Box Culvert Checking

UNIFORM LOAD = 73.64 KN/M2

0.25 3
.  20 kN/m3
c' = 0 kN/m2
3 1.50 ø= 35 °
1 2
1.00
4

2 1 4 5 6
0.25

0.25 1.00 0.25

Geometry Data
tcover (cover thickness) = 0.25 m
twall (wall thickness) = 0.25 m
tbott.slab (bottom slab thickness) = 0.25 m
Length (L) = 1.20 m

Dead Load Component ( DC )

concrete = 24.53 kN/m3
Cover weight = concrete* tcover * L
= 24.53*0.25*1.2
= 7.36 kN/m
Wall weight = concrete* twall * L
= 24.53*0.25*1.2
= 7.36 kN/m
Bottom slab weight = concrete* tBott.Slab * L
= 24.53*0.25*1.2
= 7.36 kN/m

Dead Load
No Dead Load

1 DC Wall 1 1*0.25*1.2*24.53 7.36

2 DC Wall 2 1*0.25*1.2*24.53 7.36
3 DC Slab 3 1.5*0.25*1.2*24.53 11.04
4 DC Slab 4 1.5*0.25*1.2*24.53 11.04
36.80
Live Load Component ( LL )
Crane Load = 90.04 kN/m2

CONCRETE DESIGN OF TOP SLAB

Maximum Shear due to Dead load = 1/2 * 7.36 * 1
= 3.68 kN
Maximum Moment due to Dead load = 1/12 * 7.36 * 1^2
= 0.61 kNm
Maximum Shear due to Live load = 1/2 * ( 90.04 * 1.2 )*1
= 54.02 kN
Maximum Moment due to Live load = 1/12 * ( 90.04 * 1.2 ) * 1^2
= 9.00 kNm
The Strength I Limit State is used to design reinforcement for flexure and checking shear
LC1 1.25*DC + 1.75*(LL+IM)
Maximum factored moment = 1.25*0.61 + 1.75*9 = 16.5 kNm
Maximum factored shear = 1.25*3.68 + 1.75*54.02 = 99.1 kN

The Service I Limit State is used for checking reinforcement for crack control criteria.
LC2 DC + (LL+IM)
Maximum unfactored moment = 0.61+9 = 9.60 kNm
Maximum unfactored shear = 3.68+54.02 = 57.7 kN

Reinforcement
Max factored moment (Mu) = 16.5 kN.m
Concrete thickness (t ) = 0.25 m
Width of tributary (b) = 1.2 m
Concrete cover (c) = 50 mm
Diameter of rebar (drebar) = 13 mm
Yield strength of reinforce steel (fy) = 390 MPa
Characteristic concrete pressure strength (fc') = 32 MPa
Concrete effective thickness (d) = t - c - 0.5*drebar
= 0.194 m
= 193.5 mm
Ru = Mu / ( * b * d^2)
= 16500/(0.9*1.2*0.1935^2)/1000000
= 0.41
m = fy / ( 0.85 * f'c )
= 14.34
 required = (1/m) * (1 - (1 - 2m Ru/fy)^0.5)
= 0.11%
balanced = i * 0.85 f'c * 600
fy ( 600 + fy )
= 2.51%
 max = 0.75 * balanced
= 1.88%
 min = 0.18% (min = 1.4/fy if 1.33 *  required > 1.4/fy)
( min = 0.18% if 1.33 *  required < 1.4/fy)
 need = 0.14%
(need =  required if  required > 1.4/fy)
( need =  required * 1.33 but not need to exceed 1.4/fy if  required < 1.4/fy)
 used = 0.18% < 1.88%……...OK
( used = largest of  min or  need)
As req = *b*d
2
= 418 mm
use rebar D 13
2
effective cross section area of rebar (As) = 132.7 mm (according to JIS G3112)
No.of bars = As req / As
= 3.00
spacing = Width / no. of bars
= 0.40 m
= 400 mm => adopted 200 mm
Use D13 - 200 double layer flexural reinforcement
Asused = 796 mm2
Check Ultimate Moment at Strength 1
a= As x fy (AASHTO 7th Ed, article 5.7.3.2)
0.85 x fc' x b
= 796.2 x 390
32,640.0
= 9.51 mm
Mr =  Mn
 Mn =  As x fy x (d - a/2)
= 0.9 x 796.2 x 390 x 188.74
= 52,746,451 Nmm
Mr = 52.7 kNm > Mu = 16.50 kNm …Ok

