THE ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF ONION (ALLIUM CEPA) AGAINST

MALASSEZIA GLOBOSA

A Research Paper
Presented to
Dr. Jocelyn O. Callet
Subject Adviser
And
Teachers of Ramon Teves Pastor – Memorial Dumaguete Science High School
(RTPM-DSHS, Dumaguete City)

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Subject
Research Project/Capstone Project

By

Cabahug, Kneigeele J.
Lemence, John Dave A.
Partosa, Joni Jerl A.
Villaflores, Henri Benedict S.

March 2020
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Abstract

Onion (Allium Cepa) is a staple to every Filipino dish therefor, it is a very

common plant locally. The researchers came up with the study due to the fact that

dandruff which is cause by Malassezia globosa is very common among all age groups.

Since the study aims to test its antifungal activity, the researchers used antifungal assay

on Malassezia globosa fungus sample taken from a willing volunteer with dandruff

problems. The researchers have 5 plates for the fungi and each having 4 set-ups namely

the experimental group (Onion Extract A, Onion Extract B) set-ups, positive control

(Miconazole) set-up, and the negative control (Distilled Water) set-up. Filter paper disks

were soaked into these solutions and were placed in the Petri dishes.

After 72 hours of observation, the researchers recorded the diameters of the zone

of inhibition in each Petri dish. The researchers analyzed the data through statistics and

found that there is a significant difference between the 4 set-ups.

The researchers concluded that the Onion has antifungal activities and has a

potential of inhibiting the growth and spread of Malassezia Globosa.

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Acknowledgement

The researchers would like to thank the following people for the significant things they
have done to make this study a possibility:

To Dr. Jocelyn Callet for being very understanding as a Research teacher.

To Ma’am Ferrera E. Oira for her invaluable wisdom during the experimentation
of this study.

To Ma’am Dallie G. Elum for her patience and for letting the researchers borrow
all of the laboratory equipment for the experimentation.

To the researcher’s parents for the fulfilling the financial needs of the study.

And most of all, to the Almighty God guided the researchers in every action they

performed throughout the duration of the study.

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Title Page ………………………………………………………………………………… i

Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………….. ii

Acknowledgement ……………………………………………………………………… iii

Table of Contents …………………….............................................................................. iv

Introduction …………………………………………………………………………….. 1

Background of the Study ………………………………………………………. 1

Statement of the Problem ……………………………………………………… 3

Significance of the Study ………………………………………………….…... 3

Scope and Limitation …………………………………………………..……… 4

Review of Related Literature ………………………………………….………. 5

Methodology …………………………………………………………………………… 10

Data Analysis …………………………………………………………………….7

Materials / Equipment ......................................................................................…...7

General Procedure ………………………………….……………………….…………. 8

Results and Discussion ……………………………………………………….…………13

Findings ………………………………………………………………..………..13

Analysis of Data ………………………………………………………...……….15

Summary and Conclusion ………………………………………………..……………. 19

 v

Recommendations ……………………………………………………………………… 20

References ……………………………………………………………………………… 21
 1

II. Introduction

Dandruff is a common scalp disorder affecting almost half of the population at the

pre-pubertal age and of any gender and ethnicity. No population in any geographical

region would have passed through freely without being affected by dandruff at some

stage in their life. Dandruff can be caused due to internal or external problems. Internal

causes can be because of poor health and hygiene, hormonal imbalance and deficiency of

nutrition (S Ranganathan ,2010) .External problems can be mainly due to hair sprays,

cold weather, indoor heating, colouring products etc. . It affects aesthetic value and often

causes itching.The objective of this study is to determine the antifungal activity of allium

ceppa (onion) as an inhibitant of malassezia globosa (dandruff).

III. Background of the Study

Fungi or fungus are eukaryotic organisms and has a fruiting form as mushroom.

Although, not all fungi are harmful— because some of them can even help in producing

beer and wine and help in decomposition of organic matter--some of it could greatly hurt

humans and living things such as causing a number of plant and animal diseases: in

humans, ringworm, athlete's foot, and several more serious diseases are caused by fungi.

It is said that fungi are more chemically and genetically similar to animals than other

organisms, this makes fungal diseases very difficult to treat.

