21ST CENTURY LITERARY GENRES

LESSON 3 ELEMENTS, STRUCTURES AND

TRADITIONS
Competency 2: Compare and contrast the various 21st century literary genres and the
ones from the earlier genres/periods citing their elements, structures and traditions,
EN12Lit-Id-25 (2 hours).

WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

At the end of this lesson, the learners are expected to:

1. define what literary genre is;
2. identify the different literary genres of the 21st century and the earlier
periods in Philippine history; and
3. use a Venn diagram in comparing and contrasting the 21st century
Philippine literary genres and those in the earlier time.

WHAT I KNOW

INSTRUCTIONS: Read and answer the following statements. Write the letter with
correct answer in your notebook.
1. These are forms of folk lyric that speak volumes of the typical rural lives and reflect
people’s aspirations and lifestyles.
a. proverbs b. riddles c. songs d. epics

2. These are called sawikain or salawikain.

a. riddles b. folk songs c. epics d. proverbs

3. These are long narrative accounts of heroic exploits.

a. epics b. legends c. chants d. fables
4. It is a hybrid genre that incorporates elements of fiction and poetry in retelling of a
personal experience.
a. drama b. creative nonfiction c. creative fiction d. novel
5. Defined as narrative literary works whose content is produced by the imagination
a. drama b. nonfiction c. fiction d. creative nonfiction
 WHAT IS IT

What is the definition of literary genre?

Literary genre is a category of literary composition. Genres may be determined by

literary technique, tone, content, or even (as in the case of fiction) length. The
distinctions between genres and categories are flexible and loosely defined, often with
subgroups.

The most general genres in literature are epic, tragedy, comedy, and creative
nonfiction. They can all be in the form of prose or poetry. Additionally, a genre such as
satire, allegory or pastoral might appear in any of the above, not only as a sub- genre,
but as a mixture of genres.

Finally, they are defined by the general cultural movement of the historical period
in which they were composed. Genre should not be confused with age categories, by
which literature may be classified as either adult, young-adult, or children's. They also
must not be confused with format, such as graphic novel or picture book.-SHS
Curriculum Guide, 21st Century Literature of the Philippines and theWorld.

WHAT IS IT

What are the Literary Genres in the Philippines?

The multiplicity of Philippine literature progressed alongside its rich history. Its
themes are rooted in the context of the Philippine’s pre-colonial cultural traditions and
the socio-political histories of its colonial and contemporary ways. However, some
Filipinos encounter unfamiliarity with the literature of the past essentially due to what
has been taught upon us, that our country was ‘discovered’ and, hence, Philippine
‘history’ began in March 1521.
Through the comprehensive works of archaeologists, anthropologists, and
ethnologists, we have known more information about our pre-colonial times established
against loads of material about early Filipinos as recorded by chroniclers of the past.
Let us now look into the different Philippine literary genres that emergedthrough time:
The Pre-colonial Period

The Pre-colonial Filipinos demonstrated rich-lived experiences orally expressed

in their folk speeches, songs, narratives, and indigenous rituals and mimetic dances.
These are passed down from generation to generation. The most common of these are:
a. Riddles – These are mystifying statements or questions phrased and rhymed to
require ingenuity in determining its answer. These are presented as a game and
considered as forms of entertainment during the earlier times. Talinghaga or
metaphor is dominant in any riddles as it discloses subtle comparisons between
unlike things, thus, wit and observation are required in this mental exercise.

For the Visayans, these are called tigmo, for the Tagalogs, bugtong. For the
Ilongos, paktakon and for the Bicolanos, atototdon. Here are the examples:

Tigmo
Baboy sa lasang (A wild pig in the forest,)
Ang tunok puro lansang. (Is covered with spikes)
Answer: Nangka (Jackfruit)

Paktakon
Ano nga tuboran Masulog sa tag-init, (What spring flow in summer)
Ginabubsan kong tag-ulan?. (and run dry on rainy days?)Answer:
Balhas (Sweat)

b. Proverbs - These are called sawikain or salawikain in Tagalog or sarsarita in

Ilocano. Philippine proverbs are wise sayings that prescribe codes of behavior,
mirror societal norms, traditions, and beliefs and impart lessons in brief, rhyming
verse. Read the examples below:

