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Overview Sistem Operasi

The document provides an introduction to operating systems. It defines an operating system as low-level software that enables users and applications to interact with a computer's hardware and data. An OS performs basic tasks like input/output processing and managing files and directories. It also provides services like program execution in a shared environment, I/O operations, and communication between processes. The document discusses different types of OSs and how they provide a software platform for applications. It provides examples of OS commands in DOS and UNIX.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
98 views41 pages

Overview Sistem Operasi

The document provides an introduction to operating systems. It defines an operating system as low-level software that enables users and applications to interact with a computer's hardware and data. An OS performs basic tasks like input/output processing and managing files and directories. It also provides services like program execution in a shared environment, I/O operations, and communication between processes. The document discusses different types of OSs and how they provide a software platform for applications. It provides examples of OS commands in DOS and UNIX.

Uploaded by

Yes - Q
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An Introduction to

Operating Systems
Definition
¾ An Operating System, or
OS, is low-level software
that enables a user and
higher-level application
software to interact with a
computer’s hardware and
the data and other
programs stored on the
computer.
¾ An OS performs basic
tasks, such as recognizing
input from the keyboard,
sending output to the
display screen, keeping
track of files and directories
on the disk, and controlling
peripheral devices such as
printers.
Other Services

¾ Program Execution
OS provides an environment where the user can conveniently run
programs. The user does not have to worry about memory allocation
or CPU scheduling.

¾ I/O Operations
Each program requires input and produces output. The OS hides
some of the details of the underlying hardware for such I/O. All the
user sees is that the I/O has been performed, without those details.

¾ Communications
There are instances where processes need to communicate with
each other to exchange information. It may be between processes
running on the same computer or running on different computers.
The OS provides these services to application programs, making
inter-process communication possible, and relieving the user of
having to worry about how this accomplished.
Application programs and OS

¾ Operating systems provide a software platform on top of which other


programs, called application programs, can run.

¾ The choice of operating system, therefore, determines to a great


extent the applications a user can run.

¾ For example, the DOS operating system contains commands such


as COPY and RENAME for copying files and changing the names of
files, respectively. The commands are accepted and executed by a
part of the operating system.

¾ Similarly, the UNIX operating system has commands like CP and


MV to copy and rename.
UNIX
¾ UNIX was one of the first operating systems
to be written, in 1971.

¾ Advantages of UNIX are…

ƒ Multitasking – multiple programs can run at


one time.

ƒ Multi-user – allows more than a single user


to work at any given time. This is
accomplished by sharing processing time
between each user.

ƒ Safe – prevents one program from


accessing memory or storage space
allocated to another program, and enables
file protection, requiring users to have
permission to perform certain functions,
such as accessing a directory, file, or disk
drive.
Types of OS

¾ Microsoft Windows

¾ Mainframe

¾ DOS

¾ OS/2

¾ Linux

¾ Mac OS

¾ AmigaOS
Types Of OS
Evolution of Windows
Evolution of OS/2
Pengantar Sistem Operasi
• Sebuah program yang merupakan perantara
antara pengguna komputer dan hardware
komputer
• Komputer = tubuh, SO = roh
• SO digunakan dalam hal:
– Mengeksekusi program dan membantu
menyediakan lingkungan bagi program yang
mudah untuk berinteraksi dengan system resource
Tujuan OS
• Convenience : user merasakan
kemudahan dan kenyamanan dalam
penggunaan
• Efficiency : resources system harus dapat
di utilisasi semaksimal mungkin
• Robustness : kehandalan sistem proteksi
terhadap kesalahan dari user / sistem
• Evolution : memudahkan pengembangan,
mendukung sistem baru dan program
aplikasi yang berkembang
Layanan Sistem Operasi
• Menyediakan user interface
• Menyediakan program execution
• Menyediakan I/O operations
• Menyediakan file-system manipulation
• Menyediakan system communications / networking
• Mampu melakukan error detection
• Mampu melakukan resource Sharing
• Ada fasilitas security
• Fasilitas accounting system
Jenis Platform & OS
• Microcomputers: Unix, Windows, Linux
• Mainframe: IBM, Unix
• Supercomputer: IRIX, Linux
• Workstation, server: Linux, Windows
• Networking: Linux, Netware, Windows
• PDA: Blackberry, Linux, Palm, Windows Mobile
• Smarphone: Symbian, Linux, Windows Mobile,
Android, RIM
OS mobile
Komponen-komponen Sistem
Komputer
• Perangkat keras
• CPU, RAM, storage (harddisk, floppy disk, CDROM, dsb),
piranti I/O (printer, scanner, dsb)
• Operating System
• Mengontrol dan mengkoordinasikan penggunaan
hardware dari berbagai program aplikasi dan user
• Program-program aplikasi
• Pengaturan penggunaan system resources untuk
pemecahan problem kebutuhan user (kompiler, sistem
basis data, games, dan program-program untuk bisnis)
• User
• Orang, mesin, atau komputer lain
4 komponen sistem komputer
Process
• Process – program dalam mode eksekusi
– Eksekusi program harus pada suatu waktu yang sekuensial
Foreground vs Background Process
Threads
• Process vs Thread
• Process: suatu aplikasi yg running
• Thread: beberapa kegiatan dlm 1 proses
• Keuntungan:
– Responsiveness
– Resource Sharing
– Economy
– Utilization of Multi Processors Architectures
Single vs Multithread
Firefox vs Chrome
Firefox vs Chrome