Onions belong to the Allium family of plants, which also includes chives,

garlic, and leeks. The onion plant has a fan of hollow, bluish-green leaves and its bulb at

the base of the plant begins to swell when a certain day-length is reached. The bulbs are

composed of shortened, compressed, underground stems surrounded by fleshy modified

scale (leaves) that envelop a central bud at the tip of the stem. Onions are cultivated and
 2

used around the world. As a food item, they are usually served cooked, as a vegetable or [

CITATION HoD15 \l 1033 ] part of a prepared savoury dish, but can also be eaten raw or used

to make pickles or chutneys. They are pungent when chopped and contain certain

chemical substances which irritate the eyes. Allium spp. plants are used as common foods

and as agents for treatment of many diseases because they contain phytonutrients. In fact,

the edible parts of Allium spp. plants are used for the treatment and prevention of a large

number of diseases (e.g., coronary heart disease, cancer , obesity, diabetes, disturbances

of the gastrointestinal tract, hypercholesterolemia, and inflammatory diseases ), because

they contain volatile sulfur-containing compounds, which have a distinct flavor and are

responsible for the pungent odor. . In this case, sulfur components extracted from

aliumceppawill be used as a main component for the inhibition of the growth of

malassezia globossa. The most essential parts of this plant are the bulb. These can cure

the most diseases like fungal infections, heart diseases and lung malfunctions. As it is

populous in temperate countries like the Philippines, the researchers have thought that

this common backyard plant may help cure this scalp disorder called dandruff. Studies

have shown that sulfur components from onions has antifungal properties. Allium ceppais

a plant with a lot of helpful attributes especially to human health.

 3

IV. Statement of the Problem

Dandruff problems are quite common among people in this day and age. Dandruff

is caused by a fungus called Malassezia Globosa which feeds on sebum of the scalp, or

the oily secretion of the sebaceous glands of the scalp. This consumption of oil by this

naturally occurring fungus in the scalp causes the skin on it to dry out and to become

flaky. Layers of this dry and flaky skin build up and this becomes dandruff.

General Objective

To know the antifungal activity of Allium Cepa against Malassezia Globosa.

Specific Objectives

To find out what component is in Allium Cepa that facilitates antifungal activity.

Hypotheses:

Ho: The Onion (Allium Cepa) extract has no antifungal activity on Malassezia

Globosa

Ha: The Onion (Allium Cepa) extract has antifungal activity on Malassezia

Globosa

V. Signficance of the Study

The results and findings from this project will benefit those who have

scalp problems. With the abundant number of people with dandruff today, the extracted

substance from allium ceppa may be one of the natural solutions to cure this scalp fungal

infection. This may also serve as an alternative to chemical-based shampoo.

 4

VI. Scope and Limitations

1. The aspects of the topic covered by the study are the antifungal activity

of allium ceppa against malassezia globosa and to find out what is in

allium ceppa that facilitates antifungal activity

2. The researchers will conduct the experiment in 2-3 weeks.

3. The results from this study will only cover the antifungal activitiy of

allium ceppa against malassezia globosa.

4. The researchers shall not expand to the source of dandruff and

severity.

Research Design

This research employed the experimental method of research since this provided

the methodical way of answering the problems and allowed the researchers to control the

different variables and environmental conditions. It also allowed the researchers to prove

the hypothesis through further experimentation where variables can be controlled to reach

valid results and conclusions.The goal of this study is to prove the effectiveness of Onion

(Allium Cepa) as a fungal inhibitor of dandruff (Malassezia Globosa).

 5

V. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Herbal shampoo is a cosmetic preparation which uses herbs from plants and it is

meant for washing of hair and scalp just like a regular shampoo. It is an alternative tothe

synthetic shampoo available in market. Herbalists today, believe in helping people build

their good health with the help of natural sources 1, 2 The onion (Allium cepa L, from