Ilocano on Guilt Hiligaynon on Suffering

Ti agutak, (He who cackles) Kon indi ikaw mag-antos (If you don’t sacrifice)
Isut nagitlog. (laid the egg.) Indi ka gid magsantos.( You can’t be a saint.)

c. Songs – These are forms of folk lyric speak volumes of the typical rural lives and
reflect people’s aspirations and lifestyles. Here are some song categories of our
ancestors:
Folk Songs Lullaby Serenade
(Awit ng
(Oyayi) (Harana)
Bayan)
 i. Folk Songs (Awit ng Bayan) – These are songs with lines often
described as repetitive, didactic, and sonorous. The following are
examples of famous Filipino folk songs:

Magtanim ay di Biro Dandansoy

(Tagalog Folk Song) (Visayan Folk Song)
Magtanim ay di biro Dandansoy, bayaan ta ikaw
Maghapong nakayuko Pauli ako sa payag
Di man lang makaupo Ugaling kung ikaw hidlawon
Di man lang makatayo Ang payag imo lang
lantawon.
Braso ko’y namamanhid
Baywang ko’y nangangawit. Dandansoy, kung imo
Binti ko’y namimitig apason
Sa pagkababad sa tubig. Bisan tubig di magbalon
Ugaling kung ikaw uhawon
Sa umaga, paggising Sa dalan magbubon-bubon.
Ang lahat, iisipin
Kung saan may patanim Kumbento, diin ang cura?
May masarap na pagkain Munisipyo, diin justicia?
Yari si dansoy makiha.
Halina, halina, mga kaliyag, Makiha sa pag-higugma
Tayo’y magsipag-unat-unat.
Magpanibago tayo ng lakas Ang panyo mo kag panyo ko
Para sa araw ng bukas Dal-a diri kay tambihon ko
(Bisig ko’y namamanhid Ugaling kung magkasilo
Baywang ko’y nangangawit. Bana ta ikaw, asawa mo
Binti ko’y namimintig ako.
Sa pagkababad sa tubig.)

Kay-pagkasawing-palad
Ng inianak sa hirap,
Ang bisig kung di iunat,
Di kumita ng pilak.

ii. Lullaby (Oyayi) – These are soothing songs often sung to put babies to
sleep. The following is an Ilocano lullaby with its English translation:
Maturug, duduayya Go to sleep, dear little one
Maturog kad tay bunga, Will my child please sleep,
Tay lalaki nga napigsa This strong boy
Ta inton dumakkel tay bunga, So when the child grows big
Isunto aya tay mammati He will obey
Tay amon a ibaga me. Everything that we say.
 iii. Serenade (Harana) – These are courtship songs used by young mento
capture the heart of the girl they love.

d. Chants (Bulong) – These are used to give respect, excuse, or apology to unseen or
other elemental spirits our ancestors believed in to deliver them from danger or harm.
Moreover, these are utilized in enchantments and even in withcfraft. Read the
examples below:

Tabi-tabi po, Ingkong, makikiraan po lamang (Tagalog)

Bari-bari po, Apo, umisbo la ting tao. (Ilokano)
Ikaw ang nagnanakaw ng bigas ko
Lumuwa sana ang mata mo Mamaga
sana ang katawan mo Patayin ka ng
mga anito.

e. Epics – These are long narrative accounts of heroic exploits. Examples of theseare
Darangen in Maranaw, Aliguyon at Hudhud in Ifugao, Ibalon in Bicol.

