat round piece of metal, often gold, silver or bronze, that is given, to a competition winner medicine / 'med(a)s(a)n / noun 1 the study of illness and treatment + My cousin is a student of medicine at the university, 2a liquid that is given to people when they are ill to make them fee! better + Some medicines toste horrible! medium / 'mi:diom / adjective between large and small in size and amount meet / mit / verb to be in the same place and talk to someone * We met Aunt Julie at the moll ‘ond had lunch together. meeting / ‘misty / noun an event when a number of people come together to talk about something for a reason + At break there was a meeting of the football tear to discuss the final match. melon / 'melan / noun a large, round very sweet fruit melt / melt / verb to become liquid because of heat © The ice on the pond melted when the sun came up. member / 'membo(r) / noun a person who has joined a particular group * Sam is a member of the swimming club. members-only, just for members and no one else I'm afraid this is @ members-only club so you can't come in. membership / 'memba(r)fip / noun being a member of a group + Dad has to pay a lot of money for our membership of the sports club. memory / 'mem(o)ri / noun something you remember ¢ | have no memory of my grandmother who died when I was one year old. mend / mend / verb to fix something that is broken or damaged52 mercy /'ms:(r)si / noun kindness shown by somebody who has the power to punish + The king showed mercy to the poor thief and let him go. mess / mes / noun an untidy sight « Mum was cross because Anna's room was a mess. message / 'mesid3 / noun information that one person sends to another person + People often send text messages on their mobile phones. messenger / 'mes(2)nd3a(r) / noun the person who carries a message + A long time ago messengers often had to travel a long way. metal / ‘met(2)l / noun a hard material that is used to make tools, machines, jewellery, etc. + Iron and gold are diferent kinds of metal. metal / ‘met(2)I / adjective made of metal « There are several different metal pans in the kitchen. method /'me@od / noun a way of doing something * Our maths teacher showed us the best method of dividing a circle. metre / ‘mista(r) / noun a measurement of 100 centimetres mice / mais / noun plural of ‘mouse’ microphone / 'matkra,foun / noun a machine that you speak into to record sound or make your voice louder microscope / 'maikra,skaup / noun an instrument that makes objects look larger so they can be studied closely * Doctors can see germs when they look ot them through a microscope. middle / 'mid(a)l / noun centre point in time or place + I'm in the middle of doing my homework so | don't want to chat now.The football was put on the spot in the middle of the pitch, middle-sized, not large or small midnight / ‘mid,natt / noun 12 o'clock at night milk / milk / noun the liquid that is produced by mammals to feed their babies million / 'miljan / noun 1,000,000 minced beef / mint 'bi:f / noun beef that has been cut into tiny pieces mind / maind / verb to care about something + I don't mind if you borrow my pen but | do mind if you don't give it back. mind out, be careful, often modest given as a warning Mind out! That rock is about to fall down on youl mingle / ‘ming(s)I / verb to mix in with + The teachers mingled with the parents after the school ploy mining /'mainin / noun the activity of getting useful materials out of the ground such as gold, iron or jewels minute / ‘minit / noun 60 seconds ¢ There are 60 minutes in one hour. mirror / 'mira(r) / noun a flat shiny object that reflects images and people use for looking at themselves in miss / mis / verb 1 to fail to take part in something or to be at an event + Sam missed the football game because he had to do his homework. 2 be sad without someone or something + | miss my dad when he's away from home. missing / ‘misty / adjective gone, not present + Ben was missing from school today because he's il The police found the missing cor. mission / 'mif(a)n / noun an important aim or work * Helping poor people was Henry’s mission in life. mistake / mi'sterk / noun something done wrongly * There were two mistakes in Ben's maths homework and he had to correct them. mix / miks / verb to put different things together and make something new + You can mix red and blue paint then you have purple paint. mixture / 'mikstja(r) / noun different things that someone put together » This cake mixture has a lot of eggs in it mobile / 'maubail / adjective easily moved + ‘My cousin has a mobile drinks stall so he takes it