Crack Control Analysis

To ensure that the primary reinforcement is well distributed, crack control equations shall be
check. The equations are dependent on the tensile stress in steel reinforcement at the service
limit state, the concrete cover, and the geometric relationship between the crack width at the
tension face versus the crack width at the reinforcement level. The exposure factor, ge, is 0.75,
since culverts are substructures exposed to water
e = 0.75 AASHTO 7th Ed, article 5.7.3.4
fy = 390 MPa = 56.56 ksi
d = 193.5 mm = 7.62 in
t = 250 mm = 9.85 in
As = 796 mm2
Bending Moment Service I Limit State
M = 9.60 kNm = 9,600,000 Nmm
The reinforcement stress at service shall be :
𝑀
𝑓𝑠𝑠
𝐴𝑠 ∗ 𝑑
fss = 62.3 Mpa = 9.04 ksi
fss shall not exceed 0.6 fy = 33.94 ksi (ACI 318-14 Table R24.5.2.1 page 408)
The strain ratio, s, is defined as:
𝑑𝑐
𝛽 1
0.7𝑥 𝑡 𝑑𝑐
s = 1+(2.26/(0.7*(9.85-2.26))
= 1.43
For calculation purposes, dc need not to be taken greater than 2 in.plus the bar radius.
dc = 57.40 mm = 2.26 in
The maximum spacing
700 𝑥 𝛾
s  2 ∗ 𝑑𝑐
𝛽 𝑥𝑓
s < ((700*0.75)/(1.43*9.04))-2*2.26
s < 36.09 in
200 < 917 mm ... Ok
Check Minimum reinforcement for Shrinkage
1.3 * b * h AASHTO 7th Ed, article 5.10.8
As ≥
2 * (b+h) * fy
1.3 * 47.24 * 9.84
As ≥
2*(47.24 + 9.84)*56.56
As ≥ 0.09 in2
0.11 ≤ As ≤ 0.60
As ≥ 0.11 in2/ft
≥ 232.8 mm2/m
Use D13 bars @ 200 mm, As = 796.2 mm2 for reinforcement
Shear Reinforcement
Shear capacity of concrete
Vc 0.0676 f c 4.6 bd
AASHTO 7th Ed, article 5.14.5.3.1
Ultimate shear forces (Vu ) = 99.1 kN = 22.3 kip
Max factored moment (Mu) = 16.50 kN.m = 146.0 kip in
Characteristic concrete pressure strength (fc') = 32 MPa = 4.6 ksi
Asused = 796 mm2 = 1.2 in2
Width of tributary (b) = 1.2 m = 47.2 in
Concrete effective thickness (d) = 193.5 mm = 7.6 in
 = 0.90 AASHTO 7th Ed, article 5.5.4.2.1
Vc = 59.0 kip = 262.5 kN
Vu Vc
99.10 < 236.25 ==> No Shear Reinforcement required

Soil Friction Angle ø = 35 °

Ko = 1 - sin ø = 1 - sin ( 35) = 0.43 (at rest)
Ka = tan (45 - ø/2)² = tan (45 - 35/2)² = 0.27 (active)
Kp = tan (45 + ø/2)² = tan (45 + 35/2)² = 3.69 (passive)

Soil Active Pressure, pa1 = ' * H1 * ko * L

= 10.19 * 1.5 * 0.43 * 1.2
= 7.89 kN/m2
Soil Active Force, Pa1 = 1/2 * ' * H12 * ko * L
= 1/2 * 10.19 * 1.5^2 * 0.43 * 1.2
= 5.92 kN/m'
Water Pressure, p w = w * Hw * L
= 9.81 * 1.5 * 1.2
= 17.66 kN/m2
Force due to Water Pressure, P w = 1/2 * w * Hw2 * L
= 1/2 * 9.81 * 1.5^2 * 1.2
= 13.24 kN/m'
Earth Surcharge Load (ES) = q * ko
= 90.04 * 0.43
= 38.72 kN/m2
Force due to Surcharge Load, ES = q * ko * L
= 90.04 * 0.43 * 1.2
= 46.5 kN/m'

Unfactored Horizontal Load and Moment

No Horizontal Force Horizontal Force Arm Moment Overturning
Length (Mo)
1 EH1 Soil Active Pressure 5.92 0.50 5.92*0.5 2.96
2 WA Water Pressure 13.24 0.50 13.24*0.5 6.62
3 ES Earth Surcharge Load 46.46 0.75 46.46*0.75 34.85
CONCRETE DESIGN OF WALL
Maximum Moment due to Dead load = 1/12*7.36*1^2
= 0.61 kNm
Maximum Moment due Soil Active Pressure = 1/20*7.89*1^2
= 0.39 kNm
Maximum Moment due Water Pressure = 1/20*17.66*1^2
= 0.88 kNm
Maximum Moment due Earth Surcharge Load = 1/12*46.46*1.5^2
= 8.7 kNm

