Emerging Trends in Payment Systems and Challenges 1

It is a pleasure and privilege to be here at the Banknet’s 7th Annual Conference on Payment
Systems. The theme of today’s conference – ‘Moving to next generation payment systems &
solutions’ - is fitting especially at a time when the banking industry is going through a
transitional phase of broadening, deepening and strengthening the financial services available to
the masses. I take this opportunity to congratulate Banknet for providing this platform for the
banks, the IT industry and other stakeholders to interact in an attempt to outperform the global
benchmarks and in ensuring greater reach of the banking sector amongst the masses.

2. An efficient and well run payment system is sine-qua-non for the efficient functioning of
any economy. The smooth functioning of the market infrastructure for enabling payment and
settlement systems is essential for market and financial stability, as also for economic efficiency,
and for the smooth functioning of financial markets. The central bank plays a crucial role by
providing the ultimate settlement asset in the form of central bank money.

3. The importance of a well run payment system was recognised in its entirety as the
financial crisis of 2008 unfolded. But we need to recognise that the financial crisis also brought
to the fore another important lesson. The financial sector and the payment and settlement system
infrastructure have to be subservient to the real sector and no country can attempt to reverse it as
it would be akin to the classical case of putting the cart before the horse or the tail wagging the
dog. The euphoria of financial alchemy might have created a mirage of the financial sector
existing on its own; but the reality is different. Financial sector is like a wheel which derives its
strength and resilience from the real economy which is the engine of growth. It is this engine
which drives the financial sector. Smooth running of these wheels calls for an efficient payment
system which is safe, secure and efficient, thereby, enabling faster and safer movement of funds
in the economy. The legislation of the PSS Act in India has given a boost to the confidence in the
Indian payment system.

1 Inaugural address by Dr K. C. Chakrabarty, Deputy Governor , RBI at Banknet’s 7th Annual Conference on Payment Systems
at Mumbai on Jan 19, 2011. The assistance provided by Shri G Padmanabhan, Shri K Vijayakumar and Smt Radha Somakumar
in preparation of this address is gratefully acknowledged.
4. The topic of my address today - ‘Emerging Trends in Payment Systems and Challenges’-
is a dynamic one. Although banks are major players in this arena, there are non-banks players
also and any discussion on this would be incomplete without including them. My speech would,
therefore, cover payment products provided both by banks and non-banks. Let me share some
thoughts on (i) initiatives in electronic payment systems, (ii) other payment products & payment
channels and (iii) challenges for banks and regulators.

Initiatives in electronic payment systems

5. Electronic payment products are expected to provide speedier, cheaper and hassle free
payment experience to customers in comparison to traditional paper based payment instruments.
The evolution of electronic payment products in the country have progressed through two main
phases - (i) introductory phase and (ii) rationalization phase. During the introductory phase,
electronic products like ECS and EFT were introduced the country by Reserve Bank of India.
These systems were decentralized serving the population of specific areas. Straight through pan-
India coverage was not provided by these systems. The focus of Reserve Bank of India during
the rationalization phase has been to introduce centralized payment solutions. This coincided
with the implementation of Core Banking Solutions/ centralized liquidity management solutions
in banks. The RTGS, NEFT and NECS provided settlement at a central location.

6. The vision for the next phase was set out in the ‘Vision Document’ on Payment and
Settlement Systems for the year 2009-2012. The document clearly identifies the new frontiers
and a road map for implementation of new projects. The vision includes implementation of a
new RTGS system which would provide additional features including that for liquidity
management, India MoneyLine – a 24x7 system for one-to-one funds transfers, India Card – a
domestic card initiative, redesigned ECS to function as a truly Automated Clearing House
(ACH) for bulk transactions, and mobile payments settlement network.

7. The growing trend in the usage of various modes of payment is a clear indication of the
momentum acquired in the area of payment systems. (Annex)

Other products and payment channels

8. The card based payment systems have been evolving over the period. The card based
payment system in the country covers credit/debit and prepaid cards. About 230 million cards
have been issued in the country. We have been witnessing an increase in the usage of cards
(debit, credit) across various delivery channels like ATMs, POS, internet transactions, etc. On an
average, 396 million transactions of value rupees one lakh crore is being processed during a
month using these cards. The challenging canvas for the central bank and operators of the
various payment systems lies in ensuring that while the various products are increasingly used
across various delivery channels, the security of the payment systems is not compromised and
the customer’s funds are protected. This is a big challenge to be faced to avoid erosion of
customer confidence in the new age payment systems. It was towards this endeavor that RBI
mandated the additional factor of authentication for all card-not-present transactions, which is
perhaps the first attempt made in this direction by any regulator. We are also in discussion with
banks and the card companies to introduce an authentication system for transactions at POS. At
the same time, given the sprouting instances of cloning happening, particularly with regard to
ATM cards, we have also started contemplating a move over to more secure ‘Chip and Pin’
cards.