to the most popular places in town. mobile phone, a small object for making and receiving telephone calls that can be taken anywhere modern / 'moda(r)n / adjective of the present time modest / 'modist / adjective not too proud of what you can do or have done + Andy saved « child from drowning in the lake but when he was interviewed on TV he was very modest. He soid, rot really brave, | just wanted to help.”modestly modestly / ‘modistli / adverb without showing pride + The professor accepted the prize modestly cond said that many people had helped him in his career. moment / 'maumant / noun a very short time + Hurry! The train will leave in 0 moment. money / ‘mani / noun the coins and paper notes you use to pay for things with moneybox, a small box for keeping money in monkey /‘manki / noun an animal with two ‘arms, two legs and a long tail that lives in trees in hot countries monster / 'monsta(r) / noun a very ugly creature + My litle sister was scared of the monster in the film we watched. moon / mu:n / noun the object that goes round the earth and you see in the sky at night moral / ‘moral / noun a sentence that tells you what a story means and which teaches you something * The moral of The hare and the tortoise’ shows you that people who begin by doing things quickly do not always finish first. morning / ‘mo(r)nin / noun the early part of the day mostly / 'maus(t)li / adverb most of the time, most often * Sam mostly wears glasses but he takes them off for sports mother /'mada(r) / noun the female parent of a child motherhood / 'mada(r) hud / noun the time of being a mother * Auntie Sue has eight children and she enjoys her motherhood. motivate / ‘mautrveit / verb to get someone interested and excited about something * The teacher motivated the class by showing an amazing film about volcanoes. motivation / mout''veif(o)n / noun a feeling of strong interest in doing something + The students have a lot of motivation to do wel in their exams. motorbike /'mauta(r),baik / noun a large, noisy bike with a large motor that runs on petro! mound / maund / noun heap There were mounds of tomatoes and onions on the market stall. mouse / maus / noun 1. very small furry animal with a long tail « ‘Mum screams if she sees a mouse. tlt 2 the object that can be attached to a computer to control actions on the screen moustache / mo'sta:f / noun the hair that some men grow on their upper lip mouth / mau / noun 1 the opening in your face where you take in food and which you use to speak 2 the point where a river meets the sea 3 the opening of a cave move / muy / verb to go from one place to another * When the head teacher finished speaking, the students moved out of the hall, movement / ‘mu:vmant / noun the act of moving * The old man’s movements were slow and weak. movie / ‘mu:vi ‘film’ noun the American word for much / matf / adverb a lot ¢ There isn't much juice in the jug. There was much celebration when the explorers returned safely. mud / mad / noun wet earth + Please clean the mud off your shoes before you come in. mug / mag / noun a container with a handle for drinking out of Mum / mam / noun the informal name for a mother munch / mantf// verb (informal when referring to people) to eat + The horse was quietly munching the grass.The children munched their sandwiches hungrily. muscle / ‘mas(2)I / noun a part of the body under the skin that helps you to move your arms, legs and perform other actions museum / mju'ziom / noun a building where important objects from the past are kept for peopie to look at music / ‘mjuzik / noun the sounds made by instruments such as a piano or violin musical / 'mju:zik(9)! / adjective of or to do with music + There is musieal entertainment in the park this weekend. musician / mju'zif(o)n / noun a person who plays a musical instrument must / mast / modal verb have to, necessary to do * You must do your homework every day. 5354 mutter / ‘mata(r) / verb to speak in a quiet, low voice often not wishing to be heard well « The man muttered crossly when the policeman stopped him for speeding. mysterious / mistirias / adjective strange, odd + The mysterious house had a high wall round it ond no one ever visited it mystery / ‘mist(a)ri / noun an event that is unclear or cannot be explained + How the window was broken is a mystery as everyone says they were somewhere else at the time. nail / net! / noun a short thin piece of metal that is flat at one end and pointed at the other end and is used to fix pieces of wood together nail / net! / verb to fix with a nail * The carpenter nailed a new board onto the floor. narrow / ‘naerau / adjective having a short distance from one side to the other * The passage to the cave was so narrow we could only just get through. nation / ‘nei(2)n / noun all the people who live in a country or a part of the world * The Italian nation are great singers. national / ‘naf(a)nal / adjective belonging to a nation ¢ The national flog of France is red, white and blue. native / ‘neitiy / adjective belonging to a place + The native people of Peru are called Indians. natural / ‘nact{(a)ral / adjective part of nature and not made by people + Young lions play at fighting each other and this is natural behaviour. This lake is natural and it formed after the Ice Age. nature / ‘nertf2(r) / noun all living things and all the parts of the earth, both the land and the sea naughty / ‘no:ti / adjective bad, not behaving in a good way + My litte brother hit my sister which was very naughty. Near / nia(r) / preposition close to + Your eyes are near your nose. near / nia(r) / adverb close ¢ The fire is hot so don't go too near. never-ending nearby / ,nio(r)'bai / adverb near, not far from + Wee live next to the park and my uncle lives nearby. nearly / ‘nia(r)li / adverb almost + Ive nearly finished my project and | just need to write one more paragraph. neat / nist / adjective everything clean and in the right place * Nina's room is always neat and Mum never has to tell her to tidy it neck / nek / noun the part of your body that holds up your head + A giraffe has a very long neck. need / nisd / verb to want something because it is necessary + I'm thirsty.| need a drink. needle / ‘ni:d(a)! / noun the long, thin, very sharp piece of metal used for sewing neighbour / ‘neiba(r) / noun a person who lives next to you or near you * Mum does the shopping for our neighbour because she is il. neighbourhood / ‘neibo(r) hud / noun a particular area of a town + The houses in this neighbourhood are expensive nephew / ‘nefju: / noun a boy child of your brother or sister + My sister has had a baby boy so now ! have a nephew. nerve / n3i(r)v / noun one of the groups of fibres in your body that carry messages to and from your brain + If you touch something hot, the nerves in your hand send a message to your brain, which then tells you to take your hand away. nervous / 'n3:(r)vas / adjective worried, unsure and a little scared + Ben is always nervous before a school test. nest / nest / noun the small round object made by birds from leaves and twigs to lay their eggs in net / net / noun a loose material made from string or rope that is used to catch things + The fishermen threw their nets into the sea. never / ‘neva(r) / adverb not at any time + You must never put your hand in the fire. neverending / nevar'endin / adjective without ‘end + The rood through the desert went on for many kilometres and seemed to be never-ending.new / nju: / adjective 1 just made + Have you seen the new film? 2 just bought * Do you like my new shoes? newborn / ‘nju,bs:(r)n / adjective born a short time ago My cousin's newborn baby weighs three kilograms. newspaper / 'nju:z,peipa(r) / noun a set of large printed sheets of folded paper containing news, articles and other information that is printed every day or every week next / nekst / adverb 1 afterwards + The clown picked up the bucket and we all knew what he would do next. 2 following after + Ben walked into the classroom first and Joe came next. next / nekst / adjective the one coming after « On Monday it was sunny but the next day, Tuesday, was rainy all day. next (to) / 'nckst (,tu) / preposition beside, close to + Most students like to sit next to their friends in class, nice / nas / adjective pleasing, good + This dress is very nice. Can we buy it, please? niece / nis; / noun a girl child of your brother or sister + My brother's litle girl is my only niece. nod / nod / verb to raise your head up and down in agreement « | asked Dad if | could use his computer and he nodded so | started playing games. noise / noiz / noun sound + The noise of a plane taking off made it impossible to speak. Don't make a noise while Dad's sleeping. noisy / 'noizi / adjective making lots of loud sounds nomad / ‘naumad / noun someone who does not live in one place but moves from one place to another during the year with all their belongings nonsense / 'nons(2)ns / noun ideas that do not make sense and are not understandable + Ben _ said he dreamed about a cow that could talk, fly and use a computer. What a lot of nonsense! normal / 'ns:(r)m(2)l / adjective usual » Our normal way of going to school is by bus. normally / 'no:(r)m(a)li / adverb usually * We normally start school at 8 am. north / noi(r)8/ noun the direction you are facing when the rising sun is on your right northern / 'no:(r)d0(r)n / adjective of the north part + The people of northern Europe often have foir hair, nose / novz/ noun the part of your body in the middle of your face through which you breathe note / nout / noun 1 paper money + Anna has several coins and a lot of notes in her moneybox. 