Below is a guman or epic of the Subanen people of Zamboanga, which is

chanted during Buklog or festivals.
Ag Tobig Nog Keboklagan (The Kingdom of Keboklagan)
The epic begins with Timoway’s quandary as to how to support his wife who is
about to giving birth. He decides to earn money by being a whetter of tools in the
neighboring villages. He leaves Sirangan with his assistant Kasangolan and fifteen
datus. However, their boat refuses to move until Timoway beheads one of his
companions.
In the village Batotobig, Datu Sakandatar decides to join Timoway, although his
wife, like Timoway’s, is pregnant. While they are cruising, Diwata Pegeraman- the
goddess of wind, lighting, and thunder-invites them to her abode to chew mamaq, betel
nut. Rejected by the datu, she creates a storm that breaks Timoway’s vessel and kills
Timoway and his companions. The broken and now empty vessel returns to Sirangan.
Learning about the incident, Timoway’s wife, Balo Libon, cries so intensely that
she gives birth to a boy. At this same instance, Sakadanbar’s wife in Batotoy also gives
birth to a boy. Balo Libon names her son Taake. He grows quickly, and after seven
months, Taake asks about his father. When he is told that his father’s death was not
caused by a mortal, he becomes happy. Learning that his father was a fisher,
Taake asks for his father’s hook and line. With the aid of his magic, he establishes
himself as an excellent fisher.
 At sea, Taake hooks a fish with golden scales, but it drags him farther and farther
away from the shore. The tug of war lasts for months, until an eel warns Taake to go
home and offers him help to get there. But Taake only kills the eel. A storm develops,
and Taake sinks. He sees a shore under the sea and sets foot on it. Finding a horse with
his hook and line in its mouth, he pursues it with karisan or sword, but theanimal escapes
him. Taake has reached Keboklagan.
Taake sees a tower. He climbs a ladder with golden rungs to reach the top of the
tower. There, he finds a woman, nearly naked, sewing. Called the Lady of Pintawan, she
invites him to chew mamaq. As they chew, their eyes meet an exchange message of love.
Taake courts her for seven days. Finally, the Lady of Pintawan accepts Taake’s offer of
marriage. However, the romance is blocked by two men, Towan Salip and Soratan
Domatong, who abhor the idea of the Lady of Pintawan marrying a Subanon. The two
rally the folks of Keboklagan and urge them to kill Taake. The Lady of Pintogan, a close
friend of the Lady of Pintawan, learns about the plot and flies on her monsala or scarf to
the Lady of Pintawan’s place. She advises Taake to take his wife to Sirangan. Taake
however, insists on his innocence and refuses to leave Keboklagan. He fights the
people who attack him.
In Sirangan, the Datu Tomitib Manaon dreams of a lone Subanon fighting in
Keboklagan. When he awakes, he prepares to help Taake, whom he discovers has
been away from Sirangan for a long time. Accompanied by two other datus, he proceeds
to Keboklagan. Although they lose their way at first, they finally arrive at Keboklagan,
following Taake’s route. Taake approaches Tomitib for fighting without first asking for
the reason for the fight. Saulagya Maola, the datu of Keboklagan and the Lady of
Pintawa’s brother arrive. The Ladies of Keboklagan explain to him the cause of the fight.
He recalls his promise to his sister that anyone who can climb the ladder with rungs of
blades shall be his sister’s husband. Saulagya Maola tells the two datus about the
promise, but they insist on fighting. Saulagya, therefore, divides his kingdom between
those who decide to fight and those who decide to withdraw from the battle.
Tomitib Manaon asks Saulagya Maola if he can marry the Lady of Pintogan. But
because of his incivility, she rejects Tomitib. Tomitib runs back to the crowd and starts
fighting. Datu Liyo-liyo, hearing about the fight, rides his horse and proceeds to the
battleground. Datu Liyo-liyo engages Tomitib in a hand-to-hand battle. Eventually, the
datu of Sirangan defeats the datu of Keboklagan.
The datus then proceed to other kingdoms to fight further. First, they challenge the
chief of Dibaloy, Datu Bataqelo. Lilang Diwata, his sister, renames Taake Malompyag, or
“he fights in all places”.
 Taake and Tomitib would have exterminated the whole kingdom had compassion
not overtaken them after half of the population had fallen to their sword. In Todong-
todong, Taake and Tomitib are invited by its chief to chew mamaq before they start
fighting. After the chew, they annihilate the kingdom. The datus then proceed to Walo
Sabang, ruled by Egdodan Magsorat and Egdodan Sabagan, who themselves do not
fight. Their subjects, however, are sufficient, for they get resurrected after having been
killed. Taake tires after seven months of fighting and falls asleep, leaving Tomitib to fight
alone. In Taake’s dream, a girl instructs him to disguise himself as Towan Salip Palasti
and to go to the Tower of Walo Sabang to get magical medicines by which to prevent the
enemies from coming back to life. When he awakes, he does as instructed, and he and
Tomitib defeat the army of Walo Sabang. At one point in the battle, Tomitib falls dead,
but the women of Keboklagan restore him to life.
The massive destruction disturbs the god Asog. He descends to the earth and
reprimands the Sirangan. He instructs them to go home and hold a buklog, in which
each of them will be given his partner. Asog fans his kerchief, bringing the dead to life.
The datus return to Sirangan, where Taake finds his mother dying of longing for him. He
kisses her and she revives. All the datus of the different kingdoms are invited to a
buklog, and Asog gives each of them a partner in life.
f. Myths – These are symbolic narratives, usually of unknown origin and at least partly
traditional, that ostensibly relate actual events and are especially associated with
religious belief. Ancient Filipino myths include The Story of Bathala, and Ang Pag-
aaway ng Dagat at Langit.