Latin cepa "onion"), also known as the bulb onion or common onion, is a vegetable that

is the most widely cultivated species of the genus Allium. Its close relatives include the

garlic, shallot, leek, chive] and Chinese onion Allium cepa family Liliaceae `has been

reported to possess antifungal, antibacterial, better nourishment, nutrients and also used

as hair scalper hair loss3,4. In formulated shampoo eucalyptus oil is used as it shows

antifungal activity .The eucalyptus oil is the collected from the market .In the formulation

various ingredients are used coconut oil (moistening agent), castor oil (thinning agent ) ,

potassium hydroxide (disinfectant) , glycerol (surfactant ) ,borax (cleansing agent) ,

acacia (emulsifying agent ) , allium cepa extract (scalp reduce agent ) eucalyptus oil

(antifungal agent ) ,sodium bicarbonate ( cleansers) , lemon juice ( antidandruff agent ) ,

methyl paraben ( preservative ) , perfume (fragrance), distilled water (aqoues medium).

In this formulation we checked the antifungal assay by the sabouraud agar or sabouraud

dextrose agar or SDA. The acidic pH 5.6 of sabouraud agar inhibits bacterial

growth.

[ CITATION HDN11 \l 1033 ][ CITATION NBe04 \l 1033 ][ CITATION Flo14 \l 1033 ]

[ CITATION Fra00 \l 1033 ][ CITATION Sal16 \l 1033 ][ CITATION Vir12 \l 1033 ]phytochemicals

(plant extracts) have been found to have fewer side effects, better patient tolerance,

relatively less expensive and a long history of use and renewability in nature (Vermani
 6

and Garg, 2002). The ubiquitous nature of microorganisms such as fungi in the

environment makes human contact with them unavoidable. The high temperatures of the

tropics coupled with lack of basic infrastructures and unsanitary production conditions

prevailing in most developing countries predispose many food products, fruits and

vegetables to spoilage. Several outbreaks of aflatoxicosis attributed to A. flavus have

been documented in rural human populations in tropical countries (Peraica et al., 1999).

Some strains of A. niger produces a potent mycotoxin called ochratoxins A; a human

carcinogen found in grains and wine products (Samson et al., 2004; Schuster et al., 2002).

Additionally, many fungi are parasites on plants and animals (including humans) causing

serious diseases in humans such as aspergilloses, candidoses, coccidioidomycosis,

mycetomas, among others. Furthermore, persons with immuno-deficiencies are

particularly susceptible to diseases by Aspergillus, Candida and Cryptoccocus (Hube,

2004; Brakhage, 2005; Nielsen and Heitman, 2007). Candida herbarum is the most

important allergenic species and has been shown to have the ability of triggering allergic

reactions in sensitive individuals. Prolonged exposure to elevated spore concentrations

can elicit chronic allergy and asthma (Samson et al., 2001). Numerous naturally

occurring phytochemicals are present in plant tissues and many studies have

evaluated their antifungal activities in several plant extracts as Garlic (Allium

sativum) against bacteria (Cavallito and Bailey, 1994), fungi (Adetumbi et al.,

1986) and viruses (Weber et al., 1992). Ginger (Zingiber officinale) however, is

known to have analgesic, sedative, cardiotonic and antibacterial effect (Hibert,

2006), eliminate M. Globosa and B. cereus bacteria (Wood, 1988) as well has

angiogenic 6effects (Kim et al., 2005). Onion (Allium cepa) also exhibit antifungal
 7

effect against B. subtilis, Salmonella sp. and M. Globosa (Winston, 2008) and

aflatoxin producing molds (Sharma et al., 1979).

Characteristics of Hair

Hair according to (en.wikipedia.org) is a protein filament that grows from

follicles found in the dermis, or skin. Hair is one of the defining characteristics of

mammals. The human body, apart from areas of glabrous skin, is covered in follicles

which produce thick terminal and fine vellus hair. Most common interest in hair is

focused on hair growth, hair types and hair care, but hair is also an important biomaterial

primarily composed of protein, notably keratin. Attitudes towards different hair, such as

hairstyles and hair removal, vary widely across different cultures and historical periods,

but it is often used to indicate a person's personal beliefs or social position, such as their

age, sex, or religion.