2a piece of information written in a few words + Ben wrote notes about the fish then he made the notes into complete sentences. nothing / 'ns8in / pronoun not a thing « They opened the old box but there was nothing in it. notice / ‘nautis / verb to become conscious of someone or something by seeing, hearing or feeling them + After a while, Ben noticed that the little boy was crying noticeable / ‘navtisab(a)! / adjective can easily be noticed This bow! has been repaired but it’s not at all noticeable. now / nau / adverb at this moment + We must leave now or we will miss the train, nowadays / '‘navs,deiz / adverb in modem times + Nowadays, many people drive cars. nurse / ns:(r)s / noun @ person who looks after patients in hospital nurse / n3:(r)s / verb to look after someone who is ill or has an injury + Mum nursed Grandma when she broke her leg. nut /nat/ noun a fruit that is hard outside and has a softer part inside that you can eat nutcracker / ‘nat kraeka(r) / noun a small tool for breaking open a nut nutty / ‘nati / adjective tasting or smelling of nuts or having nuts in + | don’t ike nutty chocolate but I love nutty ice cream. gasis / au'eisis / noun (plural: vases) a place in a desert where there is water * Trees often grow around an oasis because there is enough water for them. 55obedience opposite obedience / a'bi:dians / noun doing what you are told + Our teacher expects obedience from everyone in the class, obey / a'ber / verb to follow instructions and to do what you are told « If you join a club itis important to obey the rules. object / 'obdsekt / noun thing This object with gold decoration is very valuable. observe / ab'z3:(r)v / verb to look at something. carefully * The doctor observed the sick child for a few moments then he called for an ambulance. ‘obvious / ‘nbvias / adjective clear, certain + Anna had spots on her face so her iliness was obvious. ‘occasion / a'ke13(2)n / noun a particular time or event + Grandma's 80th birthday was a special occasion. occupy / ‘nkjupar / verb to live in + My family has ‘occupied this house for more than 50 years. ocean / '2u{(a)n / noun the large areas of water between the continents ‘ectopus / ‘pktapas / noun a sea creature with eight tentacles off / of / adverb less + This £2 book is 50% off so you only pay £1. official / o'fif(2)l / adjective decided or done by public leaders such as the government + The prime minister made an official visit to Canada. often / ‘ofla)n / adverb a lot of times * We often visit my cousins and we usually go every Saturday. oil / oil / noun 1a black liquid that is found deep in the ground that is used to run machines and to make plastic 2 the thick liquid that is made from pressing fruits, seeds and nuts and which is used in cooking and making food oily / ‘sili / adjective with oil + Our gardener cleans his tools with an oily cloth. ‘old / auld / adjective having lived or existed for a long time * My grandmother is very old.These old shoes have holes in. olive oil / plrv ‘sil / noun oil from olives Olympic / allimpik / adjective of or from the Olympic Games * Olympic competitors are proud to represent their countries. Olympic Games / a,limpik 'getmz / noun a sports competition that takes place every four years and which most countries in the world enter Olympics / a'limpiks / noun short form of ‘Olympic Games’ ‘once / wans / adverb one time + You will only do this test once so make sure you revise well. once upon a time, a long time ago (a traditional opening to an old story) Once upon a time a prince lived in a castle. at once, now, immediately only / '2unli / adverb no one or nothing else, just the thing named * There was only one person (on the bus. They only keep sheep on this farm. ‘open / 'supan / verb 1 to move the lid or top of something so you can look inside * Let’ open the box and see what's init 2 to move something so you can pass through + Please open the door so we can go into the classroom. opera / 'p(o)ra / noun a theatre performance where the characters sing their parts and an orchestra plays the music operate / 'pareit / verb 1 to use something and make it work + The notice said ‘To operate this lift, press