9. Subsequent to issuance of the guidelines on prepaid payment instruments, this segment

has also seen a spurt in activity. Banks as well as non-banks currently operate in the prepaid
payments segment. This product segment is being leveraged by non-bank providers for entry
into payments arena. 16 non-bank entities have been given approval to issue these products. It is
heartening to see that these players have been able to bring in many innovative payment products
leveraging payment channels like internet and mobiles. Currently, on an average 5 lakh payment
transactions are processed by these entities. Reserve Bank would promote the activities of these
players so as to make the payments scenario more vibrant.

10. Mobile phone based payments are one of the important evolutions in payment systems.
The guidelines on mobile banking issued by RBI were an initiative to promote the orderly
development in the use of this channel by banks. Currently, 39 banks have been granted approval
by RBI to provide payment services using this channel. 34 of these banks have started
operations. On an average, 5.5 lakh payment transactions of value rupees 56 crore are being
processed through this channel during a month.

11. Banking is an activity which only banks can undertake. For development of mobile
banking, co-operation between the banks and the mobile service providers’ is important. World
over the race for mobile companies to become banks and banks to become mobile service
providers have failed. Mobile transaction platforms initially designed by banks or mobile service
providers based on this race have resulted in silos, which provide only limited transaction ability
and almost nil interoperability. This has resulted to stagnation in the growth potential for such
services. A successful model requires building up of partnership arrangements which leverage on
the respective strengths of the stakeholders. The roles and responsibilities of each partner have to
be clearly defined and agreed to. No entity can consider itself to the dominant partner for
deciding on issues like revenue sharing. Further, no entity can operate a successful service
independently in the long run. This realization has resulted in coming together of operators in
US to provide a transaction channel to their customers which would facilitate the use of bank
issued payment instruments – effectively leading to the clear demarcation of the role of each
service provider.

Financial Inclusion

12. Although I have listed out the efforts taken by the Reserve Bank in the promotion of
payment systems and for ensuring the operations of efficient and risk free payment systems,
none of these would receive applause unless financial concerns of the underprivileged sections in
the rural and urban areas is addressed by the various participants. The banks have been including
savings and credit/overdraft as major components of the financial inclusion plans. However, in a
country like India where there is a large proportion of migrant labour, the crying need of the hour
is to provide hassle free remittance services to this segment of the population. It is an unsavoury
truth that, today, a migrant category house maid, even in metropolitan cities like Mumbai, face
challenges in remitting funds back to her village. Let alone an uneducated maid, even the
privileged class of people face challenges in remitting money. The other day, one of our own
officers (who obviously believed in maintaining his anonymity) was turned away by a bank
branch in Mumbai when approached to remit money to his own account maintained with the
same bank at an urban centre in a different part of the country. The reason given the branch
manager- the need to adhere to KYC norms! If the KYC norms are carried by the banks to this
extreme to deny service, despite the person offering to prove his identity, in no time the banking
sector will lose this business to alternative models. Another reason often stated by the bank
branches for denying service is the cash management related issues. While this issue can be
reason for imposing a reasonable charge, I find no justification for denial of service for this
reason. Therefore, addressing this issue needs a clear mind set change on the part of the financial
institutions. Having stated this, I also do clearly appreciate the challenges before the banks which
ranges from identification of various delivery channels, decision making on whether to leverage
on existing technology or adopt a big bang approach, extension of the existing risk management
practices to various delivery channels, acquisition of all these transactions over the existing
settlement networks, adoption of various services as part of their existing cross-selling and co-
branding initiatives, fraud prevention and security standards, safeguards against money
laundering, KYC issues and, above all, ability to leverage their existing reporting, auditing, and
campaign management at back end.

13. The ICT enabled channel, including the mobile channel, is the most cost- effective way to
achieve this. As stated earlier, leveraging this channel requires participation from all stake
holders. In this regard, it is encouraging to note that such partnership arrangements have started
to happen. We would be monitoring the developments. Any residual issues in scaling-up the
models would be examined once these arrangements reach a critical mass. However, we have an
open approach and would be ready to intermediate if the specific issues in this regard are brought
to our notice.