Maximum Shear due to Dead load = 7.36*1/2

= 3.68 kN
Maximum Shear due Soil Active Pressure = 7.89*1*7/20
= 2.76 kN
Maximum Shear due Water Pressure = 17.66*1*7/20
= 6.18 kN
Maximum Shear due Earth Surcharge Load = 46.46*1.5/2
= 34.8 kN
The Strength I Limit State is used to design reinforcement for flexure and checking shear
LC1 1.25*DC + WA + 1.35*EH1 + 1.5*ES
Maximum factored moment = 1.25*0.61+0.88+1.35*0.39+1.5*8.71
= 15.2 kNm
Maximum factored shear = 1.25*3.68+6.18+1.35*2.76+1.5*34.845
= 66.8 kN
The Service I Limit State is used for checking reinforcement for crack control criteria.
LC2 DC + WA + EH1 + ES
Maximum unfactored moment = 0.61+0.88+0.39+8.71 = 10.60 kNm
Maximum unfactored shear = 3.68+6.18+2.76+34.845 = 47.5 kN

Reinforcement
Max factored moment (Mu) = 15.2 kN.m
Concrete thickness (t ) = 0.25 m
Width of tributary (b) = 1.2 m
Concrete cover (c) = 50.0 mm
Diameter of rebar (drebar) = 13 mm
Yield strength of reinforce steel (fy) = 390 MPa
Characteristic concrete pressure strength (fc') = 32 MPa
Concrete effective thickness (d) = t - c - 0.5*drebar
= 0.194 m
= 193.5 mm
Ru = Mu / ( * b * d^2)
= 15200/(0.9*1.2*0.1935^2)/1000000
= 0.38
m = fy / ( 0.85 * f'c )
= 14.34
 required = (1/m) * (1 - (1 - 2m Ru/fy)^0.5)
= 0.00
balanced = i * 0.85 f'c * 600
fy ( 600 + fy )
= 2.51%
 max = 0.75 * balanced
= 1.88%
 min = 0.18% (min = 1.4/fy if 1.33 *  required > 1.4/fy)
( min = 0.18% if 1.33 *  required < 1.4/fy)
 need = 0.13%
(need =  required if  required > 1.4/fy)
( need =  required * 1.33 but not need to exceed 1.4/fy if  required < 1.4/fy)
 used = 0.18% < 1.88%……...OK
( used = largest of  min or  need)
As req = *b*d
2
= 418 mm
use rebar D 13
2
effective cross section area of rebar (As) = 132.7 mm (according to JIS G3112)
No.of bars = As req / As
= 3.00
spacing = Width / no. of bars
= 0.40 m
= 400 mm => adopted 200 mm
Use D13 - 200 single layer flexural reinforcement for top slab
Asused = 796.0 mm2

Check Ultimate Moment at Strength 1

a= As x fy (AASHTO 7th Ed, article 5.7.3.2)
0.85 x fc' x b
= 796 x 390
32,640.0
= 9.51 mm
Mr =  Mn
 Mn =  As x fy x (d - a/2)
= 0.9 x 796 x 390 x 188.74
= 52,733,201.0 Nmm
Mr = 52.73 kNm > Mu = 15.20 kNm …Ok