the red button’, 2 to do work on the inside of a patient's body + The doctor wil operate to repair this patient's heart. ‘operation / ,opa'reif(a)n / noun the act of opening a patient's body to treat disease or damage * Nina broke her arm and the doctor did an ‘operation to repair the bones. opinion / o'pinjon / noun a person's own ideas about something ¢ In my opinion, school holidays are to0 short. In my dads opinion, they are too long! opponent / s'pounant / noun the person or team you are playing against * My opponent in the chess competition was really good and I lost! opportunity / opo(r)'tjunati / noun a chance to do something * Many people would love the ‘opportunity to travel round the world. opposite / 'opazit / adjective completely different + ‘Big’ and ‘small’ have opposite meanings.opposite opposite / ‘vpazit / preposition across from + The station is opposite the museum. optic / ‘optik / adjective to do with the eye optician / pp'tif(a)n / noun the person who examines your eyes and gives you glasses if you need them orange / ‘orinds / noun a round sweet fruit that is orange in colour orange juice / 'orinds dsu:s / noun the liquid that comes from an orange orbit / 's:(r)bit / noun the journey of an object £oing round a planet or star * The spacecraft did two orbits of the earth, orchestra /'2:(r)kistra / noun a group of people who play music together using lots of different instruments # The school orchestra has two trumpet players and ten violin players. order / 's:(r)do(r) / noun 1 the way a set of things is arranged * The children’s names should be in alphabetical order. 2 a command * The emperor gave the order to ‘ttack the city. order / 's:(r)da(r) / verb 1 to tell someone they must do something + The policeman ordered the driver of the car to get out. 2 to ask for something in a restaurant + We ordered salad ond orange juice for our lunch ordinary / '>(r)d(2)n(a)ri / adjective normal, not different to others + On an ordinary school day we have lessons but sometimes we have plays and concerts. organisation / ,9:(r)ganar'zei{(a)n / noun a group of people who work together to do things « ‘My aunt works for an organisation that helps blind people. organise /'2:(r)gonarz / verb 1 to make plans for something to happen * Our teacher is organising a sports competition. 2 to put neatly or in order * You must organise your notes before you write your essay. original / a'rid3(a)nal / adjective the first true ‘one + This picture is a copy of a painting and the original pointing is in the National Gallery. other / ‘sda(r) / adjective the different one + don’t want that game, | want the other one. padlock ouch / autf / interjection a word that you say when you hurt yourself a little * “Ouch!” said Anna when she cut herself. outside / aut'said / adverb not in a room or building + It's sunny today so let’s play outside. outside / avt'sad / preposition out of a place + There was a taxi outside the station. ‘oven / 'av(a)n / noun a large piece of kitchen equipment that you use to cook food + The oven gets very hot so be careful when you open the door and take the food out. over / '2uva(r) / adverb 1 finished, at the end + When the play was over, everyone clapped and cheered. 2 downwards + Ben touched the vase and it fell over. ‘over / ‘suva(r) / preposition 1 to the other side + Ben jumped over the wall. 2 above + The clock was over the door. ‘own / 2un / verb to have something * My cousin ‘owns a small hotel. own / aun / adjective belonging to someone + Ben used his own ideas to write his story.on one’s ‘own, alone ! can't lift this box on my own so can you help me, please? pace / peis / verb walk with strong footsteps « The guards paced up and down outside the palace. pace / pets / noun 1 the length you go when you take one step forwards * He crossed the courtyard in 20 paces. 2 speed + The racing cars went round the track at ‘an amazing pace. pack / pak / verb to put things in a bag to take with you when you go to stay somewhere else * | forgot to pack my toothbrush so | had to buy one at the hotel. phrasal vert pack up to put things away into a bag or box * The students packed up their books at the end of the lesson. paddle / ‘ped(a)I / verb to move a canoe through the water using a flat piece of wood + Once you learn to paddle, canoeing is fun! padlock / 'ped,lok / noun a metal object that can be locked with a key and which can be 57used to hold things together so they cannot be moved + There was a heavy padlock on the doors of the museum so we knew that it was closed. Page / perd3 / noun one of the sheets of paper that make a book pain / pein / noun the feeling of being hurt « Nina had a lot of pain when she broke her arm. painkiller / ‘pem kila(r) / noun a medicine that takes pain away * Nina was given o painkiller after her operation. paint / peint / noun the coloured liquid used inside and outside buildings and to make pictures + Mum chose a blue paint for the kitchen walls, Harry has lots of different coloured paints in a box. paint / pemnt / verb 1 to spread paint with a brush ¢ In the square, a ‘man was painting a picture of the fountain. 