14. New initiatives in the oversight of payment systems domain have begun and efforts to
necessitate standards through a consultative process that is need-based and appropriately
calibrated to reflect rational expectations have taken full form. An effort to comply with the
general principles enunciated in the 'Report on Central Bank Oversight of Payment and
Settlement Systems' published by the Committee on Payment and Settlement Systems (CPSS)
duly taking into account our practices and requirements has been initiated. The general principles
of oversight are (i) transparency (ii) international standards (iii) effective powers and capacity
(iv) consistency and (v) co-operation with other authorities. RBI contributes to international
oversight and co-operation initiatives as a member of the CPSS, the SAARC Payments Council
and other such bodies.

Challenges Ahead

15. The developments in electronic payment products present challenges for both banks and
the regulators. For banks, the challenges arise from technology, customer service and fraud
control points of view. Further, banks would also have to gear-up for competition from non-bank
players. Let me discuss the challenges for banks first.

Outsourcing

16. The fast paced developments in electronic payment products have posed technological
challenges for many banks. In order to provide their customer the latest payment products, many
banks have outsourced these activities to specialized entities. The numbers of such specialized
entities are limited and many of these entities sub-contract the activities. The concentration of
such activities among few service providers is a matter of major concern. Outsourcing of
activities should not result in outsourcing of controls by banks. That would be tantamount to
abdication. I find it strange when banks often approach us for permitting outsourcing of
performing KYC checks. This would be the opposite extreme of the example I stated earlier.
Outsourcing activities should be monitored by banks on a continuous basis. The operational and
concentration risk aspects have to be assessed with due care on a continuous basis. Outsourcing
has to be a measure undertaken to reduce cost and bring in more efficiency. Outsourcing cannot
be a conduit for abdication of responsibility.

Cost

17. Technology driven innovation have to have two effects – (i) speed, auditability/security
etc, (ii) reduction in cost for the consumers. In his recent book Global Crisis, Recession and
Uneven Recovery, Dr Y. V. Reddy writes, “Ethics in globalised finance.....tended to comply with
the formality of transparency, but attached no value to the fairness of transactions between the
contracting parties...The level of interest charged, the level of profits made, or the level of
remunerations to individuals were not required to be justified as morally right or wrong, because
it was left to the markets to determine the appropriateness of compensations”. Extending this to
the area of payment and settlement system which touches the lives of every citizen in a country, I
would venture to say that no technology driven payment system can be called fair unless it is
able to bring about an overall overwhelming reduction in the cost of transactions - achieved
through decreased overheads and increased processing volumes.

18. A review of the progress we have achieved so far makes one conclude that while we have
been able to achieve the first aspect, we are yet to pass on the benefit of reduction in cost to the
customers. In fact, in many cases, the cost of transactions has often increased. Banks have also
found innovative means of sustaining the income even when the regulatory interventions on
charges have happened. What else can justify the customers being charged for moving money
within the same bank from one branch to another? We have often been confronted with
complaints where the customers are charged more for moving funds intra-bank vis-à-vis inter-
bank since the latter is regulated by the central bank. Such happenings defy all logic and needs to
be debated in forums like the IBA. The banks often counter this concern raised by the central
bank by arguing that such charges should be best left to the market. As a person who has seen
both sides, I am of the view that while the central bank need not intervene in the pricing of
various payment products, it should not hesitate to step in if it finds a large section of the
customers that cannot afford or are shying away from such products on account of arbitrary
fixing of charges linked to the value of the transactions in a technology-driven scenario.
Rationalisation of service charges for paper and electronic products by the Reserve Bank was an
attempt in this direction. Acquiring space in the payment systems arena is a huge opportunity for
bank and non-bank entities if adopted with a level playing attitude where the increasing number
of customers coming into its fold is the game changer for pricing strategy. But above all, no
attempt would be considered fruitful without the benefits percolating to the aam aadmi.

19. Having stated the above, I must admit that one reason for costing of electronic products at
a higher band in comparison with the traditional products has been the banks’ attempt to part-
recover the cost of deployment of technology. The process of introducing innovative products in
India has been costly for the banks due to the unsystematic developments during the initial stage
of technology deployment by the banking industry. In a country of our size, co-operative efforts
and sharing of infrastructure while deploying technology is a lost opportunity story.