g. Legends – These are stories that explain the origin of things and phenomena in the
surrounding world. Some of the most famous legends are: The Legend of Maria
Makiling, The Legend of Mayon, and The Legend of Sampaguita.

h. Fables – These are brief stories for the children of the native Filipinos. These talk
about supernatural or extraordinary people and usually follow in the form of narration
that demonstrates a useful truth. These stories use animals as charactersto represent
a particular attribute or characteristic. One of the most orally narrated Filipino fables
is Ang Kuneho at ang Pagong.

i. Folk tales (Kwentong Bayan) – These are stories that deal with the power of
nature-personified, their submission to a deity (Bathala), and how the deity is
responsible for the blessings and the curses in the form of calamities. These are
often passed on from generation to generation by word of mouth.
The Spanish Period
The Spanish colonizers ruled the country for over 300 years. They used the cross
to influence and impose their religion upon the natives. For more than three centuries of
colonization in the Philippines, not only was our history as a nation altered but also our
traditions, lifestyles, and belief systems. This has immensely influenced our literature. A
shift of interest from writing about nature to writing about the Christian faith – of hymns,
saints, miracles, and the teaching of the church, took place. Most of the writings were
religious, secular, and at the latter part, propaganda and revolutionary.
Religious matters were in the form of prose as prayer books, novenas,
biographies of saints, and the likes. Senakulo, a Filipino dramatization of the life and
times of Jesus Christ presented during the Lent, was widely held. Pasyon, Philippine
epic narrative of the life of Jesus Christ, was written in stanzas with five lines of eight
syllables each and focused on his Passion, Death, and Resurrection. Dalit (psalm), a
song praising God or the Virgin Mary and containing a philosophy of life, also became
popular.
Secular or Non-religious literature also flourished. These are prominently tales
of valiance and adventure. They include the following:
a. Awit (Song)– These have measures of twelve syllables (dodecasyllabic) and
are slowly sung to the accompaniment of a guitar or banduria. Francisco
Baltazar’s Florante at Laura is the best example for this.
b. Kurido (Corrido) - These are metrical romances and tales that follow a
structure of a poem. These have measures of eight syllables (octosyllabic)
and recited to a martial beat. More often, these are tales of chivalry where a
knight saves a princess. Ibong Adarna is an example of this.
c. Karagatan - This is a poetic vehicle of a socio-religious nature celebrated
during the death of a person.
d. Duplo – This is a poetic joust in speaking and reasoning.
e. Prose Narratives – These are instructional materials that teach Filipinos
proper decorum. Pagsusulatan ng Dalawang Binibini na si Urbana at Feliza
(1864) is an example.
f. Sarswela – This is a type of drama that originated in Spain. It includes
singing and dancing on stage with lyrics alternatively spoken and sung in
operatic and popular styles.

The exposure of the Filipinos to Europe’s liberal idealism, the martyrdom of

GomBurZa, the Cavite Mutiny in 1872 and the Spanish Revolution in 1868 led to Filipino
consciousness (Martin, Guevarra, del Campo, 2016). This gave birth to two crucial and
historic movements during this time – the Propaganda movement and the Revolutionary
movement which awakened nationalism. The Propaganda movement
was reformatory in objective and its members were Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar, and
Graciano Lopez-Jaena. They have published news, editorial, and satires that attacked
Spanish rule.
The exposure of the evils of the Spanish rule in the Philippines was because of
Rizal’s novels: Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo and has paved the way to a
revolution against Spain. Del Pilar’s essays and editorials in Diariong Tagalog which he
founded with Lopez-Jaena’s articles in La Solidaridad (where he was an editor) reflected
nationalism that was dominant at this time. Lopez Jaena’s Fray Botod (1876) exposed
how some friars were greedy, immoral, and ambitious. Del Pilar’s Dasalan at Tocsohan
(Prayers and Jokes) was similar to that of a catechism but sarcastically done against the
Spanish priests.
Revolutionary literature also loomed with exposes that sparked revolution and
resistance among the Filipinos. Andres Bonifacio’s Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga
Anak ng Bayan (Obligations of our Countrymen) outlined the obligations of Filipinos
toward nationalism. Apolinario Mabini’s essay titled El Desarollo y Caida de la
Republica Filipina (The Rise and Fall of Philippine Republic) highlighted the
establishment of Philippine Republic and its subsequent downfall due to disunity among
the Filipinos. Emilio Jacinto’s collection of essays called Liwanag at Dilim (Light and
Darkness) was on work, faith, freedom, government, and patriotism.