2 to decorate and protect objects « The new door was painted blue. painter / ‘peinta(r) / noun a person who works, by painting + Dad was busy so he paid some painters to point the outside walls of our house. painting / ‘peintin / noun a picture that has been made with paint This painting is very old and was made by a famous artist. palace / ‘palas / noun the large home of a king or queen palm tree / ‘pam ,tri: noun a kind of tree found in hot, dry places pan / pen / noun a metal container for cooking or heating things in panda / ‘pends / noun a large black and white bear that lives on bamboo mainly in China panel / ‘pen(a)l / noun a small group of people who make decisions + The panel of teachers worded the prize to the best student. pant / pent / verb to breathe in and out fast through the mouth « After the race, Ben was panting and exhausted. paper / 'perpa(r) / noun material made from wood that is used for writing on and to make books papyrus / po'pairas / noun a tall plant used In the past to make material for writing on parachute / 'pera,fut / noun a very large piece of material that fills with air and can be used to go down gently when jumping from a plane or a high place parent / ‘pearant / noun the mother or father of a child park / pa;(r)k / noun an open area of ground where there are trees and paths where people can walk, sit and play park / pa:(r)k / verb to leave your car ‘somewhere while you go and do something + Mum parked in the square then we went to the dentist. park and ride, to leave your car in a Parking area outside of the city and then catch a special bus to the centre parrot / 'perat / noun a kind of bird that lives in hot countries especially in rainforest areas parsley / ‘pa:(r)sli / noun a kind of herb that is used in cooking part / pax(r)t / noun 1a piece or section of something » A large part of the building was damaged by fire. 2 an area of somewhere + I ive in the southern part of the city. 3a character's role in a play « I want to be Odysseus. Which part do you want to play? particle / ‘pa:(r)uk(a)I / noun a very tiny piece of something particular / pa(r)'tikjula(r) / adjective 1 the one here + This particular lion is not dangerous because it’s very old. 2 special + Please take particular care over your spelling. in particular especially Do you want to buy ‘anything in particular when we go to the mall? particularly / po(r)'ukjula(r)li / adverb especially + | don't lke rain, particularly when it’s cold as well. partly / ‘pax(r)tli / adverb in part * The clown was dressed partly in blue and partly in red. party / 'pa:(r)ti / noun a time when people ‘come together for a special reason such as a birthday or feast day pass / pais / verb 1 to do well enough in an exam * Sam was pleased because he passed a difficult exam,PE Cnt 2 to go by + We passed the castle on the way to the station. 3 (in football) to kick the ball to another player passage / ‘pasids / noun 1a long narrow part of a building that leads from one area to another * We walked along the cool, gloomy passage that led from the courtyard to the old prison. 2 apiece of text from a book « Please read the passage that starts at the top of page 6. passengers / ‘paesindsa(r)z / noun (plural) people who are travelling by train, bus, boat, taxi or plane past / passt / adverb by and away from * Strange noises were coming from the building so we quickly hurried past. past / passt / preposition by something « | walked ‘past the park on my way to the shops. past / po:st / noun the time that has already happened « in the past, people used horses and donkeys to travel from one place to another. path / pa:8 / noun a hard, firm surface for walking on pathway / 'pa:0,we1 / noun the route of a path + We followed the pathway into the caste. patience / 'peif(ans / noun 1 the ability to wait quietly for something for a long time without getting cross + We had to have patience at the museum because the queue of people was 100 metres long. 2 the ability to continue doing something for a long time without losing interest + Learning a musical instrument takes patience and time. patient / ‘pei{(a)nt / noun a person who is being treated in hospital patient / ‘pei{(o)nt / adjective 1 able to continue doing something difficult and stay calm + jane is patient with small children ‘and she's going to be a kindergarten teacher. 