Customer Service - dispute resolution and frauds

Dispute resolution

20. The customer dispute resolution has to be given a greater attention in the promotion of
electronic payment products. Appropriate processes have to be implemented for speedy
resolution of such complaints. The time taken for resolution of such disputes should be
reasonable. In an electronic payment scenario, a time period of 45 to 50 days for dispute
resolution cannot be accepted as normal. Our intervention in the resolution of disputes related to
failed ATM transactions was necessitated by this unreasonable time period. Outlier issues cannot
be the bottlenecks or benchmarks for dispute resolution process. By this logic, we feel that banks
can bring down the 12 day period currently prescribed by RBI for failed ATM transactions by
implementing systems for automatic reversals. The outlier issues like part cash disbursal have to
be resolved through modifications in the ATMs.

21. In this context, the continuing of customer complaints related to failed ATM transactions
is also a matter of concern. We are often asked to mediate cases where the credits are passed on
within the mandatory period and later reversed. Few instances have come to our notice where the
banks take written approvals from customers stating that they would forgo the penalty amount.

22. The role of system providers in timely redressal of such complaints is important. NFS
accounts for around 98 percent of the inter-bank ATM transactions in the country. The operators-
NPCI- have a role in ensuring that failed transactions involving their network are conclusively
resolved. Being authorized arrangements, they have to also monitor the practices followed by
system participants and report these to the regulator. Let me state in this connection that RBI has
commissioned a survey of customers using the ATMs and based on the findings appropriate
regulatory action would be taken.

Fraud

23. Frauds in an non-electronic payment system were mainly related to tampering of cheques
(Fake/printed cheques and material alterations) or presentation of fraudulent cheques. These
were detectable on close examination at the drawee/drawer bank level. However, in an
electronic payment scenario, funds are disbursed on genuine authentications stolen by the
fraudsters. The establishment of liability in such cases has become challenging. Identification
and prevention of such frauds requires investment in risk management processes. The risk
management process should have built in logic to alert customers or reach out to customers in
case of suspected transactions. I believe that it would be unfair to dismiss instances of frauds in a
technology driven scenario as customer carelessness/compromise. Banks have to recognize that
investment in technology has to take into account customer education for change over to the new
system. Further, the efforts must be made to put in place checks and balances to prevent such
frauds. Customers have to be made aware of the importance of following certain best practices in
a technology driven scenario and an attempt must be made to put the onus of proving the
carelessness/compromise on the banks rather than the less savvy customers. The system must
also move towards a zero customer liability principle wherever feasible. This alone can result in
increased customer confidence in such technology driven systems. Otherwise, the acceptance
and adoption are bound to be low.

24. Another challenge that has to be highlighted is the growing complexity of payment
products and their impact. The internet and mobile channels are emerging as the most important
channels for commerce. In sync with this, payment products are being developed to facilitate
transactions on these channels. These include customization of existing products and
development of new products. The developments in this field internationally pose a challenge for
regulators. The ‘World Wide Web’ offers options for development of ‘World Wide payment
systems’. Many payment service providers already operate in this domain. Many of these
operators, who are licensed to operate by regulators of their country of incorporation, solicit
customers from across the globe. They do not seek to comply with the legal/regulatory
requirements of the countries covered. Instead, in many such cases the responsibility of
compliance to the local legal/regulatory requirements are bestowed on the customers who sign-
up for such services from these countries, through the ‘Terms and Conditions’ for online signing-
up for such services. These operators do not have any obligations towards the local
regulatory/legal authorities, pose challenges from KYC/AML/CFT angle. Further, they also do
not fall within the gamut of the local customer redressal measures. We have also initiated action
against some such operators. We have been monitoring the activities of few such operators and
would take appropriate action in due course.

25. The payment card network has been one of the major revolutions in the payment world.
The International network put in place by these multinational organizations have transformed the
payment and settlements arrangements for travel and commerce. However, the development of
these networks has been based on the standard, rules and regulations of few developed countries.
Further, the legal requirements on the country of operation are also not fully taken into
consideration. Our experience shows that the product development procedures in these
organizations do not take into consideration the rules and regulations of most countries while
promoting new products globally. In this context, unlike other countries, these entities are
legally authorized service providers in India. The authorization granted makes it mandatory for
them to comply with all the legal/regulatory requirements of this country. However, we have
come across instances where these local requirements were repeatedly violated due to poor
internal controls in these organizations. For instance, we had come across instances where some
entities have been leveraging the card network to extend payment and money transfer services
across border domestic residents, without consideration of the local legal/regulatory
requirements. Their modus operandi include shipping prepaid cards denominated in foreign
currency into the country, and facilitating the funding of these cards from other prepaid cards or
any other international payments channel. Another instance is the proliferation of non-bank
payment gateway service providers. These entities based across the globe acquire merchants in
any country. Domestic transactions are masked as foreign currency transactions and settled
through overseas acquiring banks.