The American Period

The Philippines had a great leap in education and culture during the American
colonization. During their time in the country, public school system was introduced andthe
usage of both English and Filipino was practiced.
The literature during the American period was imitative of the form of American
writing. Forms of poetry still followed the old structure but had contents that ranged from
free writing and societal concerns under the American regime. Some poems focused on
non-traditional themes such that of Jose Corazon de Jesus’ Mga Gintong Dahon (1920).
This is a collection poem that tackled themes on passion-slaying, grief- induced, insanity
and lover’s suicide. Drama also became popular as it was used to degrade the Spanish
rule and immortalized the heroism of Filipinos who fought under the Katipunan. Remake
novels also took up Dr. Jose Rizal’s portrayal of social conditions under colonial
repression.
Severino Reyes led the movement to supplant the komedya with a new type of
drama, the sarswela (adaptation of the Spanish zarzuela). Sarswelas such as Juan
Abad’s Tanikalang Guinto (1902), Juan Matapang Cruz’s Hindi Ako Patay (1903), and
Aurelio Tolentino’s Kahapon, Ngayon, at Bukas (1903) allegorically presented the
history of nationalist struggle.
The Japanese Period and the Republic
With the coming of the Japanese invaders, Philippine literature came to a halt.
The English language was banned and the Filipino language was mandated under
Japanese rule. For some, this seemed to be a problem but for others it was a blessing in
disguise. Filipino literature was given a break in this period as many wrote plays, novels,
poems, short stories with themes circling on life in the province, the arts, nationalism,
and the likes. Many plays were reproduced from English to Tagalog.
Writing during the Japanese reign were journalistic in nature. People felt
suppressed but the spirit of nationalism slowly seeped into their consciousness. Thus,
essays were composed to glorify Filipinos and to figuratively attack the Japanese.

21st Century Literature of the Philippines

All literary works written and published at the later part of the 21st century (from
2001 onwards) are often characterized as gender sensitive, technologically alluding,
culturally pluralistic, operates on the extreme reality or extreme fiction, and questions
conventions and supposedly absolute norms.

Just as technology advanced in the 21st century, Filipinos have also adapted,
invented, and written some literary innovations far different from before. Philippine
literature, nowadays, deals with current themes on technological culture and traces
artistic representation of shared experiences. These works are characterized as gender
sensitive, technologically alluding, culturally pluralistic, operates on the extreme reality
or extreme fiction, and questions conventions and supposedly absolute norms. There are
a lot of new forms from the basic genres of literature; thus, proving how far the literature
in the Philippines has gone and how far it will go on from here.
The following are the most notable literary genres in the 21st century:
a. Drama- It is the genre of literature with stories composed of verse or prose which is
meant to be dramatically or theatrically performed. Its emotions and conflicts are
expressed through dialogue and movements or actions.
b. Creative nonfiction – It is also known as literary nonfiction or narrative nonfiction, is
a genre of writing that uses literary styles and techniques to create factually accurate
narratives.
c. Blog – It is a web log containing short articles called posts that can be changed
regularly. Some blogs are written by one person (called blogger) containing his/her
hobbies or interests, opinions, and experiences, while others are written by many
different people.
d. Poetry – It is a verse and rhythmic writing with imagery that evokes an emotional
response from the reader. Mina Roy defines poetry as “prose bewitched”. If fiction is
concerned with plot action, poetry is “life distilled” through words and language.
Poetry works via suggestion, implication, and ambiguity rather than straightforward
communication. The art of poetry is rhythmical in composition, written or spoken.
Poetry is for entertaining and exciting pleasure by beautiful, imaginative, or elevated
thoughts.