Crack Control Analysis

To ensure that the primary reinforcement is well distributed, crack control equations shall be
check. The equations are dependent on the tensile stress in steel reinforcement at the service
limit state, the concrete cover, and the geometric relationship between the crack width at the
tension face versus the crack width at the reinforcement level. The exposure factor, ge, is 0.75,
since culverts are substructures exposed to water
e = 0.75 AASHTO 7th Ed, article 5.7.3.4
fy = 390 MPa = 56.56 ksi
d = 193.5 mm = 7.62 in
t = 250 mm = 9.85 in
As = 796 mm2
Bending Moment Service I Limit State
M = 10.60 kNm = 10,600,000 Nmm
The reinforcement stress at service shall be :
𝑀
𝑓𝑠𝑠
𝐴𝑠 ∗ 𝑑
fss = 68.8 Mpa = 9.98 ksi
fss shall not exceed 0.6 fy = 33.94 ksi (ACI 318-14 Table R24.5.2.1 page 408)
The strain ratio, bs, is defined as:
𝑑𝑐
𝛽 1
0.7𝑥 𝑡 𝑑𝑐
s = 1+(2.26/(0.7*(9.85-2.26))
= 1.43
For calculation purposes, dc need not to be taken greater than 2 in.plus the bar radius.
dc = 57.40 mm = 2.26 in
The maximum spacing
700 𝑥 𝛾
s  2 ∗ 𝑑𝑐
𝛽 𝑥𝑓
s < ((700*0.75)/(1.43*9.98))-2*2.26
s < 32.27 in
200 < 819.6 mm ... Ok
Check Minimum reinforcement for Shrinkage
1.3 * b * h AASHTO 7th Ed, article 5.10.8
As ≥
2 * (b+h) * fy
1.3 * 47.24 * 9.84
As ≥
2*(47.24 + 9.84)*56.56
As ≥ 0.09 in2
0.11 ≤ As ≤ 0.60
As ≥ 0.11 in2/ft
≥ 232.83 mm2/m
Use D13 bars @ 200 mm, As = 796 mm2 for reinforcement

Shear Reinforcement
Shear capacity of concrete
Vc 0.0676 f c 4.6 bd
AASHTO 7th Ed, article 5.14.5.3.1
Ultimate shear forces (Vu ) = 66.8 kN = 15.0 kip
Max factored moment (Mu) = 15.2 kN.m = 134.5 kip in
Characteristic concrete pressure strength (fc') = 32 MPa = 4.6 ksi
Asused = 796 mm2 = 1.2 in2
Width of tributary (b) = 1 m = 47.2 in
Concrete effective thickness (d) = 193.5 mm = 7.6 in
 = 0.90 AASHTO 7th Ed, article 5.5.4.2.1
Vc = 57.24 kip = 254.6 kN
Vu Vc
66.80 < 229.16 ==> No Shear Reinforcement required
 1.00

CONCRETE DESIGN OF BOTTOM SLAB

Total Dead Load = 36.80 kN

Water weight on Bottom Slab = 9.81*1*1 = 9.81 kN
Live Load on Cover = 162.1 kN

Bottom Slab width = 1.50 m

The Strength I Limit State is used to design reinforcement for flexure and checking shear
LC1 1.25*DC + WA + 1.75*(LL+IM)
Factored load on bottom slab = 1.25*36.8+9.81+1.75*162.1
= 339.49 kN

Factored base pressure = 339.49 / 1.5 = 226.3 kN/m

Maximum Factored Moment = 1/12 * 226.3 * 1^2 = 18.86 kNm

Unfactored load on bottom slab = 36.8+9.81+162.1 = 208.7 kN

Unfactored base pressure = 208.7 / 1.5 = 139.1 kN/m

Maximum Unfactored Moment = 1/12 * 139.1 * 1^2 = 11.59 kNm

Maximum Factored Shear = 226.3*1/2 = 113.2 kN

Reinforcement
Max factored moment (Mu) = 18.86 kN.m
Concrete thickness (t ) = 0.25 m
Width of tributary (b) = 1.2 m
Concrete cover (c) = 50.0 mm
Diameter of rebar (drebar) = 13 mm
Yield strength of reinforce steel (fy) = 390 MPa
Characteristic concrete pressure strength (fc') = 32 MPa
Concrete effective thickness (d) = t - c - 0.5*drebar
= 0.194 m
= 193.5 mm
Ru = Mu / ( * b * d^2)
= 18860/(0.9*1.2*0.1935^2)/1000000
= 0.47
m = fy / ( 0.85 * f'c )
= 14.34
 required = (1/m) * (1 - (1 - 2m Ru/fy)^0.5)
= 0.12%
balanced = i * 0.85 f'c * 600
fy ( 600 + fy )
= 2.51%
 max = 0.75 * balanced
= 1.88%
 min = 0.18% (min = 1.4/fy if 1.33 *  required > 1.4/fy)
( min = 0.18% if 1.33 *  required < 1.4/fy)
 need = 0.16%
(need =  required if  required > 1.4/fy)
( need =  required * 1.33 but not need to exceed 1.4/fy if  required < 1.4/fy)
 used = 0.18% < 1.88%……...OK
( used = largest of  min or  need)
As req = *b*d
2
= 418 mm
use rebar D 13
2
effective cross section area of rebar (As) = 132.7 mm (according to JIS G3112)
No.of bars = As req / As
= 3.00
spacing = Width / no. of bars
= 0.40 m
= 400 mm => adopted 200 mm
Use D13 - 200 double layer flexural reinforcement
Asused = 796 mm2
Check Ultimate Moment at Strength 1
a= As x fy (AASHTO 7th Ed, article 5.7.3.2)
0.85 x fc' x b
= 796 x 390
32,640.0
= 9.51 mm
Mr =  Mn
 Mn =  As x fy x (d - a/2)
= 0.9 x 796 x 390 x 188.74
= 52,733,201.0 Nmm
Mr = 52.73 kNm > Mu = 18.86 kNm …Ok