26. The card payment network has become a conduit for facilitation of initial funding and
customer verification for internet based payment service providers stated earlier. It would be
appropriate that card companies and the member banks take note of these developments and
initiate appropriate and timely action so as to guard themselves against any reputational risk. We
are continuously monitoring the developments and will take strong action against such
violations.

27. This does not mean that Reserve Bank is averse to innovations in payment
systems/products. We have an open mind towards all innovations. Innovations within the
existing legal/regulatory framework are easier to access and authorize; innovations which require
modifications to these would require further debate and above all the enabling legal mandate.
However, all payment system providers would have to be approved under the payment system
act to operate in the country. In this regard, we need to note that USA, a country which
permitted free development of such products, has also started discussions on licensing and
regulation of products.

Conclusion
28. The evolving payment systems scenario offers new challenges and opportunities to all
segments of this industry. To leverage on the opportunities provided by new products, the
system providers/banks need to ensure that the challenges are adequately addressed. It also has to
be ensured that the products cover all segments of the population and provide an incentive to
adopt these products. The regulatory process would support all orderly development of new
systems and processes, within the legal mandate. I hope this Conference will deliberate on all
these issues especially how the aam aadmi can be provided cost-effective, safe, speedier and
hassle free payment and settlement products and solutions. The challenge before all the
stakeholders including banks and non-bank players, IT vendors, other service providers, etc. is
how to introduce such a next generation payment and settlement system and solutions that is
needed to take the country into the 21st century .

Annex
Statistics- At Glance
 December - November- December - December - Remarks
10 10 09 08

REAL TIME GROSS SETTLEMENT SYSTEM - RTGS

Branches 72928 72201 62847 52770

Transactions Volume 3.90 mn 4.01 mn 3.27 mn 1.37 mn
- Inter-bank 0.30 mn 0.30 mn 0.24 mn 0.19 mn
- Customer 3.60 mn 3.72 mn 3.03mn 1.18 mn
No. of MNSB batches 926 818 728 1725
Transactions Value (Rs) 111.06 tr 95.11 tr 76.68 tr 24.89 tr
- Inter-bank 11.53 tr 11.34 tr 7.76 tr 10.71 tr
- Customer 34.50 tr 30.06 tr 26.98 tr 17.34 tr
- MNSB Value 65.03 tr 53.71 tr 41.94 tr 24.89 tr

CENTRAL FUNDS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM - CFMS

Banks using CFTS 76 76 76 73

Transactions - Volume 2882 2628 2478 2653
- Value (Rs) 2.49 tr 1.97 tr 2.26 tr 2.24 tr

NATIONAL ELECTRONIC FUNDS TRANSFER - NEFT

Branch network 73603 72412 63004 52427

Transactions - Volume 13.46 mn 11.75 mn 6.29 mn 3.17 mn
- Value (Rs) 936.64 bn 773.61 bn 337.39 bn 191.45 bn

ELECTRONIC CLEARING SERVICE - ECS

Debit - Volume 13.18 mn 12.65 mn 13.59 mn

Value (Rs) 60.90 bn 60.35 bn 59.01 bn
Credit - Volume 9.13 mn 5.83 mn 4.83 mn
Value (Rs) 174.88 bn 73.86 bn 72.02 bn

December - November- December - December - Remarks

10 10 09 08
 NATIONAL ELECTRONIC CLEARING SERVICE - NECS-Launched in Oct-2008

Banks Participating 116 115 114 42 NECS

figure is
Branches Covered 50647 50190 32195 24265 also
included
Transactions - Volume 3.69 mn 5.54 mn 2.59 mn 0.04mn
in ECS
- Value (Rs) 165.27 bn 125.96 bn 34.1 bn 0.47 bn (Credit)

OTHER STATISTICS

No. of Clearing Houses (CHs) 1150 1149 1134 1104

- Computerised 1140 1139 1126 1083
- Manual 10 10 8 21

MICR Codes - MICR Centres 35502 35457 33271 28022

-Non-MICR Centres 31752 31507 23437 19563
Speed Clearing Centres 91 66 66 24
High Value Clearing Centres Nil Nil 11 26

Cheque Truncation-Volume (mn.) 13.80 12.59 13.63 5.80

-Value (`.bn.) 1200.90 1042.45 1031.86 267.06