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    The Application of Quantum Mechanics: Spectros

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    Ra sa
    This document discusses spectroscopy and the factors that influence spectral resolution and line intensities. It explains that spectroscopy involves measuring transitions between defined energy states of atoms and molecules. The resolution is limited by Doppler broadening from motion, collision broadening, and lifetime broadening due to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. The intensity of spectral lines depends on transition probabilities, population of states governed by the Boltzmann distribution, and properties of the sample.

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    The Application of Quantum Mechanics: Spectros

    Uploaded by

    Ra sa
    36 views7 pages
    This document discusses spectroscopy and the factors that influence spectral resolution and line intensities. It explains that spectroscopy involves measuring transitions between defined energy states of atoms and molecules. The resolution is limited by Doppler broadening from motion, collision broadening, and lifetime broadening due to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. The intensity of spectral lines depends on transition probabilities, population of states governed by the Boltzmann distribution, and properties of the sample.

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    Lecture 11

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    This document discusses spectroscopy and the factors that influence spectral resolution and line intensities. It explains that spectroscopy involves measuring transitions between defined energy states of atoms and molecules. The resolution is limited by Doppler broadening from motion, collision broadening, and lifetime broadening due to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. The intensity of spectral lines depends on transition probabilities, population of states governed by the Boltzmann distribution, and properties of the sample.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    36 views7 pages

    The Application of Quantum Mechanics: Spectros

    Uploaded by

    Ra sa
    This document discusses spectroscopy and the factors that influence spectral resolution and line intensities. It explains that spectroscopy involves measuring transitions between defined energy states of atoms and molecules. The resolution is limited by Doppler broadening from motion, collision broadening, and lifetime broadening due to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. The intensity of spectral lines depends on transition probabilities, population of states governed by the Boltzmann distribution, and properties of the sample.

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    You are on page 1of 7

    The application of quantum

    mechanics: Spectroscopy
    Atkins, Chapter 17

    Transitions between Bohr frequency Exception:


    defined energy states condition Raman scattering

    wavelength

    wavenumber
    [cm-1]

    Nils Walter: Chem 260


    The electromagnetic spectrum

    Oscillating current
    in metal wire

    Klystron Deuterium
    discharge
    Quartz heated by
    mercury arc
    Nernst filament Tungsten-iodine lamp
    (black body)
    Nils Walter: Chem 260
    A spectrophotometer

    Dispersing element
    Nils Walter: Chem 260
    Resolution limits: 1. Line broadening
    through the Doppler effect
    Radiation source receding from observer:

    speed
    Radiation source approaching observer:

    Overall effect on the linewidth:


    temperature

    mass
    → particularly in gases Nils Walter: Chem 260
    Resolution limits:
    2. Collision broadening
    Particle collision
    ⇓
    deformation of involved particles
    ⇓
    changes in electronic, vibrational, rotational states
    ⇓
    transitions less well defined
    ⇓
    line broadening

    → particularly in liquids or
    gases under high pressure
    Nils Walter: Chem 260
    Resolution limits - the bottom line:
    3. Lifetime broadening
    Solving the time-dependent Schrödinger
    equation reveals Heisenberg’s
    uncertainty principle: ⇒
    practical
    Lifetime of excited state;
    determined by
    collisional deactivation
    and spontaneous emission
    Gases @ low pressure unchangeable
    enable high-resolution
    ⇒ natural linewidth
    spectroscopy
    Nils Walter: Chem 260
    The intensity of spectral lines
    depends on:
    • the transition probability
    between the two states
    (selection rules)
    • population of states
    Boltzmann
    constant

    • path length of sample


    (Lambert-Beer law)
    extinction
    coefficient Nils Walter: Chem 260

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