Multiple process

Single process, multi threaded


Schedulling
• Memilih proses mana dari memory yang siap diekseskusi
dan mengalokasikan resource/CPU kepadanya.
• Keputusan penjadwalan CPU mungkin terjadi waktu
proses:
1. Switches from running to waiting state
2. Switches from running to ready state
3. Switches from waiting to ready
4. Terminates
• Scheduling no 1 dan 4 adalah non-preemptive
• Selainnya bersifat preemptive
• Banyak algoritma penjadwalan CPU:
– FCFS (First Come First Served)
– SJF (Shortest Job First) preemptive dan non preemptive
– RR (Round Robin)
Synchronization
Why process synchronization needed?
• Akses secara konkuren (hampir bersamaan) terhadap
data yang bersifat shared, dapat menyebabkan data
tidak konsisten
• Terjadi race condition
Penangangan:
• Menggunakan Semaphore
Deadlock
• Pada multiprogramming, beberapa proses hanya
memiliki resource yang terbatas.
• Jika tidak ada resource yang tersedia, process harus
menunggu
• 2 types of resource:
– Preempt-able, ex: memory
– Non-preempt able, ex: printer
• Harus menunggu jika resource tidak boleh dipakai
– Permintaan proses mungkin diblok
– Mungkin bisa gagal dengan kode error tertentu
Memory
• Program harus dibawa (dari disk) ke memory dan ditempatkan
pada alamat tertentu agar dapat berjalan
• Main memory dan registers adalah satu-satunya tempat
penyimpanan yang dapat langsung diakses oleh CPU
• Register mengakses dalam 1 CPU clock (bisa kurang)
• Main memory mengakses dalam bnyk cycles / clock
• Cache berada diantara main memory dan CPU registers
• Protection of memory dibutuhkan untuk menjamin agar
operasinya benars
Virtual Memory
• Virtual memory – pemisahan antara memori logis
dari memori fisik.
– Hanya bagian dari program yang dibutuhkan saja yang
harus ada dalam memory untuk dieksekusi
– Logical address space dapat lebih besar daripada physical
address space
– Memperbolehkan address spaces untuk disharing oleh
beberapa processes
– Menyebabkan pembuatan proses secara lebih efisien
Virtual Memory Page Replacement
• Algoritma FIFO
• Algoritma Optimal
• Algoritma LRU
• Algoritma Perkiraan LRU
Mass Storage : Magnetic Disk Mechanism
Magnetic Disk Latency

• Latency based on spindle speed = 1/(RPM * 60)


• Average latency = ½ latency
Disk Schedulling Algoritm
• FCFS (First Come First Served)
• SSTF (Shortest Seek Time First)
• SCAN / Elevator
• C-SCAN (seimbang)
• LOOK (tidak sampai batas)
Konsep File
• File adalah kumpulan informasi yang berhubungan
secara logikal dan tersimpan dalam secondary
storage
• Tipe:
– Data (character, numeric, binary)
– Program
– Direktori
– Device
• Sifat: persistance, big size, dan sharability
File Manager
Atribut File
• Name – disimpan dalam human readable name
• Identifier – unique tag (number) dalam file system
• Type – dibutuhkan oleh sistem (ex: .txt)
• Location – pointer to file location di harddisk
• Size – current file size
• Protection – controls siapa yang reading, writing, executing
• Time, date, and user identification – data untuk protection,
security, and usage monitoring
• Information about files are kept in the directory structure,
which is maintained on the disk
File properties
Sistem I/O
• Konsep Umum I/O :
– Port (pintu komunikasi data)
– Bus (jalur data - shared direct access)
– Controller (pemberi perintah - host adapter)
• Perangkat-perangkat I/O memiliki alamat, digunakan untuk:
– Menyimpan instruksi I/O secara langsung
– Memory-mapped I/O – lebih cepat (ex: VGA)
• Jenis perangkat keras:
– Perangkat storage
– Perangkat data transmission
– Perangkat human interface
Characteristics of I/O Devices
Virtual Machine
• Mesin virtual memperlakukan hardware dan sistem
operasi seolah-olah berada pada level yang sama
sebagai hardware.
• Pendekatan mesin virtual menyediakan sebuah
interface yang identik dengan seluruh hardware yang
ada.
• Sistem Operasi host membuat ilusi dari banyak
proses, masing-masing dieksekusi pada prosesornya
sendiri dengan virtual memorinya sendiri.
• Setiap guest menyediakan sebuah (virtual) copy dari
semua hal yang ada pada komputer
• VM ada 2: system VM dan application VM
VM System Models

(a) Nonvirtual machine (b) Virtual machine


Next
• Struktur Sistem Komputer

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