i. Mobile phone Text tula - A particular example of this poem is a tanaga, a

type of Filipino poem, consisting of four lines with seven syllables each with
the same rhyme at the end of each line - that is to say a 7-7-7-7 syllabic
verse, with an AABB rhyme scheme. The modern tanaga still uses the
7777 syllable count, but rhymes range from dual rhyme forms: AABB,
ABAB, ABBA; to freestyle forms such as AAAB, BAAA, or ABCD. Tanagas
do not have titles traditionally because the tanaga should speak for itself.
However, moderns can opt to give them titles. Text tula is often read on
cellular phones.

ii. Hyperpoetry – It is a form of digital poetry that uses links using hypertext
mark-up. It is a very visual form, and is related to hypertext fiction and
visual arts. The links mean that a hypertext poem has no set order, the
poem moving or being generated in response to the links that the
reader/user chooses. It can either involve set words, phrases, lines, etc.
that are presented in variable order but sit on the page much as traditional
poetry does, or it can contain parts of the poem that move and
/ or mutate. It is usually found online. The earliest examples date to no
later than the mid-1980s.

iii. Spoken word poetry – It is a poem that has made its way into the hearts
and souls of thousands of Filipinos especially the millennials. It is a type of
poem performed or read in artistic and emotive manner which can be
accompanied by music or presented in the streets or bars, even café
shops. It is an oral art that focuses on the aesthetics of word play such as
intonation and voice inflection. It is a "catchall" term that includes any kind
of poetry recited aloud, including poetry readings, poetry slams, jazz poetry,
and hip hop, and can include comedy routines and prose monologues.
The most viewed YouTube Filipino spoken word artist is Juan Miguel
Severo whose original poems have been performed in TV dramas like On
The Wings of Love.
e. Fiction - Fiction has genres that can be defined as narrative literary works whose
content is produced by the imagination and is not necessarily based on fact. In fiction
something is feigned, invented, or imagined; a made-up story.

Examples are the following:

i. Short Story – This is brief fiction that can be read in one seating and is not
able to support any subplots.

ii. Chick-Lit – This is a genre which addresses issues of modern

womanhood, often humorously and light-heartedly. The genre became
popular in the late 1990s, with chick-lit titles topping best seller lists and the
creation of imprints devoted entirely to chick-lit. Although it sometimes
includes romantic elements, chick-lit is generally not considered a direct
subcategory of the romance novel genre, because the heroine's
relationship with her family or friends is often just as important as her
romantic relationships.

iii. Flash fiction – This is a style of fictional literature or fiction of extreme

brevity. There is no widely accepted definition of the length of the
category. Some self-described markets for flash fiction impose caps as
low as three hundred words, while others consider stories as long as a
thousand words to be flash fiction.

iv. Realistic Fiction – It is a story that can actually happen and is true to
real life.

v. Graphic Novels – These are narratives in comic book formats.

vi. Speculative Fiction – It is a term encompassing the more fantastical
fiction genres, specifically science fiction, fantasy, horror, weird fiction,
supernatural fiction, superhero fiction, utopian and dystopian fiction,
apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction, and alternate history in literature
as well as related static, motion, and virtual arts.

a. Science Fiction – It is a story based on impact of potential science,

either actual or imagined and is set in the future or on other planets.
 b. Fantasy – It is the forming of mental images with strange or other
worldly settings or characters and invites suspension of reality.

c. Humor – It is the faculty of perceiving what is amusing or comical. It

is fiction full of fun, fancy, and excitement which meant to entertain.
This genre of literature can actually be seen and contained within
allgenres.

ASSESSMENT

INSTRUCTIONS: In the space provided, write the literary genre described in each
statement below. Choose your answers from the words found in the box.

Science fiction play haiku blog

graphic novel Chick-lit folk song duplo
hyperpoetry drama Lullaby short story
poem novel fable legend
humor sarswela

1. It is a narrative in comic book format._______________________

2. It is a poetic joust in speaking and reasoning.________________________
3. It is a story based on impact of potential science._______________________
4. It is form of digital poetry that uses links of hypertext mark-up._________________
5. It is a soothing song often sung to put babies to sleep.________________________
6. It is fiction full of fun, fancy, and excitement which meant to entertain.____________
7. It is fictitious narrative about the origin of the place, name person or
thing.____________________
8. It is a weblog containing short articles called posts that can be changed
regularly._______________
9. This is a genre which addresses issues of modern womanhood, often
humorouslyand light-heartedly._________________
10. This is a type of drama that originated in Spain._______________