Organs of Speech

Organs of speech
Speech organs or articulators produce the sound of language. Organs

used for the speech include lips, teeth, nostrils, hard palate, soft
palate, tongue, and vocal cords.
Types of speech organs or articulators:-
1. Active articulators
2. Passive articulators
Active articulator – These are the organs which perform

maximum movingwork during the speech gesture. These
articulators include lips, lower teeth and some part of tongue.
These are active articulators because they are free tomove
because they are attached to lower jaw which is free to move.
Passive articulators -- These are the organs which remain

immobile during the production of speech sound. These parts
are immobile because they are attached directly to the skull. In
the process of the production of the sound basically the moving
organs have the direction of movement towards the passive
articulators. They include upper lip, upper teeth, hard palate.
Description of various articulators :-

 Lungs – During the initiation process the air come inside with
the help of lungs. Lungs play a vital role in the flow of the air.
 Tongue – Tongue is a fleshy muscular and most flexile

articulator. It is divided into root, back, front, blade & tip.

 Lips – Lips produce various speech sounds bydifferent kind of
movements i.eclosed, partially closed, fully rounded and half
rounded.

 Teeth – These are situated behind the lips and front of tongue.
Tongue touches teeth to produce different type of speech
sounds.

 Uvula – It is a small hanging protuberance dangling at back of
mouth which can be seen if mouth is wide open. The uvula
vibrates to produce various
speech sounds.
 Hard palate – There is a hard, concave area immediately behind
the teeth ridge and before the velum in oral cavity. This hard
plate is also called the roof of mouth
Speech sounds of English
Introduction – English is spoken as first or second language by a large

number of people throughout the world. Speech sounds of English
language are basically known as “Phonetics”. There are total of 44
speech sounds in
English language.
Types of speech sounds :
1 Vowels sounds
2 Consonants sound
 Vowel – A vowel is a speech sound which is pronounced

without any stricture
in vocal tracks. Vowels vary in quality, loudness and alsoin quantity
(length foe which it is pronounced). There are total of 20 vowel
sounds in English.
Types of vowel sounds:
 Monophthongs : A monophthong is a pure vowel sound whose
articulation at
both beginning and end is relatively fixed and the articulators does not
glide upor down or towards new position.
 Diphthongs : These are also known as gliding vowel. It is the

combination oftwo adjacent vowel within the same syllable.
 Consonants : A consonant is a speech sound that is articulated

by partial orcomplete interruption in the air from the vocal track.
There are total of 24
 consonant sounds in English.
IPA : IPA is known as “international phonetic alphabet” which is a

system ofphonetic notation on the basis of Latin alphabet.
International Phoneticassociation gives it as the standardized notation
for the speech sounds ofEnglish language.
Phonetic transcription
Phonetic transcription is the visual representation of the speech

sounds. Themost common type of phonetic transcription uses a
phonetic alphabet asmentioned in “International phonetic alphabet”.
Standard orthography inEnglish is often irregular and makes it
difficult to predict pronunciation fromspelling. For example : word
‘bough’ and ‘through’ don’t rhyme in English eventhough their
spelling might suggest otherwise. Therefore phonetic notation
isimportant to understand sound structure of the word.
Minimal pairs
Minimal pairs are the pair of the words or phrases in a particular
language that differ in only one phonological element. For example
‘phoneme’, ‘toneme’,chroneme’. They all are minimal pairs because
they have only one phoneme
Syllable and word stress
Syllable: These are the phonological building blocks of the word.

Theyconsist of one or more speech sounds which can be both vowel
as well asconsonants. The vowel is central element of syllable and it
is called nucleus.
The consonants are optional or marginal elements. It is possible to get
a syllable with vowel sound alone.
Example – Pen , Book etc.
Structure: the syllable generally represents the number of vowel
sounds in the
word.
Types of syllables:
1 Monosyllabic
2 Disyllabic
3 Trisyllabic
4 Polysyllabic
Monosyllabic : These are the words which consist of only one
syllables.
Example : Yes , No , Jump, Buy etc.
Disyllabic : These are the words which consist of two syllables.

Example : Hotel, Poem, Study, Lalit
Trisyllabic : These are the words which consist of three syllables.

Example: Metaphor, Beautiful, poetry
Polysyllabic: These are the words consisting of more than one

syllables.
11
Examples : university, Shivani, children
Word stress: Stress refers to the prominence that a certain syllable

carry
which makes them stand out from rest of the syllable in a word. Stress
is
represented by putting a prime(‘) in front of the syllable.
Properties of word stress :
1 Longer in duration
2 Higher in pitch
3 louder in volume
Importance of word stress:
1 Mistakes in the pronunciation is common because of the
misunderstandingof English language.
2 Stressing the wrong syllable can change the meaning of the word.
3 knowledge of the word stress gives an edge in understanding a word
even at low audibility.
4 Native English speakers use word stress to communicate more
fluently and accurately.
Word stress rules:

1 We can only stress a vowel not consonants.
2 Stress is usually on the first syllable of two syllable noun.
3 When a multisyllable word has a /ond vowel it is usually stressed.
4 Stress is usually on the last or ultimate syllable of 2 syllable verbs.
5 The stress is on penu/timate syllable for words with endings -ic,
-sion, -tion,
-ious.
6 Stress on ante – penultimate syllable for words with the ending -cy,
- ty,- phy,

Organs of Speech

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Organs of speech

Speech organs or articulators produce the sound of language. Organs

Active articulator – These are the organs which perform

Passive articulators -- These are the organs which remain

Description of various articulators :-

 Tongue – Tongue is a fleshy muscular and most flexile

Speech sounds of English

Introduction – English is spoken as first or second language by a large

 Vowel – A vowel is a speech sound which is pronounced

 Diphthongs : These are also known as gliding vowel. It is the

 Consonants : A consonant is a speech sound that is articulated

IPA : IPA is known as “international phonetic alphabet” which is a

Phonetic transcription is the visual representation of the speech

Syllable: These are the phonological building blocks of the word.

Disyllabic : These are the words which consist of two syllables.

Trisyllabic : These are the words which consist of three syllables.

Polysyllabic: These are the words consisting of more than one

Examples : university, Shivani, children

Word stress: Stress refers to the prominence that a certain syllable

Word stress rules:

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