2 able to wait without getting annoyed or Jeaving + Polar bears are patient hunters and they watch holes in the ice for hours until a seal appears. pattern / 'pxto(rn / noun a repeated and regular design of shapes, lines or objects + Grandma's dress has a pattern of red and blue flowers on black and white squares. Perouy ta) pause / po:z / verb to stop moving or doing something for a moment before starting again The boy paused at the edge of the pool then dived in, paw / po: / noun the end of the leg of an animal such as a dog or cat + A cat has soft paws and often you can't hear it coming. pay / pet / verb to give money to buy something or a piece of work + Ben paid a lot of money for his new computer. Grandad paid a man to clean his car, payment / ‘pemont / noun a sum of money that is paid * Dad had to make a large payment when hhe bought our new TV. pea / pi: / noun a small round, green vegetable that grows in a pod peace / piss / noun a time when there is no war or fighting + Most people want to live in peace. peak / pik / noun the top of a mountain * The ‘mountain peaks are covered in snow. peculiar / pi'kju:li(r) / adjective strange, unusual This plant is very pecullar because it eats insects. pedestrian / po'destrian / noun @ person who is walking, especially in a town or city + If you are a pedestrian, itis safer to walk on the pavement. peer / pro(r) / verb 1 to make an effort to look at something * Sam peered over the wall to see what the noise in the street was. 2 to look at something carefully and closely + The professor peered at the dirty old metal rod then he exclaimed, It’s a Roman sword!” pen / pen / noun a tool containing ink that you use to write with penalty / 'pen(a)Iti / noun 1.2 punishment for breaking a rule or law 2 (in football) a shot at the goal after a foul in the penalty area pencil / ‘pens(a)I / noun a tool that makes a grey mark you use to draw with penguin / 'pengwin / noun a small black and white bird that lives on land in the Antarctic but can swim in the sea 5960 pa penknife /'penynarf / noun a knife with a blade that folds into the handle people / 'pi:p(o)l / noun plural of ‘person’ pepper / 'pepo(r) / noun 1.2 round vegetable that is green, yellow, orange or red 2.a seed that is ground to a powder and used in cooking perch / psi(r)tf / verb 1 to sit upright on the edge of something * We perched on a low wall while we waited for the bus. 2 to put something high up or on the edge of something + Her small hat was perched on the top of her head. perform / pa(r)'fax(r)m / verb to act or do things to entertain people as a show performance / po(r)'fo:(r)mons / noun the act of performing a play, dance or other form of entertainment ¢ The performance began with 0 lively song. performers / pa(r)'fs:(r)ma(r)z / noun (plural) actors and entertainers perhaps / po(r)'haeps / adverb maybe * It’s very cold tonight so perhaps it will snow. period / 'protiad / noun a length of time + a period of 100 years, the period between the wars. person / ‘p3:(r)s(2)n / noun (plural: people) a single man, woman, boy or gir! persuade / pa(r)'sweid / verb to make someone do, think or agree to do something + Sam persuaded his dad to take him to the football game. petal / 'pet(a)I / noun one of the coloured shapes that are part of a flower * The petals of this rose are pink. petticoat / ‘peti kout / noun a piece of clothing like a skirt that is sometimes worn under a girl's or woman's dress pharaoh / 'fearau / noun an ancient king of Egypt phone / foun / noun short form of ‘telephone’, an instrument used to speak to people through a telephone line photo / ‘fautau / noun short form of ‘photograph’ photocopier / 'foutov kopia(r) / noun a machine that makes copies of pages and pictures photograph / 'fouta.gra:f/ noun a picture taken by a camera photographer / fo'tografa(r) / noun a person who takes photographs piano / pi'ensu / noun a musical instrument with black and white keys that you press to make sounds pick / pik / verb to collect fruit or vegetables + The opples are ripe so we must pick them today. phrasal verb pick up to take hold of something and lift it up + Please pick up the pens that have fallen on the floor. picnic / ‘pikmik / noun a meal that is eaten out of doors in the countryside or an open space picture / 'piktfa(r) / noun an