Essential Vitamins and Minerals for Hair Growth

According to the website (Essential vitamins for hair growth; bembu.com and

Vitamins and Minerals for Healthier Hair; www.viviscal.com) Vitamin C helps

strengthen hair and grow it also helps the body produce collagen, a vital protein for

healthy hair, skin, and nails. Additionally, vitamin C is considered an antioxidant that

fights free radicals that damage body tissue. Free radicals have been known to damage

hair, making it weak and brittle. Vitamin B complex, all eight B vitamins (B1, B2, B3,

B5, B6, B7, B9, and B12) play a large role in keeping us healthy. B vitamins affect our

energy, metabolism, nerves, muscles, skin, nails, and hair. As a whole, vitamin B

complex promotes cell growth and division, which is important for healthy hair growth.
 8

Biotin one of the most widely used supplements for faster hair growth, this vitamin helps

produce glucose and break down proteins into amino acids. Since hair itself contains

keratin, which is a form of protein, this supports healthy locks. Niacin is another vitamin

that’s in the B family but deserves its own recognition. This vitamin helps to nourish the

scalp, promoting healthy hair growth. Without adequate amounts of niacin, your hair

stands the chance of becoming brittle, lifeless, and may even fall out. Vitamin E is one of

the most overlooked vitamins, it’s an antioxidant that repairs and builds tissue, which is

essential for healthy hair growth. When you apply vitamin E to your scalp, it helps reduce

inflammation, increases blood circulation, boosts oxygen supply, and repairs damaged

hair follicles. Vitamin A is a vitamin that is necessary for proper cell growth. Also, it

helps to produce sebum (AKA oils) on the scalp, which prevents hair from drying out and

breaking. Zinc, they say to cover your vitamins from A to Zinc and that is certainly a

smart choice if you’re looking for healthy hair growth. A zinc deficiency can weaken

your immune system, lead to poor digestive health, throw your hormones out of whack,

and play a part in lackluster hair growth. Zinc is also believed to play a crucial role in

DNA and RNA production. This is required for the normal division of hair follicle cells,

leading to healthier hair growth. Iron is an important mineral that your body needs in

order to function properly. One way iron benefits the body is by strengthening hair and

promoting growth. Without iron, doctors say your hair can become dull, thin, and dry.

Magnesium is another mineral needed by our body in order to function properly. Eating a

diet filled with magnesium-rich foods is one way to make sure you’re giving your scalp

what it needs to grow strong and healthy hair. Protein may not be a vitamin, but it is

essential for healthy hair. That’s because hair is mostly made of protein. If you don’t
 9

consume enough, your body won’t be able to feed your hair follicles, making hair dry and

brittle.
 10

IV. METHODOLOGY

Materials/ Equipment

Potato Dextrose Agar Ethanol

Ten Petri Dish (10) Two 500mL Erlenmeyer

Flasks Bunsen Burner

Filter Paper Discs Forceps

Triple Beam Balance 250g Onions

Antifungal Antifungal (Miconazole) Kitchen Knife

Malassezia Globosa Cheese Cloth

Stirring Rod 100mL Beaker

Inoculating Needle Lab Coat

Test Tubes Face Mask

Sterile Cotton Swabs

General Procedure

Preparation

A. Sterilization of Laboratory Equipments

Cut forty (40) 4 mm Filter disks, wrap with bond paper, and fold neatly. Prepare Ten (10)

Petri dishes and Four (4) 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask and then autoclave.
 11

B. Preparation of Variables

a. Pure Extract

Wash the onions thoroughly. Separate the skin from the body. Chop the onions into small

pieces and then, using the cheesecloth, squeeze the extract from onions.

b. Antifungal

Pour 5 ml Miconazole and 100 ml distilled water in the third beaker.

c. Distilled Water

Pour distilled water in the fourth beaker.

Antifungal Assay

A. Preparation of Potato Dextrose Agar

5.4 g: 150 ml of PD-agar was dissolved to distilled water into separate Erlenmeyer flask.

The agar was heated for 15 minutes to properly dissolve the agar that is not yet dissolved.

The completely dissolved agars were autoclaved to sterilize.

B. Preparation of Fungal Medium:

PD-agar was then poured into the Petri. Set aside to partially

harden. Bunsen burner was also used to prevent bacteria from spreading

the whole place.

