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Session 2 - The Moral Agent

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SESSION 2: THE MORAL

AGENT
NOCamitan – 2nd Sem. 2020-21
EDP 2: Ethics
Culture
 What is culture?
 The system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and
artifacts that the members of society use to cope with one
another in their environment and transmitted from
generation to generation through learning.
 In social studies: the “way of life” of a particular people as
shown in their ordinary behavior and habits, their attitudes
toward each other, and their moral and religious beliefs
(Cambridge Dictionary).
 A way of life transmitted from generation to generation
(Sociologist John Beattee).
 In short: “A way of life”

 In ethics: Culture reflects the moral and ethical beliefs and


standards that speak to how people should behave and
interact with others.
Culture
 Ethical definition: A culture is a set value of norms among a
certain group of people, and takes them together to constitute
the way these people live.
 How culture defines or shape our moral behavior?
 It depends on one’s moral values and standards.

 Why should culture not be the ultimate determinant of values?


 Because culture in any particular moment can go wrong –
determined by human:
 Cultural determinants: ethnicity, race, country of origin,
language, non-verbal communication, acculturation, gender,
age, sexual orientation, values, behavior norms, rules,
manners, social grouping and relationships, religious and
spiritual beliefs, socioe-conomic class, and education.
Filipino Way
 Filipino Culture
 Resilient

 Close family ties

 Religious

 Respectful

 Helpful

 Value traditions

 Love to party, eat, sing and arts

 What influences the Filipino understanding of right and


wrong?
 Religious and spiritual beliefs

 Karma: good and bad


The Moral Agent: Developing Virtue
as Habit
 Moral character
 Consists of virtues needed for the ethical

behavior, positive relationships, and responsible


citizenship.
 Honors the interests of others; not to violate moral

values in the pursuit of the goals.


The Moral Agent: Developing Virtue
as Habit
How is moral
character
developed?

Cohen and Morse, 2014


The Moral Agent: Developing Virtue
as Habit
Strengths and weaknesses of the Filipino moral characters
Strength Weakness
Pakikipag-kapwa tao Extreme family centeredness
Family orientation Extreme personalism
Joy and humor Lack of discipline
Flexibility, adaptability and creativity Passivity and lack of initiative
Hardwork and industry Colonial mentality
Faith and religiousity Kanya-kanya syndrome, talangka mentality
Ability to survive (noxious) Lack of self-analysis and self-reflection
Emphasis on porma rather than substance.
Stages of Moral Development
Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development
C: Post-Conventional Level • Live with deeply held moral principles, which are
(adulthood – 10-15%) seen more important than the laws of the land.
C
• Personal values determine right and wrong
although these can be over-riden by
Universal democratically agreed laws.
B: Conventional Level principle of • When laws infringe our own sense of justice, we
(adolescents & 20’s)) ethics
can choose to ignore them.
Justice and • Doing good now means doing your duty to society.
B spirit of the law
• Obey laws without question and show a respect for
Loyalty to law authority.
and order
• Being good is whatever pleases others.
Good boy and • Child adopts a conformist attitude to morality
good girl attitude • Right and wrong are determined by majority.
A Aiming at • Reward determines what is right and wrong as well
a reward as doing what others want.
A: Pre-conventional
Avoiding • Concern for others is motivated by selfishness.
Level (up to 9 yrs.old)
punishment
• Punishment determines what is right and wrong.
Culture in Moral Development
 Culture and its role in moral development
 should determine what values are applied across

groups and individuals.


 Cultural relativism – focus on how culture transmits
values (wrong).
 Moral relativism – different cultures defined the

boundaries of morality differently.


Cultural Relativism
 Cultural Relativism
 Different cultures have different moral codes.

 The idea of universal truth in ethics is a myth.

 Six (6) propositions:

1. Different societies have different moral codes;


2. The moral code of a society determines what is
right within that society;
3. There is no objective standard that can be used
to judge one society’s code better than another’s
Cultural Relativism
 Cultural Relativism
 Six (6) propositions:

4. The moral code of our own society has no


special status; it is merely one among many;
5. There is no “universal truth” in ethics;

6. It is mere arrogance for us to try to judge the


conduct of other people. We should adopt
attitude of tolerance toward the practices of
other cultures.
 How do we get to the highest level, conscience-
based moral decisions?
Answer: ???
The highest conscience-based moral decision is
moral perfection. No one is perfect (Romans 3:10;
3:23).
The commandments of God are the highest level of
moral decisions --- God is perfect.
Seek the Lord, accept and follow Him.
Asynchronous Activity
 Debate preparation:
Following the same group before, choose a
representative to represent the group in an argument.
An article on specific ethic issues will be uploaded via
NMLZ for the group to study and generate strong
standpoints to defend their position.
 Prepare for a debate next meeting.
 Uploading of the topic article in NMLZ: April 26, 2021.
Asynchronous Activity
 Group encounters from random pairing:
Group 3 (Against) vs. Group 5 (Pro)
Group 2 vs. Group 6
Group 1 (Pro) vs. Group 4 (Against)

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