Crack Control Analysis

To ensure that the primary reinforcement is well distributed, crack control equations shall be
check. The equations are dependent on the tensile stress in steel reinforcement at the service
limit state, the concrete cover, and the geometric relationship between the crack width at the
tension face versus the crack width at the reinforcement level. The exposure factor, ge, is 0.75,
since culverts are substructures exposed to water
e = 0.75 AASHTO 7th Ed, article 5.7.3.4
fy = 390 MPa = 56.56 ksi
d = 193.5 mm = 7.62 in
t = 250 mm = 9.85 in
As = 796 mm2
Bending Moment Service I Limit State
M = 11.59 kNm = 11,590,000 Nmm
The reinforcement stress at service shall be :
𝑀
𝑓𝑠𝑠
𝐴𝑠 ∗ 𝑑
fss = 75.2 Mpa = 10.91 ksi
fss shall not exceed 0.6 fy = 33.94 ksi (ACI 318-14 Table R24.5.2.1 page 408)
The strain ratio, bs, is defined as:
𝑑𝑐
𝛽 1
0.7𝑥 𝑡 𝑑𝑐
s = 1+(2.26/(0.7*(9.85-2.26))
= 1.43
For calculation purposes, dc need not to be taken greater than 2 in.plus the bar radius.
dc = 57.40 mm = 2.26 in
The maximum spacing
700 𝑥 𝛾
s  2 ∗ 𝑑𝑐
𝛽 𝑥𝑓
s < ((700*0.75)/(1.43*10.91))-2*2.26
s < 29.13 in
200 < 739.9 mm ... Ok
Check Minimum reinforcement for Shrinkage
1.3 * b * h AASHTO 7th Ed, article 5.10.8
As ≥
2 * (b+h) * fy
1.3 * 47.24 * 9.84
As ≥
2*(47.24 + 9.84)*56.56
As ≥ 0.09 in2
0.11 ≤ As ≤ 0.60
As ≥ 0.11 in2/ft
≥ 232.8 mm2/m
Use D13 bars @ 200 mm, As = 796 mm2 for reinforcement

Shear Reinforcement
Shear capacity of concrete
Vc 0.0676 f c 4.6 bd
AASHTO 7th Ed, article 5.14.5.3.1
Ultimate shear forces (Vu ) = 113.2 kN = 25.4 kip
Max factored moment (Mu) = 18.86 kN.m = 166.9 kip in
Characteristic concrete pressure strength (fc') = 32 MPa = 4.6 ksi
Asused = 796 mm2 = 1.2 in2
Width of tributary (b) = 1.2 m = 47.2 in
Concrete effective thickness (d) = 193.5 mm = 7.6 in
 = 0.90 AASHTO 7th Ed, article 5.5.4.2.1
Vc = 59.00 kip = 262.5 kN
Vu Vc
113.15 < 236.21 ==> No Shear Reinforcement required

Bearing Capacity Check

Foundation Width (B) = 1.50 m
Foundation Length (L) = 1.20 m
Depth of foundation, D f = 1.50 m
𝑞 =  - w) * Df
= (20.00-9.81)*1.50
2
= 15.29 kN/m
Shape factor

s 0.2 = 0.3

Depth Factor

𝑑 0.4  = 0.4

Bearing capacity Undrained Condition

𝑞   =       5.14 𝑆 1 𝑠 𝑑 + 𝑞
Joseph E. Bowles "Foundation Analysis and Design" Fifth Edition Section 4-3 Table 4-5 Page 226
qult = 5.14*22*(1+0.3+0.4)+15.29
= 207.5 kPa

Unfactored load on bottom slab = 36.8+9.81+162.1 = 208.7 kN

Unfactored base pressure = 208.7 / ( 1.5 * 1.2 ) = 115.9 kN/m2

SF = 207.53 / 115.9
= 1.80 > 1.5… Ok