illustration such as ‘a drawing, painting or photograph piece / pis / noun a small part of something + Would you like a piece of chocolate? pier / pia(r) /noun a support built in water + The bridge wes supported by three piers. pigeon / ‘pids(a)n / noun a bird that often lives on buildings in cities pile / pail / noun a group of objects put one on top of the other + There was a tall pile of books on the teacher's desk. phrasal verb pile up / pailap / to make a pile of something + Dad piled up the wood he had chopped. pilot / 'patlat / noun a person who flies a plane or helicopter pin / pm / noun a thin sharp object for holding pieces of cloth together pinch / pint / verb to press something hard between your finger and thumb * Don’t pinch my arm, it hurts! pioneer / ,paia'nio(r) / noun a person who does something before other people * Christopher Columbus was an early pioneer of exploration. pipe / parp / noun a long thin tube for carrying water, gas or oilpitch / pit{ / noun (in football) an area for playing a sport like football + The players ran onto the piteh ond everyone cheered. pitcher / ‘pitfa(r) / noun a large jug pity / ‘piti / noun a strong feeling of sadness about the bad situation someone is in + My uncle gave the' poor man money out of pity for him. It’s a pity, It's disappointing It’s a pity its raining cand we can't play outside. pizza / ‘piso / noun a food from Italy made of a large, round, flat piece of bread with something such as vegetables and meat or cheese on top place / plets / noun 1.an area or position + The archaeologists did not find the place where the king was buried. 2. town or building + The place we are going to next is well-known for its daily market. place / pleis / verb to put something in a position * Grandma placed her new vase on the table, plain / plein / noun large, flat areas of land + There are thousands of farms on the North American plains. plain / plein / adjective simple, not patterned « ‘My cousin chose a plain, white dress for her wedding. plan / plan / noun an idea for what to do in the future + My plan for next week is to finish my project. plane / pic / noun an aircraft with wings and an engine planet / ‘plienit / noun one of the round objects that goes around the sun « Earth is a planet. plank / plaenk / noun a long flat piece of wood, often about 20 centimetres wide * The floor of our house is made of planks of wood. plant / pla:nt / noun a living thing that grows in the ground or in water, often with green leaves plastic / ‘plestik / noun a hard material that does not break easily and is used to make many different objects such as buckets, bowls, plates, etc. plate / pleit / noun a round flat object for eating from platform / ‘plei,f>:(r)m / noun the raised area Next to a railway line where the train stops so the passengers can get on and off play / plet /noun a story performed by actors, often in a theatre play / pler / verb 1 to take part in a game with other people « The boys are playing basketball after school today. 2 to use toys or equipment for enjoyment + My sister is playing with her dolls and my brothers are playing on the swings. 3 to make sounds come from a musical instrument + Sam is playing his trumpet. pleasant / ‘plez(a)nt / adjective enjoyable « We had a pleasant day at the beach because the weather was good and it wasn't crowded. pleased / pli:zd / adjective feeling happy because of something good + Our teacher was pleased when we all passed the exom. pleasure / ‘ple3o(r) / noun a feeling of happiness, enjoyment or satisfaction « It gave us @ lot of pleasure to have our cousins staying with us. plenty / ‘plenti / adverb a lot of + There's plenty of salad so please take more. pliers / ‘plaia(r)z / noun a tool used for pulling out nails plough / plav / noun a too! or machine used by farmers to turn over the soil before planting plumber / 'plama(r) / noun a person who puts pipes for water into a house and mends taps plume / plum / noun a large long feather «A bird of paradise has beautiful plumes in its tail. pocket / ‘pokit / noun the small bag shape that is part of clothing for keeping small objects in + Dad always has some money and a handkerchief in his pocket. pocket money / ‘pokit mani / noun small amounts of money that children are sometimes given to save or spend pod / pod / noun the long round green shape on some plants where the fruit or seeds grow glass pod, a small round room mostly made of glass point / point / verb to show something by holding ‘out your arm and a finger towards it + Ben’ teacher asked him to point to England on the world map. 61