 12

C. Agar Disk Diffusion Assay

Soak 10 sterile filter disks in each beaker with the variables for 15

minutes. Place the inside the prepared agar plates. Label each variable

respectively. Observe for 24 hrs. at room temperature

D. Testing the effectiveness of each variables of each plate.

The researchers recorded the diameter of each clear zone in mm of the

variables using a ruler. Then, compute and analyze data using the Antifungal

Index Formula:

Diameter of zone of inhibition−Diameter of filter disk

AI =
Diameter of Filter disk

And then tested hypotheses by using One-Way Anova. If Fcomp is ≥ Fcrit,

reject Ho. And when Ho is rejected proceed to the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test

and double-checked with Tukey‘s Range Test, to see which variables have similar

effects.
 13

Results and Discussion

Findings

Table 1. Diameter of zone of inhibition

M. Globosa Allium Cepa Pure Allium Cepa 10%

Miconazole Distilled Water
Plate Number Extract Concentration

Plate 1 25 mm 25 mm 10 mm 0 mm

Plate 2 28 mm 34 mm 14 mm 0 mm

Plate 3 29 mm 30 mm 9 mm 0 mm

Plate 4 32 mm 24 mm 9 mm 0 mm

Plate 5 28 mm 25 mm 11 mm 0 mm

Table 1 shows the antifungal index of Malassezia Globosa with the different treatments.

The table above shows the data the researchers have gathered in their

experimentation. The positive control (Miconazole) having clear zones of 25mm, 28 mm,

22 mm, 30 mm, 28 mm respectively in each Petri dish. The Pure Allium Cepa Crude

Extract yielded 25 mm, 34 mm, 30 mm, 24 mm, 25 mm clear zones accordingly in each

petri dish. The 10% Concentrated Extract was able to exhibit 10 mm, 14 mm, 9 mm, 9

mm, and 11 mm clear zones. And the negative control (Distilled Water) with 0 mm clear

zone in all Petri dishes.

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Table 2. Antifungal Index of the Zones of Inhibition

M. Globosa Allium Cepa Pure Allium Cepa 10%

Miconazole Distilled Water
Plate Number Extract Concentration

Plate 1 5.25 5.75 1.50 -1.00

Plate 2 6.00 7.50 2.50 -1.00

Plate 3 6.25 6.50 1.25 -1.00

Plate 4 7.00 5.00 1.25 -1.00

Plate 5 6.00 5.25 1.75 -1.00

Table 2 shows the antifungal index of M. Globosa with the different treatments.

With the data gathered, the researchers used the AI Formula to be able to create the

new AI Data Table. The positive control (Miconazole) became 5.25, 6.00,4.50, 6.50, and

6.00. The Pure Allium Cepa Crude Extract with 5.75, 7.50. 6.50, 5.00, and 5.25. The 10%

Concentrated Extract had

1.5, 2.50, 1.25, 1.25, 1.75. And the negative control (Distilled Water) has been fixed at

-1.00 in all Petri dishes.

 15

Analysis of Data

A. Antifungal Assay

The researchers used One-Way ANOVA to determine if there is a significant difference

between the 2 Allium Cepa Extracts, Miconazole(Antifungal), and the Distilled Water

1. Ho: There is no significant difference between the Allium Cepa extract, 10%

Concentration of the Extract, the positive control (Miconazole), and the negative

control (Distilled Water)

Ha: There is a significant difference between the Allium Cepa extract, 10%

Concentration of the Extract, the positive control (Miconazole), and the negative

control (Distilled Water)

2. α = 0.05

3. Criterion: Reject Ho if Fcomp is ≥ Fcrit.

4. Decision: Reject Ho

5. Conclusion: There is a significant difference between the Allium Cepa (extract,

10% Concentration of the Extract, the positive control (Miconazole), and the

negative control (Distilled Water).

Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY
 16

Groups Count Sum Average Variance

Miconazole 5 30.5 6.1 0.45625
Allium Cepa Pure
5 30 6 3.33125
Extract
Allium Cepa 10%
5 8.25 1.65 0.48125
Concentration
Distilled Water 5 -5 -1 0

ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 181.4594 3 60.4865 117.89978  < .00001 3.238872
Within Groups 6.775 16 0.4234

Total 188.2344 19
Table 3: One-Way ANOVA Table

*Fcomp > Fcrit : 188.2344> 3.238872, therefore Reject Ho

The researchers decided to proceed to Tukey’s Range Test and double-checked

with Duncan’s Multiple Range Test, to compare which variables had similar effects

on the inhibition of M. Globosa.

1. α = 0.05

2. Criterion: If P ≤ α, there is a significant difference between the 2 variables

3. Conclusion: Only the Pure Allium Cepa Extract and Miconazole (Antifungal)

have no significant difference.

Table 4: Tukey’s Range Test

 17

Multiple Comparisons
Dependent Variable:VAR00001
Mean 95% Confidence Interval
(I) (J) Difference (I- Std. Lower Upper
VAR00002 VAR00002 J) Error Sig. Bound Bound
Tukey 1.00 2.00 -7.10000* .65336 .000 -8.9693 -5.2307
HSD 3.00 -6.10000 *
.65336 .000 -7.9693 -4.2307
4.00 -2.30000* .65336 .014 -4.1693 -.4307
*
2.00 1.00 7.10000 .65336 .000 5.2307 8.9693
3.00 1.00000 .65336 .443 -.8693 2.8693
*
4.00 4.80000 .65336 .000 2.9307 6.6693
3.00 1.00 6.10000* .65336 .000 4.2307 7.9693
2.00 -1.00000 .65336 .443 -2.8693 .8693
4.00 3.80000* .65336 .000 1.9307 5.6693
*
4.00 1.00 2.30000 .65336 .014 .4307 4.1693
2.00 -4.80000* .65336 .000 -6.6693 -2.9307
*
3.00 -3.80000 .65336 .000 -5.6693 -1.9307
. *DW – Distilled Water; Ab – Antifungal; EA – Pure Allium Cepa Extract; EB- Allium Cepa 10%
Concentration

Using the Tukey's Range Test the researchers were able to see the comparison

between variables. With the criterion, If P ≤ α, there is a significant difference between

the 2 variables. If P ≤ α, there is a significant difference between the 2 variables. The

Antifungal and Extract A having no significant difference at 0.443 > 0.05. The

Antifungal and Extract B with significant difference at 0.00 < 0.05. The Antifungal and

Distilled Water with significant difference at 0.00 < 0.05. The Extract A and Extract B

with significant difference at 0.00 < 0.05. The Extract A and Distilled Water with

significant difference at 0.00 < 0.05. The Extract B and Distilled Water with significant

difference at 0.014 < 0.05

Table 5: Duncan’s Multiple Range Test

 18

Antifungal Index

Subset for alpha = 0.05

VAR00002 N 1 2 3

Tukey HSDa DW 5 -1.0000

EB 5 1.3000
EA 5 5.1000
AB 5 6.1000

Sig. 1.000 1.000 .443

Duncana DW 5 -1.0000
EB 5 1.3000
EA 5 5.1000
AB 5 6.1000

Sig. 1.000 1.000 .145

Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.

a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 5.000.

*The treatments that fall on the same column mean there is no significant

difference between them.

Conclusion: There is no significant difference between Miconazole (Antifungal) and the

Pure Allium Cepa Extract. The table above shows that in both Tukey’s Range Test and

Duncan’s Multiple Range Test, the negative control (Distilled Water) belongs to Column

1 with -1.0000, the 10% Concentrated Extract to Column 2 with 1.3000, and the positive

control (Miconazole) along with the Pure Allium Cepa Crude Extract to the same

column– Column 3– at 5.1000 and 6.1000 respectively.

Summary and Conclusion

 19

This study aims to prove that Onion(Allium Cepa) extract has antifungal activity

against malassezia globosa. From the experiment, with the given measures of antifungal

index, the analysis of data shows that although there is a significant difference between

all the 4 variables, the Pure Onion Crude Extract and the positive control (Miconazole)

show the same effects of antifungal activity against Malassezia globosa.

Recommendation
 20

For future investigations, the researchers would recommend trying ethanol

extract. Furthermore, the researchers recommend making products out of this study. The

researchers would also like to recommend using different kinds of onions. The

investigators would also want to recommend using Sabouraud dextrose agar instead of

Potato dextrose agar.

 21

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